RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Empyema necessitans (EN) is a rare condition characterized by pleural infection with pus spreading into adjacent soft tissues. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Actinomyces israelii are common causative agents, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is relatively rare, but it is associated with high mortality in empyema cases. We aimed to report a unique case of EN caused by MRSA and present a literature review to better understand this rare condition. CASE PRESENTATION: A 69-year-old man with a history of right ureteral stone presented with fever and left anterior thoracic pain. A physical examination revealed redness and swelling in the left thoracic region. Imaging studies confirmed EN with fluid accumulation around the sternocostal joint of the left first rib. MRSA was identified from blood and pleural fluid cultures. The patient received antimicrobial therapy, and a chest tube was inserted for drainage. Despite initial improvement, vertebral osteomyelitis was diagnosed on day 17. The antimicrobials were subsequently terminated after 6 weeks, but vertebral osteomyelitis recurred, and treatment was resumed and completed on day 215. CONCLUSION: EN caused by MRSA is rare, and the literature review revealed 14 cases from human sources. Positive blood cultures were observed in 40% of cases, and metastatic infections were present in 30% of cases. Osteomyelitis was the most common type of metastatic lesion. All the patients underwent drainage. Patients with MRSA-associated EN frequently develop disseminated lesions and should therefore be carefully examined. Moreover, appropriate treatment with antibiotics and drainage is necessary for a good prognosis. Although the prognosis appeared to be favorable in our review, publication bias and treatment challenges for metastatic infections should be considered.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Empiema , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Osteomielite , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Masculino , Humanos , Idoso , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Empiema/tratamento farmacológico , Osteomielite/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Interstitial pneumonia and emphysema may complicate patients with lung cancer. However, clinical significance of trivial and mild pulmonary abnormalities remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether trivial and mild interstitial pneumonia and emphysema, in addition to their advanced forms, impact the prognosis and lead to acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia (AEIP) in patients with lung cancer. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary hospital and included patients with lung cancer. Computed tomography images were evaluated using the interstitial lung abnormality (ILA) score for interstitial pneumonia, which included no ILA, equivocal ILA, ILA, interstitial lung disease (ILD), and the Goddard score for emphysema. Cox analyses were performed using the ILA and Goddard scores as the main explanatory variables, adjusting for multiple covariates. RESULTS: Among 1,507 patients with lung cancer, 1,033 had no ILA, 160 had equivocal ILA, 174 had ILA, and 140 had ILD. In total, 474 patients (31.5%) exhibited interstitial pneumonia and 638 (42.3%) showed emphysema. The log-rank trend test showed that survival probability was significantly better in patients with no ILA, followed by those with equivocal ILA, ILA, and ILD (P < 0.001). After adjustment, the ILA and Goddard scores remained significant variables for increased hazard ratios (HR) for mortality: no ILA (HR, 1.00: reference), equivocal ILA (HR, 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-1.46; P < 0.001), ILA (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.39-2.12; P < 0.001), ILD (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.63-3.09; P < 0.001), and Goddard score (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P < 0.010). Moreover, both scores were associated with increased cause-specific HRs for AEIP. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that approximately one-third of patients with lung cancer had interstitial pneumonia when incorporating trivial and mild cases. Because interstitial pneumonia and emphysema, ranging from trivial to severe, significantly impact mortality and AEIP in patients with lung cancer, we should identify even trivial and mild cases of these pulmonary abnormalities among patients with lung cancer in addition to the advanced ones.
Assuntos
Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Enfisema Pulmonar , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/mortalidade , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/complicações , Masculino , Feminino , Neoplasias Pulmonares/complicações , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Enfisema Pulmonar/complicações , Enfisema Pulmonar/mortalidade , Enfisema Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Prognóstico , Progressão da Doença , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Modelos de Riscos ProporcionaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Blonanserin is an atypical antipsychotic, a potent selective antagonist of dopamine D2 receptor (D2), prescribed as oral formulations in patients with schizophrenia. Blonanserin transdermal patch was developed to provide a new treatment option, but the corresponding dose to oral blonanserin was not clear. The aims of this study were to clarify the pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic characteristics of blonanserin after transdermal patch application and to evaluate the corresponding dose to oral formulation based on striatal D2 occupancy. METHODS: The relationship between D2 occupancy and plasma blonanserin concentration was analyzed using an Emax model based on data from positron emission tomography study with oral and transdermal blonanserin. D2 occupancy was simulated using Emax models based on the observed plasma concentrations and the simulated plasma concentrations obtained from population PK model. RESULTS: Plasma blonanserin concentration levels after repeated patch applications were nearly stable throughout the day and no effect of sex, advanced age, or application site was detected. The concentration at half maximal D2 occupancy during transdermal patch applications, 0.857 ng/mL, was higher than that after oral doses, 0.112 ng/mL, suggesting metabolite contribution after oral doses. The median predicted D2 occupancy during blonanserin patch applications at doses of 40 and 80 mg/d was 48.7% and 62.5%, respectively, and the distribution of D2 occupancy at these doses could cover most of that at oral doses of 8 to 24 mg/d. CONCLUSIONS: Predicted D2 occupancy suggested that a 40- to 80-mg/d blonanserin transdermal patch dose corresponds to an 8- to 24-mg/d oral dose for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos , Adesivo Transdérmico , Humanos , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Piperidinas , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons/métodos , Receptores de Dopamina D2RESUMO
Naltrexone is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist used in the treatment of opioid and alcohol dependence. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport characteristics of naltrexone was investigated by means of hCMEC/D3 cells, a human immortalized brain capillary endothelial cell line. In hCMEC/D3 cells, naltrexone is taken up in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, naltrexone uptake significantly decreased in the presence of H+/organic cation (OC) antiporter substrates, during the little alteration exhibited by substrates of well-identified OC transporters classified into SLC22A family. Although naltrexone uptake by hCMEC/D3 cells was partially affected by changes of ionic conditions, it was markedly decreased in the presence of the metabolic inhibitor sodium azide. Furthermore, when treated by ammonium chloride, naltrexone uptake by hCMEC/D3 cells was altered by intracellular acidification and alkalization, suggesting the involvement of oppositely directed proton gradient in naltrexone transport across the BBB. The results obtained in the present in vitro study suggest the active transport of naltrexone from blood to the brain across the BBB by the H+/OC antiporter.
Assuntos
Antiporters , Barreira Hematoencefálica , Cloreto de Amônio , Analgésicos Opioides/metabolismo , Antiporters/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Cátions/metabolismo , Humanos , Naltrexona/metabolismo , Naltrexona/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/farmacologia , Prótons , Azida Sódica/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite being minimally invasive, bronchoscopy does not always result in pathological specimens being obtained. Therefore, we investigated whether virtual bronchoscopic navigation (VBN) findings were associated with the rate of diagnosis of primary lung cancer by bronchoscopy in patients with peripheral lung lesions. METHODS: This study included patients with suspected malignant peripheral lung lesions who underwent bronchoscopy at St. Luke's International Hospital between October 2013 and March 2020. Patients diagnosed with primary lung cancer were grouped according to whether their pathology could be diagnosed by bronchoscopy, and their clinical factors were compared. In addition, the distance between the edge of the lesion and the nearest branch ("distance by VBN") was calculated. The distance by VBN and various clinical factors were compared with the diagnostic rates of primary lung cancer. RESULTS: The study included 523 patients with 578 lesions. After excluding 55 patients who underwent multiple bronchoscopies, 381 patients were diagnosed with primary lung cancer. The diagnostic rate by bronchoscopy was 71.1% (271/381). Multivariate analysis revealed that the lesion diameter (odds ratio [OR] 1.107), distance by VBN (OR 0.94) and lesion structure (solid lesion or ground-glass nodule; OR 2.988) influenced the risk of a lung cancer diagnosis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosis based on lesion diameter and distance by VBN was 0.810. CONCLUSION: The distance by VBN and lesion diameter were predictive of the diagnostic rates of primary lung cancer by bronchoscopy in patients with peripheral lung lesions.
Assuntos
Broncoscopia , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Pulmão/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is a histopathological hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), its detection without lung biopsy is challenging. In patients with ARDS, the specificity of the Berlin definition to diagnose DAD as a reference standard is not adequately high, making it difficult to adequately diagnose DAD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between DAD and clinical findings, including KL-6 and geographic appearance, in ARDS patients and to identify more specific diagnostic criteria for DAD. METHODS: Among all adult autopsy cases at a tertiary hospital in Japan between January 2006 and March 2021, patients with ARDS who met the Berlin definition criteria were included. The patients' conditions were classified according to histopathological patterns as DAD or non-DAD, and clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: During the study period, 27 met the Berlin definition (median age: 79 years, 19 men), of whom 18 (67%) had DAD and 9 (33%) did not. In the non-DAD group, histopathologic findings revealed organizing pneumonia in seven patients and pulmonary hemorrhage in two patients. On HRCT at onset, patients with DAD had more geographic appearance than those without DAD (89% vs. 44%). In patients with geographic appearance and elevated KL-6 (> 500 U/mL), the sensitivity and specificity for DAD diagnosis were 56% and 100%, respectively. All three patients with no geographic appearance and normal KL-6 did not have DAD. CONCLUSIONS: Geographic appearance on HRCT combined with KL-6 levels may predict the presence of DAD in patients with ARDS.
Assuntos
Alvéolos Pulmonares , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório , Adulto , Idoso , Autopsia , Humanos , Masculino , Alvéolos Pulmonares/patologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
The mandible is a crucial organ in both clinical and biological fields due to the high frequency of congenital anomalies and the significant morphological changes during evolution. Primary cilia play a critical role in many biological processes, including the determination of left/right axis patterning, the regulation of signaling pathways, and the formation of bone and cartilage. Perturbations in the function of primary cilia are known to cause a wide spectrum of human diseases: the ciliopathies. Craniofacial dysmorphologies, including mandibular deformity, are often seen in patients with ciliopathies. Mandibular development is characterized by chondrogenesis and osteogenesis; however, the role of primary cilia in mandibular development is not fully understood. To address this question, we generated mice with mesenchymal deletions of the ciliary protein, Ift88 (Ift88fl/fl ;Wnt1Cre). Ift88fl/fl ;Wnt1Cre mice showed ectopic mandibular bone formation, whereas Ift88 mutant mandible was slightly shortened. Meckel's cartilage was modestly expanded in Ift88fl/fl ;Wnt1Cre mice. The downregulation of Hh signaling was found in most of the mesenchyme of Ift88 mutant mandible. However, mice with a mesenchymal deletion of an essential molecule for Hh signaling activity, Smo (Smofl/fl ;Wnt1Cre), showed only ectopic mandibular formation, whereas Smo mutant mandible was significantly shortened. Ift88 is thus involved in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during mandibular development, partially through regulating Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling.
Assuntos
Proteínas Hedgehog/genética , Mandíbula/embriologia , Organogênese/genética , Animais , Cartilagem/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Osteogênese/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
In our drug discovery program, we identified a novel orally available and brain-penetrant phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1 inhibitor, 3-methyl-7-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2-{[trans-4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]-methoxy}imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one (DSR-141562). In the present study, we characterized the preclinical profile of DSR-141562. This compound has preferential selectivity for predominantly brain-expressed PDE1B over other PDE1 family members, and high selectivity for the PDE1 family over other PDE families and 65 other tested biologic targets. Oral administration of DSR-141562 at 10 mg/kg slightly elevated the cGMP concentration, and it potently enhanced the increase of cGMP induced by a dopamine D1 receptor agonist in mouse brains. The cGMP level in monkey cerebrospinal fluid was also elevated after treatment with DSR-141562 at 30 and 100 mg/kg and could be used as a translational biomarker. Since PDE1B is believed to regulate dopaminergic and glutamatergic signal transduction, we evaluated the effects of this compound using schizophrenia-related behavioral assays. DSR-141562 at 3-30 mg/kg potently inhibited methamphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats, while it had only minimal effects on the spontaneous locomotor activity. Furthermore, DSR-141562 at 1-100 mg/kg did not induce any signs of catalepsy in rats. DSR-141562 at 0.3-3 mg/kg reversed social interaction and novel object recognition deficits induced by repeated treatment with an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, phencyclidine, in mice and rats, respectively. In common marmosets, DSR-141562 at 3 and 30 mg/kg improved the performance in object retrieval with detour tasks. These results suggest that DSR-141562 is a therapeutic candidate for positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This is the first paper showing that a phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitor is efficacious in animal models for positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this compound improved cognitive function in the common marmoset, a nonhuman primate.
Assuntos
Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Nucleotídeo Cíclico Fosfodiesterase do Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/farmacologia , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Triazinas/farmacologia , Animais , Callithrix , GMP Cíclico/análise , GMP Cíclico/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Imidazóis/farmacocinética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/genética , Ratos Long-Evans , Receptores de Dopamina D1/fisiologia , Triazinas/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
We previously demonstrated different spacial expression profiles of the neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) splice variants nNOS-µ and nNOS-α in the brain; however, their exact functions are not fully understood. Here, we used electron paramagnetic resonance to compare the electron-uncoupling reactions of recombinant nNOS-µ and nNOS-α that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), in this case superoxide. nNOS-µ generated 44% of the amount of superoxide that nNOS-α generated. We also evaluated the ROS production in HEK293 cells stably expressing nNOS-α and nNOS-µ by investigating these electron-uncoupling reactions as induced by calcium ionophore A23187. A23187 treatment induced greater ROS production in HEK293 cells expressing nNOS-α than those expressing nNOS-µ. Also, immunocytochemical analysis revealed that A23187-treated cells expressing nNOS-α produced more 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, a second messenger in NO/ROS redox signaling, than did the cells expressing nNOS-µ. Molecular evolutionary analysis revealed that the ratio of nonsynonymous sites to synonymous sites for the nNOS-µ-specific region was higher than that for the complete gene, indicating that this region has fewer functional constraints than does the complete gene. These observations shed light on the physiological relevance of the nNOS-µ variant and may improve understanding of nNOS-dependent NO/ROS redox signaling and its pathophysiological consequences in neuronal systems.
Assuntos
Processamento Alternativo , GMP Cíclico/análogos & derivados , Elétrons , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Calcimicina/farmacologia , Clonagem Molecular , GMP Cíclico/biossíntese , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo I/genética , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Alinhamento de Sequência , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Electrophiles such as methylmercury (MeHg) affect cellular functions by covalent modification with endogenous thiols. Reactive persulfide species were recently reported to mediate antioxidant responses and redox signaling because of their strong nucleophilicity. In this study, we used MeHg as an environmental electrophile and found that exposure of cells to the exogenous electrophile elevated intracellular concentrations of the endogenous electrophilic molecule 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP), accompanied by depletion of reactive persulfide species and 8-SH-cGMP which is a metabolite of 8-nitro-cGMP. Exposure to MeHg also induced S-guanylation and activation of H-Ras followed by injury to cerebellar granule neurons. The electrophile-induced activation of redox signaling and the consequent cell damage were attenuated by pretreatment with a reactive persulfide species donor. In conclusion, exogenous electrophiles such as MeHg with strong electrophilicity impair the redox signaling regulatory mechanism, particularly of intracellular reactive persulfide species and therefore lead to cellular pathogenesis. Our results suggest that reactive persulfide species may be potential therapeutic targets for attenuating cell injury by electrophiles.
Assuntos
Compostos de Metilmercúrio/química , Sulfetos/química , Animais , Anticorpos/imunologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , GMP Cíclico/análogos & derivados , GMP Cíclico/química , GMP Cíclico/imunologia , GMP Cíclico/metabolismo , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/genética , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Compostos de Metilmercúrio/análise , Compostos de Metilmercúrio/toxicidade , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Naftoquinonas/química , Naftoquinonas/toxicidade , Óxido Nítrico/análise , Oxirredução , Células PC12 , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/análise , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Sulfetos/farmacologia , Proteínas ras/genética , Proteínas ras/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Non-gustatory filiform papillae play critical roles in helping to grip food, drawing food to the esophagus, cleaning the mouth, and spreading saliva. The molecular mechanisms of filiform tongue papillae development however are not fully understood. RESULTS: We found Ikkα and Irf6 expression in developing tongue epithelium, and describe here specific tongue abnormalities in mice with mutation of these genes, indicating a role for Ikkα and Irf6 in filiform papillae development. Ikkα and Irf6 mutant tongues showed ectopic vertical epithelium at the midline, while lateral sides of mutant tongues adhered to the oral mucosa. Both the ectopic median vertical epithelium and adhered epithelium exhibited the presence of filiform tongue papillae, whereas epithelium between the median vertical epithelium and adhered tongue showed a loss of filiform tongue papillae. Timing of filiform papillae development was found to be slightly different between the midline and lateral regions of the wild-type tongue. CONCLUSIONS: Filiform papillae thus develop through distinct molecular mechanisms between the regions of tongue dorsum in the medio-lateral axis, with some filiform papillae developing under the control of Ikkα and Irf6. Developmental Dynamics 245:937-946, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Epitélio/metabolismo , Quinase I-kappa B/metabolismo , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/metabolismo , Língua/embriologia , Língua/metabolismo , Animais , Epitélio/embriologia , Epitélio/ultraestrutura , Quinase I-kappa B/genética , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hibridização In Situ , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Língua/ultraestruturaRESUMO
We designed and synthesized a series of dihydroquinazolinone derivatives as selective M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors agonists. Introduction of the N-carbethoxy piperidine unit into a HTS hit compound followed by optimization of the amine linker and the carbamoyl moiety led to the identification of compound 1 as a potential candidate. The identified compound 1 showed high selectivity for M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors with M4 partial agonistic activity. In addition, compound 1 showed good brain penetration and reversed methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats (ED50=3.0 mg/kg, sc).
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Agonistas Muscarínicos/farmacocinética , Receptor Muscarínico M1/agonistas , Receptor Muscarínico M4/agonistas , Animais , Antipsicóticos/síntese química , Antipsicóticos/química , Antipsicóticos/farmacocinética , Antipsicóticos/farmacologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Agonistas Muscarínicos/síntese química , Agonistas Muscarínicos/farmacologia , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , RatosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Administration of vitamin B12 and folic acid for 7 days prior to the administration of the first dose of pemetrexed is recommended. However, vitamin supplementation rarely is initiated less than 7 days prior to the first dose of pemetrexed. Therefore, we analyzed the safety of pemetrexed with vitamin supplementation for less than 7 days prior to the first dose of pemetrexed. METHODS: Patients were classified into 2 groups according to the duration of vitamin supplementation prior to the first dose of pemetrexed: group A received vitamin supplementation for 7 days or more, and group B received vitamin supplementation for less than 7 days. We analyzed adverse effects, such as myelosuppression, rash, and diarrhea, after 1 cycle of pemetrexed therapy. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients were administered pemetrexed; 40 patients were men and 30 were women with a median age of 64.5 years(range, 43-86 years). A total of 57 patients were classified into group A and 13 into group B; 33 patients were administered pemetrexed as a first-line treatment. Neutropenia of Grade 3 or more was observed in 4/49(8.2%)patients in group A and 2/13(15.4%)patients in group B(p=0.60). There were no significant differences in the rates of occurrence of neutropenia, rash, and diarrhea. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study indicated that patients could be safely treated with pemetrexed if vitamin supplementation is initiated for less than 7 days prior to the first administration of pemetrexed. However, further studies are needed because of a lack of statistical power and adjustment for confounding factors.
Assuntos
Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Exantema/prevenção & controle , Ácido Fólico/administração & dosagem , Glutamatos/efeitos adversos , Guanina/análogos & derivados , Neutropenia/prevenção & controle , Vitamina B 12/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia/induzido quimicamente , Suplementos Nutricionais , Combinação de Medicamentos , Exantema/induzido quimicamente , Feminino , Glutamatos/uso terapêutico , Guanina/efeitos adversos , Guanina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutropenia/induzido quimicamente , Pemetrexede , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
We designed and synthesized novel N-sulfonyl-7-azaindoline derivatives as selective M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists. Modification of the N-carbethoxy piperidine moiety of compound 2, an M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR)-preferring agonist, led to compound 1, a selective M4 mAChR agonist. Compound 1 showed a highly selective M4 mAChR agonistic activity with weak hERG inhibition in vitro. A pharmacokinetic study of compound 1 in vivo revealed good bioavailability and brain penetration in rats. Compound 1 reversed methamphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats (1-10 mg/kg, po).
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Receptor Muscarínico M4/agonistas , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Metanfetamina/antagonistas & inibidores , Metanfetamina/farmacologia , Estrutura Molecular , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Piperidinas/administração & dosagem , Piperidinas/química , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/administração & dosagem , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMO
We designed and synthesized novel N-substituted 7-azaindoline derivatives as selective M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) agonists. Hybridization of compound 2 with the HTS hit compound 5 followed by optimization of the N-substituents of 7-azaindoline led to identification of compound 1, which showed highly selective M1 and M4 mAChRs agonistic activity, weak human ether-a-go-go related gene inhibition, and good bioavailability in multiple animal species.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Indóis/farmacologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Receptor Muscarínico M1/agonistas , Receptor Muscarínico M4/agonistas , Administração Oral , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Haplorrinos , Humanos , Indóis/administração & dosagem , Indóis/química , Estrutura Molecular , Piperidinas/administração & dosagem , Piperidinas/química , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
R(-)-Apomorphine is a dopamine agonist used for rescue management of motor function impairment associated with levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease patients. The aim of this study was to examine the role of proton-coupled organic cation antiporter in uptake of R(-)-apomorphine and its S-enantiomer in human brain, using human endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 as a model. Uptake of R(-)- or S(+)-apomorphine into hCMEC/D3 cells was measured under various conditions to evaluate its time-, concentration-, energy- and ion-dependency. Inhibition by selected organic cations was also examined. Uptakes of both R(-)- and S(+)-apomorphine increased with time. The initial uptake velocities of R(-)- and S(+)-apomorphine were concentration-dependent, with similar Km and Vmax values. The cell-to-medium (C/M) ratio of R(-)-apomorphine was significantly reduced by pretreatment with sodium azide, but was not affected by replacement of extracellular sodium ion with N-methylglucamine or potassium. Intracellular alkalization markedly reduced the uptake, while intracellular acidification increased it, suggesting that the uptake is driven by an oppositely directed proton gradient. The C/M ratio was significantly decreased by amantadine, verapamil, pyrilamine and diphenhydramine (substrates or inhibitors of proton-coupled organic cation antiporter), while tetraethylammonium (substrate of organic cation transporters (OCTs)) and carnitine (substrate of carnitine/organic cation transporter 2; (OCTN2)) had no effect. R(-)-Apomorphine uptake was competitively inhibited by diphenhydramine. Our results indicate that R(-)-apomorphine transport in human blood-brain barrier (BBB) model cells is similar to S(+)-apomorphine uptake. The transport was dependent on an oppositely directed proton gradient, but was sodium- or membrane potential-independent. The transport characteristics were consistent with involvement of the previously reported proton-coupled organic cation antiporter.
Assuntos
Antiporters/metabolismo , Apomorfina/farmacocinética , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Cátions/metabolismo , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacocinética , Prótons , Transporte Biológico , Linhagem Celular , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Potenciais da Membrana , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions Orgânicos/metabolismo , Sódio/metabolismo , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP) is a rare, benign tumor. Given the challenges of a bronchoscopic diagnosis, surgery is performed during the early stages of the disease. Therefore, little is known about the growth pattern of PSP. This case of PSP was not diagnosed despite bronchoscopy, resulting in lung resection eight years after the anomaly was first identified on computed tomography (CT). This report compares the long-term follow-up of CT and pathological findings and discusses the difficulty in making a diagnosis using a bronchoscopic forceps biopsy to aid in future PSP diagnoses and treatment planning.
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AIM/INTRODUCTION: Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor treatment, which reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, has been reported to improve glycemic control. The possible protective effects of XOR inhibitor treatment on insulin secretory capacity were investigated in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 428 patients with type 2 diabetes. Insulin secretory capacity was assessed based on fasting serum C-peptide concentration (CPR) and C-peptide index (CPI) in all subjects, while insulin resistance in non-insulin users (n = 312) was determined using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. RESULTS: Median values for CPR and CPI in all subjects were 2.4 ng/mL and 1.5, respectively, while that for HOMA-IR in non-insulin users was 3.2. The XOR inhibitor users (n = 72) had significantly (P < 0.001) higher CPR and CPI levels than non-users (n = 356). Multivariable regression analyses showed XOR inhibitor use was positively associated with CPR (ß = 0.153, P = 0.001) and CPI (ß = 0.144, P = 0.001). Similar results were observed in propensity score analyses. In subgroup analyses of patients with a preserved estimated glomerular filtration rate (≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and non-insulin users, these associations remained significant. Furthermore, the associations were significant in patients with lower (≤6.0 mg/dL) but not with higher (>6.0 mg/dL) uric acid levels (P for interaction <0.05). On the other hand, XOR inhibitor use showed no significant association with HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS: The results of XOR inhibitor treatment, especially a sufficient reduction in serum uric acid level, may provide protective effects on insulin secretory capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Refractory pneumothorax associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD) remains a challenging condition due to the patient's tolerability and lung compliance that restrict the feasibility of aggressive interventions. Additionally, many cases recur after improvement with treatment, and reports of successful management for this complicated condition are limited. Herein, we report the case of a 60-year-old man with ILD, utilizing home oxygen therapy, who experienced a successful recovery from a surgical intervention under local anaesthesia for pneumothorax. This case highlights the potential for operative intervention under local anaesthesia as a viable option for patients who do not respond to internal approaches.
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We designed and synthesized N-substituted 8-azatetrahydroquinolone derivatives as selective M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors agonists. Optimization of selected derivatives led to the discovery of compound 7 as a highly potent M1 and M4 agonist with weak hERG inhibition. Oral administration of compound 7 improved psychosis-like behavior in rats.