[Trematodes of birds (Aves) from the Middle Volga region. 2. Orders Plagiorchiida, Renicolida, Strigeida, and Schistosomatida].

Data on trematodes of Plagiorchiida, Renicolida, Strigeida, and Schistosomatida, parasitizing in birds of the Middle Volga region are given. Proceedings of the different authors are supplemented by results of our research. Two species of trematodes (Brachylaima mesostoma and Mosesia amplavaginata) are specified for birds of the middle Volga region for the first time. New hosts were revealed for 2 trematode species: the great tit for Plagiorchis laricola and the common chaffinch for M. amplavaginata. The following characteristics for each parasite are given: it's systematic position, the spectrum of hosts, localization, collecting site, biology, the degree of host specificity and geographical range. The morphological description and original figures of 11 species of trematodes are presented.

[Trematodes (trematoda) of amphibia from the Middle Volga region. 1. Orders Fasciolida, Hemiurida, Paramphistomida and Strigeida].

Data on trematodes of the orders Fasciolida, Hemiurida, Paramphistomida and Strigeida from 11 amphibian species of the Middle Volga region are given. Literature data for the last 30 years are reviewed for the first time; these data are supplemented by our own material. Reliable recordings are confirmed for 23 trematode species. Two of these species are new for amphibian trematode fauna of Russia. New hosts were revealed for 12 trematode species. Trematodes of the new for the region amphibian species, the edible frog Rana esculenta Linnaeus, 1758, are recorded for the first time. Two trematodes from freshwater fishes are shown to be temporary or occasional parasites of amphibians. The following characteristics are given for each parasite: it's systematic position, the spectrum of hosts, localization, collecting site, biology, geographical range, and the degree of host specificity. The morphological description and original figures are given for 9 species of parasites.

[Variability of the dimensional structure in the hemipopulation of Thominx neopulchra (Nematoda: Capillariidae) females from bats of the genus myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)].

Variability of the dimensional structure in the hemipopulation Thominx neopulchra females from 3 species of the genus Myotis bats in the Zhiguli State Reserve was examined. The size of T. neopulchra from different bat species varied within the limits constituting 10.17-13.41 mm. It was demonstrated that the variability of the dimensional structure in the subpopulation group T. neopulchra from Daubenton's bats did not depend on the number of parasites in the host and the season and is probably determined by the genetic polymorphism of the parasite population.

[Trematodes (Trematoda) of bats (Chiroptera) from the Middle Volga Region].

The data on species diversity of trematodes from bats collected in the Middle Volga Region are summarized. According to original and literary data, 20 trematode species were recorded in bats of the region examined. Plagiorchis elegans, Lecithodendrium skrjabini, L. rysavyi, Prosthodendrium hurkovaae, and Pycnoporus megacotyle are specified for the bat fauna of Russia for the first time. For 11 species of parasites, new hosts are recorded. The analysis of bat helminthes demonstrated that the fauna of trematodes of the northern bat (12 species of trematodes), of the pond, and of the Brandt's bats is the most diverse, constituting more than 10 parasite species per bat species. The largest number of final hosts in the Middle Volga Region is characteristic of Plagiorchis koreanus and Prosthodendrium chilostomum; the latter species were revealed in 8 and 7 bat species, respectively. Trematodes of bats possess a high degree of host specificity. 17 species parasitize exclusively in bats out of 20 parasite species registered for the order Chiroptera. Only 3 species (Plagiorchis elegans, P. vespertilionis, and Prosthodendrium chilostomum) show wide degree of specificity, being found in other animals. Taxonomic position, the circle of hosts, collecting sites, and brief data in biology and geographical distribution for each helminth species are specified. Morphological descriptions and original figures for all the trematode species revealed in bats of the Middle Volga Region are given.

[Trematodes (Trematoda) of amphibia from the Middle Volga region. Report 2. Order Plagiorchiida].

Data on trematodes of the order Plagiorchiida from 11 species of amphibians from the Middle Volga region are given. Literary data of the last 30 years, combined with the results of our own research are presented together for the first time. Finds of 17 trematode species are reliable. From them, metacercaria of Astiotrema monticelli is recorded from amphibians of the fauna of Russia for the first time; Dolichosaccus rastellus and Paralepoderma cloacicola are recorded for the first time from amphibians of the Middle Volga region. New hosts are mentioned for 8 species of parasites. Trematodes of edible frog Rana esculenta Linnaeus, 1758, a new species to the region, are described for the first time. The following characteristics are given for each trematode species: its taxonomic position, set of hosts, localization, places of detection, biology, geographical distribution, and the degree of host specificity. Morphological descriptions and original figures are given for 12 trematode species.

[Fecundity of Thominx neopulchra (Nematoda:Capillariidae) from bats of the genus Myotis (Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae)].

Variability of absolute fecundity of nematode Thominx neopulchra from three species of genus Myotis was studies on the territory Zhiguli State Reserve in 2007, 2008. Significant differences in the fecundity of the nematode females depending on host species and sex, size of the parasite, number of the helminthes in a given host, and season of year were revealed.

[Characteristic of reproductive structure in the hemipopulation of a bat-parasitizing nematode Thominx neopulchra (Nematoda, Capillariidae)].

Features of reproductive structure of the Thominx neopulchra hemipopulation from Daubenton's bat from Zhiguli State Reserve are studied. It is established, that females and males of Th. neopulchra have different dynamics of coming in the host population. Males of the parasite invade the of Daubenton's bat population during all the year, while females infest the host only from May to November. Maturing of helminthes become slowed in winter period. Only about a half of of the host population is involved in the forming of the reproductive structure of Th. neopulchra hemipopulation.

[Trematodes (Trematoda) of micromammals from Middle Volga region].

Data on all known currently trematodes, revealed in insectivores and muride rodents from the Middle Volga region are generalised and analysed in article. The description and original drawings of 10 parasites species are given. 2 helminth species (Brachylecithum rodentini, Corrigia vitta) were specified for micromammals from Volga basin for the first time. The new hosts were marked for 2 parasites (B. rodentini, Quinqueserialis wolgaensis).

[Nematodes (Nematoda) from bats (Chiroptera) of the Samarskaya Luka Peninsula (Russia)].

Fauna of parasitic nematodes from Chiroptera of the Samarskaya Luka has been studied. Seven nematode species has been recorded. Numbers of host specimens, indices of extensiveness and intensiveness of the invasion, parasite abundance, and brief characteristics of the nematode species are given. Some nematode species were for the first time recorded in bats of Russia.

[First finding of the Centrorhynchus aluconis (Muller, 1780) (Giganthorhynchidae) and Moniliformis moniliformis bremser, 1811 (Moniliformidae) larvae in shrews (Insectivora: Soricidae) of the fauna of Russia].

The larvae of acanthocephalans Centrorhynchus aluconis (Muller, 1780) and Moniliformis moniliformis Bremser, 1811 are recorded for the first time from shrews in Russia (Samarskaya Luka National Park, Samara Region). Taxonomic descriptions and figures of the specimens examined are presented.

[Helminthofauna of the common shrew Sorex araneus L. (Soricidae) from Samarskaya Luka].

Ecological analysis of the helminthofauna of common shrew Sorex araneus L. from Samarskaya Luka (Samara Region) has been carried out. Twenty-three helminth species are found including 3 species of trematodes, 8 cestodes, 10 nematodes, and 2 acanthocephales. Dependence of the structure of helminthofauna on the host age is revealed.

[Possibilities of ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of strangulation and obturation forms of commissural small intestine ileus]. / Vozmozhnosti sonografii v differentsial'noi diagnostike stranguliatsionnoi i obturatsionnoi form spaechnoi tonkokishechnoi neprokhodimosti.

The main aim of this paper, by the authors' intention, was to attempt to study and provide evidence for that routine transabdominal sonography has great capacities in diagnosing small intestinal strangulation and obstruction ileus caused by commissures or tumors. The data of 48 cases of small intestinal ileus (27 of its strangulation form and 21 of its obturation one) were analyzed. The paper details guidelines on ultrasonographic techniques and the ultrasound semiotics of this pathology. It is the first time that the authors give individual methodological and semiotic approaches at sonography in this group of papers. They present a particularly clinical picture in combination with ultrasonographic data by providing their constant comparison, which serves as an additional support of the results of this paper. In the authors' opinion, the findings suggest that transabdominal sonography may be a successful basic diagnostic technique for strangulation and obturation forms of small intestinal ileus.

[A role and a place of ultrasound diagnosis of acute ileus]. / Rol' i mesto ul'trazvukovoi diagnostiki ostroi kishechnoi neprokhodimosti.

The main purpose of the authors is to present their view of a place of present-day ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute small and large intestinal obstruction. A comparatively sizable material covering 218 verified cases of acute ileus, including 77 patients with large intestinal obstruction and 141 patients with impaired passage of the intestinal contents along the small bowel was used to outline the aspects of ultrasound techniques and the symptomatology of ileus, by differentiating its some types. Along with the general assessment of the methodological and semiotic aspects of ultrasound diagnosis of acute uleus, the authors emphasizes a role of sonography in the detection of large intestinal obstruction by outlining their modified procedure of ultrasound irrigoscopy. For greater objectivization of their positive assessment of the place of ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute ileus and large intestinal obstruction, the authors comparatively studied X-ray and ultrasound studies to reveal this pathology. In addition to their purely personal assessment of a role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of large intestinal obstruction, the lecture also shows its authors' opinion as to the organizational issues associated with the necessity of correcting the existing diagnostic algorithm to detect large intestinal obstruction.