Surveillance for Distant Metastasis in Breast Cancer Patients Who Underwent Contemporary Management: A Report from the Korean Breast Cancer Society Survivor Research Group.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend against the use of routine imaging tests to detect distant metastasis in asymptomatic breast cancer patients. However, recent advancements in effective therapeutics and diagnostic accuracy have raised the need to reassess the clinical efficacy of intensive metastasis surveillance. We report the results of a multicenter retrospective study to investigate the association between intensive imaging studies and survival outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 4130 patients who underwent surgery from 11 hospitals in Korea between January 2010 and December 2011. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the intensity of metastasis imaging studies during their disease-free period. The types and intervals of the imaging studies were based on each physician's decisions. RESULTS: High-intensive screening showed a shorter distant metastasis-free survival [p < 0.001, hazard ratio (HR) 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-2.04], especially for patients in whom bone or lung was the first site of metastasis. With a median follow-up period of 110.0 months, the 5-year breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) rate was 96.5%. The high-intensity screening group showed significantly poorer BCSS compared with the low-intensity screening group (p < 0.001, HR 3.13; 95% CI 2.32-4.21). However, both multivariable analysis and propensity score matching analysis showed no significant association between the screening intensity and BCSS. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent imaging studies to detect distant metastasis were associated with earlier detection of distant metastasis, especially for lung and bone metastasis. However, intensive surveillance showed no apparent association with BCSS despite the use of currently available treatments.

Dietary Isoflavone Intake and Breast Cancer Prognosis: A Prospective Analysis and Meta-Analysis.

We aimed to examine the association between dietary isoflavone intake and the risk of breast cancer recurrence and summarize evidence on the role of dietary isoflavone intake in breast cancer prognosis. This prospective study included 592 breast cancer survivors who completed a dietary assessment. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Of the studies published until May 31, 2023, that were searched in PUBMED and EMBASE databases, 14 studies were selected. Adjusted HRs were combined using fixed- or random-effects models. During the median follow-up of 4.3 years, 47 recurrences were identified. The HR (95% CI) for recurrence comparing the highest versus the lowest tertile of isoflavones intake was 1.29 (0.60-2.78). In a meta-analysis of previously published data and ours, dietary isoflavone intake was associated with a better breast cancer prognosis. The combined HRs (95% CIs) comparing the extreme categories were 0.81 (0.67-0.98) for recurrence and 0.85 (0.76-0.96) for all-cause mortality. A nonlinear inverse association was observed between isoflavone intake and the risk of recurrence and all-cause mortality. Our study suggests that dietary isoflavone intake is associated with a favorable prognosis in breast cancer survivors and warrants further investigation.

Incidental Axillary Dose of Tomotherapy in Hypofractionated Whole Breast Radiotherapy for Early Breast Cancer: A Dosimetrical Analysis.

Background and Objectives: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is becoming a more common method of performing whole breast irradiation (WBI) for early breast cancer. This study aimed to examine the incidental dose to the axillary region using tomotherapy, a unique form of IMRT. Patients and Methods: This study included 30 patients with early-stage breast cancer who underwent adjuvant WBI using TomoDirect IMRT. A hypofractionation scheme of 42.4 Gy delivered in 16 fractions was prescribed. The plan comprised of two parallel-opposed beams, along with two additional beams positioned anteriorly at gantry angles of 20° and 40° from the medial beam. The incidental dose received at axillary levels I, II, and III was evaluated using several dose-volume parameters. Results: The study participants had a median age of 51 years, and 60% had left-sided breast cancer. The mean dose of the axilla for levels I, II, and III were 15.5 ± 4.8 Gy, 14.9 ± 4.2 Gy, and 1.5 ± 1.6 Gy, respectively. Adequate coverage of the axilla, defined as V95%[%], was achieved for 4.7 ± 3.9%, 4.8 ± 3.7%, and 0 ± 0% for levels I, II, and III, respectively. The results were compared with those of previously published studies, and the axillary mean dose and V95%[%] of TomoDirect IMRT were low, comparable to other IMRT techniques, and lower than those of traditional tangential therapy. Conclusions: While incidental axillary radiation during WBI has been proposed to assist in regional disease control, the TomoDirect plan was demonstrated to decrease this dose, and a hypofractionation scheme would further lower its biological effectiveness. Future clinical studies should incorporate dosimetrical analysis of incidental axillary dose, in order to facilitate hypofractionated IMRT planning with risk-adjusted axilla coverage in early breast cancer.

Association of lipid profile with obesity among breast cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The role of lipid metabolism in obesity and cancer manifestations cannot be underestimated, but whether alterations in lipid metabolism can manipulate the vasculature to promote obesity among breast cancer (BC) survivors is yet to be clearly understood. This study quantified plasma lipid and particle sizes using high-throughput proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and tested their associations with obesity among breast cancer (BC) survivors. METHODS: A total of 348 (225 premenopausal and 123 postmenopausal) BC survivors enrolled from five hospitals in Korea were included. We assessed thirty-four plasma lipid biomarkers using 1H NMR, and obesity status was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or greater. Generalized linear and logistic regression models were applied to estimate the least-square means of BMI (kg/m2) and odds ratio (OR)s of obesity, respectively, and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI)s across plasma lipid levels. RESULTS: Mean (SD) values of BMI was 23.3 (3.2) kg/m2 and 90 (25.9%) had BMI of ≥ 25 kg/m2. BMI levels increased with increasing total triglycerides (TG), TG in lipoproteins and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subfractions. However, BMI levels decreased with increasing tertiles of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (C) and HDL particle size (HDL-p). Similar associations were observed in the logistic regression models. The increasing and decreasing BMI trends with TG and HDL profiles respectively were predominantly limited to premenopausal BC survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing levels of plasma total TG and TG in lipoproteins were associated with increasing levels of BMI among premenopausal BC survivors. High HDL-C levels and large HDL-p were inversely associated with obesity among premenopausal BC survivors. Due to the cross-sectional design of this study, longitudinal studies are necessary to examine the association between obesity and lipid profile among BC survivors.

Nutrient intakes from supplement and factors associated with supplement use among breast cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the contribution of supplement use to total nutrient intake, the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake and the factors associated with supplement use among breast cancer survivors. METHODS: A total of 701 Korean breast cancer survivors were included. We calculated the contribution of dietary supplements to total nutrient intake and the proportion of the population below the estimated average requirements (EARs) or exceeding the tolerable upper intake levels (ULs). Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with dietary supplement use. RESULTS: A total of 66.5% of the survivors used dietary supplements, with multivitamins and minerals being the most commonly consumed ones. The per cent contribution of supplement to the total intake was the highest for vitamin C. 28.2%-55.4% of the non-users consumed below the EAR of riboflavin, folate and calcium; 6.1%, 4.9% and 6.5% of the supplement users consumed above the UL of vitamins A and C, and iron, respectively. Supplement users had higher education levels or longer survival time. CONCLUSION: 66.5% of Korean breast cancer survivors used dietary supplements. A higher education level or prolonged survival time was associated with higher use of dietary supplements.

Long-term risk of congestive heart failure in younger breast cancer survivors: A nationwide study by the SMARTSHIP group.

BACKGROUND: There is a controversy about late-onset congestive heart failure (CHF) among breast cancer survivors. This study investigated the incidence rate and risk factors of late-onset CHF more than 2 years after the breast cancer diagnosis. METHODS: A nationwide, retrospective study was conducted with the National Health Information Database. With 1:3 age- and sex-matched noncancer controls, Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to analyze the incidence and risk factors of late CHF. The cumulative incidence rate of late CHF was evaluated with a Kaplan-Meier analysis and a log-rank test. RESULTS: A total of 91,227 cases (286,480 person-years) and 273,681 controls (884,349 person-years) were evaluated between January 2007 and December 2013. The risks of late CHF were higher in cases than controls (hazard ratio [HR], 1.396; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.268-1.538). Younger survivors (age ≤ 50 years) showed a higher risk of late CHF than their younger counterparts (HR, 2.903; 95% CI, 2.425-3.474). Although older age was a risk factor for late CHF, older survivors (age ≥ 66 years) showed no difference in the risk of late CHF in comparison with their counterparts (HR, 0.906; 95% CI, 0.757-1.084). Anthracyclines and taxanes were risk factors for late CHF, although trastuzumab, radiation, and endocrine therapy were not. CONCLUSIONS: Young breast cancer survivors have a greater risk of late CHF than the young population without cancer. More attention should be paid to young breast cancer survivors who receive taxane- or anthracycline-based regimens over the long term.

Profiles of depressive symptoms and the association with anxiety and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a latent profile analysis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine profiles of depressive symptoms and the association with anxiety and quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer survivors. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicenter survey involving 5 hospitals in Korea was implemented between February 2015 and January 2017. A self-report survey included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Short Form 36, and State and Trait Anxiety Scale. Data from 347 patients were analyzed. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis identified five profiles of depressive symptoms: (1) "no depression" (63.98%); (2) "mild depression with sleep problems" (16.43%); (3) "mild depression" (8.65%); (4) "moderate depression with anhedonia" (7.78%); and (5) "moderately severe depression" (3.17%). Results from Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine whether sociodemographic and clinical characteristics distinguish the classes indicated that marital status, income and education as well as C-reactive protein distinguished a few classes. Multivariate analysis of covariance and analysis of covariance results indicated that both types of anxiety as well as several dimensions of QOL differed between the identified classes. CONCLUSIONS: The current results suggest that although identified classes were characterized overall by severity of depression, a few classes also reflected pronounced individual symptom patterns, warranting tailored interventions for these symptom patterns, along with overall severity of depression.

Unmet needs and related factors of Korean breast cancer survivors: a multicenter, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Identification of specific needs in patients with cancer is very important for the provision of patient-centered medical service. The aim of this study was to investigate the unmet needs and related factors of Korean breast cancer survivors. METHODS: A multicenter, cross-sectional, interview survey was performed among 332 Korean breast cancer survivors. The Comprehensive Needs Assessment Tool for cancer patients was administered to survivors who gave written informed consent to participate. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The level of unmet needs was highest in the domain 'Information and education' (mean ± SD; 1.70 ± 1.14) and the item with the highest level of unmet needs was 'Needed help in coping with fear of recurrence' (2.04 ± 1.09). Unmet needs were correlated with age, stage, multiplicity, HER2, treatment state, marital status, employment, psychosocial status, and problems in EQ-5D dimensions. In multiple regression analysis, the 50-59 age group showed a higher level of recognition for physical symptom needs and the unemployed group expressed greater needs for information and education. Survivors with multiplicity had greater needs in the domains of healthcare staff and physical symptom. The stress group showed high levels of needs in all domains except religious support. The group with thoughts of suicide showed higher levels of unmet needs for physical symptom. CONCLUSION: Most prevalent unmet needs in Korean breast cancer survivors were found in the 'information and education' domain. The 50-59 age group, unemployment, multiplicity, stress and suicidal thoughts were associated with higher levels of unmet needs among Korean breast cancer survivors. Our findings revealed more vulnerable breast cancer survivors with unmet needs and physicians should take a precision approach to satisfy unmet needs of these survivors.

Dietary pattern and health-related quality of life among breast cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence for the association between dietary pattern and quality of life among breast cancer survivors. We examined the association between dietary patterns and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Korean breast cancer survivors. METHODS: Our study included a total of 232 women, aged 21 to 79 years, who had been diagnosed with stage I to III breast cancer and who underwent breast cancer surgery at least 6 months prior to our baseline evaluation. We assessed HRQoL using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and the Quality of Life Questionnaire Breast Cancer Module 23 (QLQ-BR23). We conducted a factor analysis to identify the major dietary patterns and used a generalized linear model to obtain the least squares mean (LS mean) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for HRQoL according to the dietary pattern scores. RESULTS: We identified 2 major dietary patterns: the Healthy dietary pattern and the Western dietary pattern. We found that breast cancer survivors who had higher Healthy dietary pattern scores tended to have lower dyspnea scores but higher insomnia scores, compared to breast cancer survivors with lower Healthy dietary pattern scores. For dyspnea, the LS mean (95% CI) was 8.86 (5.05-15.52) in the bottom quartile and 2.87 (1.62-5.08) in the top quartile (p for trend = 0.005). This association was limited to survivors with stage I for dyspnea or survivors with stage II or III for insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy dietary patterns were associated with better scores for dyspnea but worse scores for insomnia among breast cancer survivors. Other components of EORTC QLQ did not vary by dietary patterns overall, but they warrant further investigation for subgroups of breast cancer survivors.

The association between physical activity and health-related quality of life among breast cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: The quality of life for breast cancer survivors has become increasingly important because of their high survival rate and prolonged life expectancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of physical activity following diagnosis and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in breast cancer survivors. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of breast cancer survivors. A total of 231 women aged 21-78 years who had been diagnosed with stages I to III breast cancer and had breast cancer surgery at least 6 months prior were recruited from three hospitals between September 2012 and April 2015 and were included in this study. We asked participants about their HRQOL and engagement in physical activity using structured questionnaires. We examined the association between HRQOL levels and physical activity using a generalized linear model. RESULTS: Breast cancer survivors in the high physical activity group (3rd tertile) were more likely to have lower scores for fatigue (p for trend = 0.001) and pain (p for trend = 0.02) and higher scores for sexual function (p for trend = 0.007) than those in the low physical activity group (1st tertile). When we stratified participants by stage, we found increasing scores for physical functioning (p for trend =0.01) and decreasing scores for fatigue (p for trend = 0.02) with increasing levels of physical activity in breast cancer survivors with stage I breast cancer. In survivors with stages II and III, we found statistically significant associations with fatigue (p for trend = 0.02) and sexual functioning (p for trend = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, engagement in physical activity was related to better health-related quality of life among breast cancer survivors. Our findings may warrant further prospective and intervention studies to support the benefit of physical activity in improving the quality of life and survival of Korean breast cancer survivors.

KOHBRA BRCA risk calculator (KOHCal): a model for predicting BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Korean breast cancer patients.

The widely used Western BRCA mutation prediction models underestimated the risk of having a BRCA mutation in Korean breast cancer patients. This study aimed to identify predictive factors for BRCA1/2 mutations and to develop a Korean BRCA risk calculator. The model was constructed by logistic regression model, and it was based on the Korean Hereditary Breast Cancer study, in which 1669 female patients were enrolled between May 2007 and December 2010. A separate data set of 402 patients, who were enrolled from Jan 2011 to August 2012, was used to test the performance of our model. In total, 264 (15.8%) and 67 (16.7%) BRCA mutation carriers were identified in the model and validation set, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age at breast cancer diagnosis, bilateral breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and the number of relatives with breast or ovarian cancer within third-degree relatives were independent predictors of the BRCA mutation among familial breast cancer patients. An age <35 years at diagnosis, bilateral breast cancer, both breast and ovarian cancer and TNBC remained significant predictors in non-familial breast cancer cases. Our model was developed based on logistic regression models. The validation results showed no differences between the observed and expected carrier probabilities. This model will be a useful tool for providing genetic risk assessments in Korean populations.

Intensive Surveillance for Women With Breast Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study in Korea.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effectiveness of different surveillance intensities on morbidity and mortality in women with breast cancer. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients who had undergone breast cancer surgery in the Republic of Korea between 2009 and 2011. The patients were divided into two groups based on the intensity of their postsurgical surveillance: intensive surveillance group (ISG) and less-intensive surveillance group. Surveillance intensity was measured based on the frequency and type of follow-up diagnostic tests conducted, including mammography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, bone scans, and positron emission tomography scans. RESULTS: We included 1,356 patients with a median follow-up period of 121.2 months (range, 12.8-168.0 months). The analysis revealed no significant difference in the overall survival (OS) between the two groups within five years of surgery. However, patients with ISG exhibited significantly better breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) within the same period. Five years after surgery, the differences in survival outcomes between the groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Intensive surveillance did not demonstrate a significant improvement in OS for patients with breast cancer beyond five years postoperatively. However, within the first five years, intensive surveillance was associated with better BCSS and DMFS. These findings suggest that personalized surveillance strategies may benefit specific patient subsets, particularly in the early years after treatment. Further nationwide randomized studies are warranted to refine surveillance guidelines and optimize outcomes in patients with breast cancer.

Adherence to the American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer survivors and biomarkers of inflammation among breast cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether adherence to the overall lifestyle recommendations in the American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer survivors was associated with inflammation in breast cancer survivors. METHODS: The study included 409 women who had undergone breast cancer surgery at least 1 year before enrollment. A generalized linear model was used to estimate the least square means and 95% confidence intervals of plasma levels of inflammatory markers according to lifestyle factors defined in terms of adherence to the ACS guidelines. RESULTS: Higher overall adherence scores were associated with lower levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (p for trend=0.015) and higher levels of adiponectin (p for trend=0.009). Similar significant associations of hs-CRP (p for trend= 0.004) and adiponectin (p for trend=0.010) levels were observed with the score for the body mass index (BMI) component of the adherence score. A higher diet component score was associated with a higher adiponectin level (p for trend=0.020), but there was no significant association for the physical activity component score. CONCLUSIONS: The present study's findings suggest that maintaining a healthy lifestyle according to the ACS guidelines was associated with beneficial effects on inflammatory marker levels, especially hs-CRP and adiponectin, among breast cancer survivors. Among the 3 components of lifestyle guidelines, the BMI component exhibited the most similar tendency to the overall adherence score in relation to inflammatory indicators. Further prospective and intervention studies are needed to investigate longitudinal associations between lifestyle factors and inflammatory markers among breast cancer survivors.

Minimal Access vs Conventional Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy.

Importance: While nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) for breast cancer was only performed using the open method in the past, its frequency using endoscopic and robotic surgical instruments has been increasing rapidly. However, there are limited studies regarding postoperative complications and the benefits and drawbacks of minimal access NSM (M-NSM) compared with conventional NSM (C-NSM). Objective: To examine the differences in postoperative complications between C-NSM and M-NSM. Design, Setting, Participants: This was a retrospective multicenter cohort study enrolling 1583 female patients aged 19 years and older with breast cancer who underwent NSM at 21 university hospitals in Korea between January 2018 and December 2020. Those with mastectomy without preserving the nipple-areolar complex (NAC), clinical or pathological malignancy in the NAC, inflammatory breast cancer, breast cancer infiltrating the chest wall or skin, metastatic breast cancer, or insufficient medical records were excluded. Data were analyzed from November 2021 to March 2024. Exposures: M-NSM or C-NSM. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinicopathological factors and postoperative complications within 3 months of surgery were assessed. Statistical analyses, including logistic regression, were used to identify the factors associated with complications. Results: There were 1356 individuals (mean [SD] age, 45.47 [8.56] years) undergoing C-NSM and 227 (mean [SD] age, 45.41 [7.99] years) undergoing M-NSM (35 endoscopy assisted and 192 robot assisted). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding short- and long-term postoperative complications (<30 days: C-NSM, 465 of 1356 [34.29%] vs M-NSM, 73 of 227 [32.16%]; P = .53; <90 days: C-NSM, 525 of 1356 [38.72%] vs M-NSM, 73 of 227 [32.16%]; P = .06). Nipple-areolar complex necrosis was more common in the long term after C-NSM than M-NSM (C-NSM, 91 of 1356 [6.71%] vs M-NSM, 5 of 227 [2.20%]; P = .04). Wound infection occurred more frequently after M-NSM (C-NSM, 58 of 1356 [4.28%] vs M-NSM, 18 of 227 [7.93%]; P = .03). Postoperative seroma occurred more frequently after C-NSM (C-NSM, 193 of 1356 [14.23%] vs M-NSM, 21 of 227 [9.25%]; P = .04). Mild or severe breast ptosis was a significant risk factor for nipple or areolar necrosis (odds ratio [OR], 4.75; 95% CI, 1.66-13.60; P = .004 and OR, 8.78; 95% CI, 1.88-41.02; P = .006, respectively). Conversely, use of a midaxillary, anterior axillary, or axillary incision was associated with a lower risk of necrosis (OR for other incisions, 32.72; 95% CI, 2.11-508.36; P = .01). Necrosis occurred significantly less often in direct-to-implant breast reconstruction compared to other breast reconstructions (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.11-7.34; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance: The similar complication rates between C-NSM and M-NSM demonstrates that both methods were equally safe, allowing the choice to be guided by patient preferences and specific needs.

Internal plug mesh without fixation in laparoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) repair of inguinal hernias: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: Mesh fixation is essential in laparoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) repair of inguinal hernia; however, fixation sometimes causes post-operative pain. This study investigated a novel method of laparoscopic TEP repair without mesh fixation. METHODS: This study reviewed data from about two-hundred and forty-one laparoscopic TEP repairs on 219 patients, which were performed between December 2004 and October 2005. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the recurrence rate, seroma formation, and hospital stay. However, the mean operation time was shorter in the internal plug mesh group than the fixation group (p = 0.009), and post-operative pain only occurred in 4 cases in the internal plug mesh group in comparison to 29 cases in the mesh fixation group (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: An internal plug mesh without fixation might reduce post-operative pain after laparoscopic TEP repair of an inguinal hernia. Internal plug mesh without fixation may be an alternative method in laparoscopic TEP repair, especially for those involving indirect hernias.

Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Lipid Profile Change in Patients with Breast Cancer Taking Aromatase Inhibitor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most common comorbidities in breast cancer survivors. Recently, the target population and treatment period for aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment in breast cancer patients has been expanding. However, information on adverse CVD events from the long-term use of AI is still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the CVD side effects of AI treatment and to evaluate the changes in lipid profile during AI treatment. A systematic search of PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases reporting on cardiovascular outcomes or lipid profiles change in adult female breast cancer patients (>19 years old) with AI was performed. The pooled analysis of 25 studies showed that the prevalence rate of any type of cardiovascular disease was 6.08 per 100 persons (95% CI 2.91-10.31). Angina was the most common type of heart-related cardiovascular event accounting for 3.85 per 100 persons, followed by any type of stroke (3.34) and venous thromboembolism (2.95). Ischemic stroke (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.07-1.81) and myocardial infarction (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.88-1.93) were more common in AI compared with tamoxifen, whereas the prevalence of venous thromboembolism (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.37-1) was significantly lower in the AI group. In addition, treatment with AI for 6-12 months showed a decrease in HDL-cholesterol and an increase in LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol. Various CVDs can occur when using AI, and in particular, the risk of MI and ischemic stroke increases in comparison with the adverse effect of tamoxifen. The occurrence of CVD might be related to the deterioration of the lipid profile after AI treatment. Therefore, a customized individualization strategy considering each patient's CV risk factors is needed during AI treatment.

Curative resection of leiomyosarcoma of the descending colon with metachronous liver metastasis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) has a poor prognosis and rarely originates from the colon. If resection is possible, surgery is the first treatment most commonly considered. Unfortunately, no standard treatment exists for hepatic metastasis of LMS; although, several treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, have been used. Subsequently, the management of liver metastases remains controversial. CASE SUMMARY: We present a rare case of metachronous liver metastasis in a patient with LMS originating from the descending colon. A 38-year-old man initially reported abdominal pain and diarrhea over the previous two months. Colonoscopy revealed a 4-cm diameter mass in the descending colon, 40 cm from the anal verge. Computed tomography revealed intussusception of the descending colon due to the 4-cm mass. The patient underwent a left hemicolectomy. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor revealed that it was positive for smooth muscle actin and desmin, and negative for cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), CD117, and discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)-1, which are characteristic of gastrointestinal LMS. A single liver metastasis developed 11 mo post-operatively; the patient subsequently underwent curative resection thereof. The patient remained disease-free after six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy (doxorubicin and ifosfamide), and 40 and 52 mo after liver resection and primary surgery, respectively. Similar cases were obtained from a search of Embase, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and surgical resection may be the only potential curative options for liver metastasis of gastrointestinal LMS.

Associations of body mass index and weight change with circulating levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, proinflammatory cytokines, and adiponectin among breast cancer survivors.

AIM: This study examined the associations of body mass index (BMI) and weight change with inflammatory markers among breast cancer survivors in Korea. METHODS: A total of 495 women were included who had been diagnosed with primary breast cancer and survived for at least 6 months since the surgery. Information on the body weight and height of the participants was collected both at the study enrollment and diagnosis. The plasma levels of inflammatory markers were measured, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and adiponectin. A summary z-score was calculated by summing up the z-scores of each biomarker. The least-square means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a generalized linear model and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the elevated levels of inflammatory markers with a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: Participants with a BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2 at the study enrollment and at diagnosis were significantly associated with elevated summary z-scores compared to those with a BMI < 23 kg/m2 ; the ORs (95% CIs) were 5.42 (2.15-13.71) for current BMI and 3.66 (1.68-7.98) for BMI at diagnosis, respectively. Additionally, a weight loss > 5% since diagnosis was associated with a lower prevalence of high summary z-scores; the OR (95% CI) was .20 (.08-.52) compared to a stable weight. CONCLUSIONS: A high BMI at diagnosis and current BMI with a greater degree were associated with unfavorable levels of inflammatory markers among breast cancer survivors. Additionally, weight loss since diagnosis was inversely associated with these markers.

Development and External Validation of 18F-FDG PET-Based Radiomic Model for Predicting Pathologic Complete Response after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer.

The aim of our retrospective study is to develop and externally validate an 18F-FDG PET-derived radiomics model for predicting pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer patients. A total of 87 breast cancer patients underwent curative surgery after NAC at Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital and were randomly assigned to a training cohort and an internal validation cohort. Radiomic features were extracted from pretreatment PET images. A radiomic-score model was generated using the LASSO method. A combination model incorporating significant clinical variables was constructed. These models were externally validated in a separate cohort of 28 patients from Soonchunhyang University Buscheon Hospital. The model performances were assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC). Seven radiomic features were selected to calculate the radiomic-score. Among clinical variables, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status was an independent predictor of pCR. The radiomic-score model achieved good discriminability, with AUCs of 0.963, 0.731, and 0.729 for the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts, respectively. The combination model showed improved predictive performance compared to the radiomic-score model alone, with AUCs of 0.993, 0.772, and 0.906 in three cohorts, respectively. The 18F-FDG PET-derived radiomic-based model is useful for predicting pCR after NAC in breast cancer.

Breast Cancer Statistics in Korea, 2019.

This article provides an annual update of Korean breast cancer statistics, including the incidence, tumor stage, type of surgical treatment, and mortality. The data was collected from the Korean Breast Cancer Society registry system and Korean Central Cancer Registry. In 2019, 29,729 women were newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast cancer has continued to increase in incidence since 2002 and been the most common cancer in Korean women since 2019. Of the newly diagnosed cases in 2019, 24,820 (83.5%) were of invasive carcinomas, and 4,909 (16.5%) were of carcinoma in situ. The median age of women with breast cancer was 52.8 years, and breast cancer was most commonly diagnosed in the age group of 40-49 years. The number of patients who have undergone breast conserving surgery has continued to increase since 2016, with 68.6% of patients undergoing breast conserving surgery in 2019. The incidence of early-stage breast cancer continues to increase, with stage 0 or I breast cancer accounting for 61.6% of cases. The most common subtype of breast cancer is the hormone receptor-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative subtype (63.1%). The 5-year relative survival rate of patients with breast cancer from 2015 to 2019 was 93.6%, with an increase of 14.3% compared to that from 1993 to 1995. This report improves our understanding of breast cancer characteristics in South Korea.