Differential Sources for 2 Neural Signatures of Target Detection: An Electrocorticography Study.

Electrophysiology and neuroimaging provide conflicting evidence for the neural contributions to target detection. Scalp electroencephalography (EEG) studies localize the P3b event-related potential component mainly to parietal cortex, whereas neuroimaging studies report activations in both frontal and parietal cortices. We addressed this discrepancy by examining the sources that generate the target-detection process using electrocorticography (ECoG). We recorded ECoG activity from cortex in 14 patients undergoing epilepsy monitoring, as they performed an auditory or visual target-detection task. We examined target-related responses in 2 domains: high frequency band (HFB) activity and the P3b. Across tasks, we observed a greater proportion of electrodes that showed target-specific HFB power relative to P3b over frontal cortex, but their proportions over parietal cortex were comparable. Notably, there was minimal overlap in the electrodes that showed target-specific HFB and P3b activity. These results revealed that the target-detection process is characterized by at least 2 different neural markers with distinct cortical distributions. Our findings suggest that separate neural mechanisms are driving the differential patterns of activity observed in scalp EEG and neuroimaging studies, with the P3b reflecting EEG findings and HFB activity reflecting neuroimaging findings, highlighting the notion that target detection is not a unitary phenomenon.

Automated localization of magnetoencephalographic interictal spikes by adaptive spatial filtering.

OBJECTIVE: Automated adaptive spatial filtering techniques can be applied to magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data collected from people with epilepsy. Source waveforms estimated by these methods have higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than spontaneous MEG data, allowing identification and location of interictal spikes. The software tool SAM(g(2)) provides an adaptive spatial filtering algorithm for MEG data that yields source images of excess kurtosis and provides source time-courses in voxels exhibiting high excess kurtosis. The sensitivity and specificity of SAM(g(2)) in epilepsy is unknown. METHODS: Interictal MEG data from 36 patients with intractable epilepsy were analyzed using SAM(g(2)), and results compared with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit procedures. RESULTS: When SNR of interictal spikes was high (compared to background) with a clear single focus, in most cases there was good agreement between ECD and SAM(g(2)). With multiple foci, there was typically overlap but imperfect concordance between results of ECD and SAM(g(2)). CONCLUSIONS: SAM(g(2)) may in some cases be equivalent to manual ECD fit for localizing interictal spikes with single locus and good SNR. Further studies are required to validate SAM(g(2)) with multiple foci or poor SNR. SIGNIFICANCE: In some cases, SAM(g(2)) might eventually assist or replace manual ECD analysis of MEG data.

Gustatory cortical lesions affect motivation for snack foods.

Most neuropsychological research using food as a reward uses single-bid auctions. We wished to determine whether focal brain lesions would affect the ability and motivation to win snack food items in a computerized auction allowing multiple bids. This allowed us to assess participants' abilities under more complex conditions. We enrolled 154 male penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI) veterans, mean age 58, from the Vietnam Head Injury Study registry, and 53 male uninjured veterans, mean age 59. We used voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) to identify effects of brain lesions on the ability to win items and on participants' answers to statements regarding their level of motivation and evaluation of how well they performed. Number of items won was not significantly associated with any lesions; however, lesions in gustatory cortex (GC) affected motivation and self-evaluation. Our findings provide further evidence of the primary GC's role in motivation for food and drink.

Noninvasive testing, early surgery, and seizure freedom in tuberous sclerosis complex.

BACKGROUND: The unambiguous identification of the epileptogenic tubers in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) can be challenging. We assessed whether magnetic source imaging (MSI) and coregistration of (18)fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET) with MRI could improve the identification of the epileptogenic regions noninvasively in children with TSC. METHODS: In addition to standard presurgical evaluation, 28 children with intractable epilepsy from TSC referred from 2000 to 2007 had MSI and FDG-PET/MRI coregistration without extraoperative intracranial EEG. RESULTS: Based on the concordance of test results, 18 patients with TSC (64%) underwent surgical resection, with the final resection zone confirmed by intraoperative electrocorticography. Twelve patients are seizure free postoperatively (67%), with an average follow-up of 4.1 years. Younger age at surgery and shorter seizure duration were associated with postoperative seizure freedom. Conversely, older age and longer seizure duration were linked with continued seizures postoperatively or prevented surgery because of nonlateralizing or bilateral independent epileptogenic zones. Complete removal of presurgery MSI dipole clusters correlated with postoperative seizure freedom. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic source imaging and (18)fluorodeoxyglucose PET/MRI coregistration noninvasively localized the epileptogenic zones in many children with intractable epilepsy from tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), with 67% seizure free postoperatively. Seizure freedom after surgery correlated with younger age and shorter seizure duration. These findings support the concept that early epilepsy surgery is associated with seizure freedom in children with TSC and intractable epilepsy.

High gamma power is phase-locked to theta oscillations in human neocortex.

We observed robust coupling between the high- and low-frequency bands of ongoing electrical activity in the human brain. In particular, the phase of the low-frequency theta (4 to 8 hertz) rhythm modulates power in the high gamma (80 to 150 hertz) band of the electrocorticogram, with stronger modulation occurring at higher theta amplitudes. Furthermore, different behavioral tasks evoke distinct patterns of theta/high gamma coupling across the cortex. The results indicate that transient coupling between low- and high-frequency brain rhythms coordinates activity in distributed cortical areas, providing a mechanism for effective communication during cognitive processing in humans.

Limitations of Wada memory asymmetry as a predictor of outcomes after temporal lobectomy.

BACKGROUND: The intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) test can be used to evaluate hemispheric memory capacity before anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). Most patients demonstrate better memory with injection ipsilateral to planned resection (expected asymmetry [EA]), but a substantial minority show better memory with contralateral injection (unexpected asymmetry [UA]). Both degree and direction of Wada memory asymmetry (WMA) have been associated with worse surgical outcome in small series. Reports also suggest that UA is associated with greater decline in verbal memory after left ATL (L-ATL). METHODS: The relationship between WMA and surgical outcome (at 3 months, 1 year, and last follow-up) was examined in a large group of ATL patients (108 L, 119 R) with both EA and UA. Also, memory in a subgroup (96 L, 108 R) was examined, comparing subscores of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test obtained preoperatively, at 3 months, and at 1 year. RESULTS: Thirty-six percent of L-ATL and 8% of R-ATL patients had UA. UA was associated with worse surgical outcome at 1 year for R-ATL patients but was not associated with worse outcome for L-ATL patients. There was no correlation between WMA and persistent postoperative verbal memory change for patients with L- or R-ATL. CONCLUSIONS: Unexpected asymmetry is uncommon in patients with right anterior temporal lobectomy (R-ATL) and may be a risk marker of poor surgical outcome. This relationship may be obscured by language confounds in patients with L-ATL. The results suggest that Wada asymmetry (using mixed stimuli) does not predict postoperative verbal memory; it is unclear whether this finding is generalizable to centers using only nonverbal stimuli.