A 20-year Follow-up of the International Early Lung Cancer Action Program (I-ELCAP).

Background The low-dose CT (≤3 mGy) screening report of 1000 Early Lung Cancer Action Program (ELCAP) participants in 1999 led to the International ELCAP (I-ELCAP) collaboration, which enrolled 31 567 participants in annual low-dose CT screening between 1992 and 2005. In 2006, I-ELCAP investigators reported the 10-year lung cancer-specific survival of 80% for 484 participants diagnosed with a first primary lung cancer through annual screening, with a high frequency of clinical stage I lung cancer (85%). Purpose To update the cure rate by determining the 20-year lung cancer-specific survival of participants diagnosed with first primary lung cancer through annual low-dose CT screening in the expanded I-ELCAP cohort. Materials and Methods For participants enrolled in the HIPAA-compliant prospective I-ELCAP cohort between 1992 and 2022 and observed until December 30, 2022, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to determine the 10- and 20-year lung cancer-specific survival of participants diagnosed with first primary lung cancer through annual low-dose CT screening. Eligible participants were aged at least 40 years and had current or former cigarette use or had never smoked but had been exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke. Results Among 89 404 I-ELCAP participants, 1257 (1.4%) were diagnosed with a first primary lung cancer (684 male, 573 female; median age, 66 years; IQR, 61-72), with a median smoking history of 43.0 pack-years (IQR, 29.0-60.0). Median follow-up duration was 105 months (IQR, 41-182). The frequency of clinical stage I at pretreatment CT was 81% (1017 of 1257). The 10-year lung cancer-specific survival of 1257 participants was 81% (95% CI: 79, 84) and the 20-year lung cancer-specific survival was 81% (95% CI: 78, 83), and it was 95% (95% CI: 91, 98) for 181 participants with pathologic T1aN0M0 lung cancer. Conclusion The 10-year lung cancer-specific survival of 80% reported in 2006 for I-ELCAP participants enrolled in annual low-dose CT screening and diagnosed with a first primary lung cancer has persisted, as shown by the updated 20-year lung cancer-specific survival for the expanded I-ELCAP cohort. © RSNA, 2023 See also the editorials by Grenier and by Sequist and Olazagasti in this issue.

[Tobacco use prevention and cessation in the dental practice]. / Tabakprävention und -entwöhnung in der zahnmedizinischen Praxis.

This is the fourth part of a series of publications from the Swiss task force named "Smoking--intervention in the private dental office" on the topic "tobacco use and dental medicine". It presents the implementation of tobacco use prevention and cessation in the dental practice. Next to the optimal performance of plaque control, tobacco use cessation has become the most important measure for the treatment of periodontal diseases. In contrast to general medicine practice, the dental practice team is seeing its patients regularly and is therefore capable of helping their patients quit tobacco use. Tobacco dependence consists of both a physical and a psychological dependence. Therefore, the combination of pharmacotherapy with behavior change counseling is recommended. The use of brief Motivational Interviewing (BMI) for tobacco use short interventions in the dental practice appears to be suitable. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is the treatment of choice for the dental practice team because both Varenicline and Bupropion SR have to be prescribed by physicians.

[Impact of tobacco use on the periodontium--an update (I)--Part 1: Epidemiologic und pathogenetic aspects of tobacco-related periodontal diseases]. / Einfluss des Tabakkonsums auf das Parodont--ein Update (I). Teil 1: Epidemiologische und pathogenetische Aspekte tabakbedingter Schädigungen am Parodont.

This literature review represents the second in a series of articles from the Swiss task force "Smoking--Intervention in the private dental office" on the topic "tobacco use and dental medicine". In this article, the epidemiological background as well as some pathogenetic processes are described and discussed critically for tobacco-related periodontal diseases. Earlier publications confirmed tobacco consumption as a risk factor for periodontal diseases. Over the last few years, oral health research has significantly contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms leading to the deterioration of the hard and soft tissues supporting the teeth. With the recording of the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the amount of years tobacco was used, a dose response relationship was established. Various, potentially significant pathogenic effects of tobacco-related substances may exist on the periodontal tissues, the immune response system or the composition of the oral flora. Moreover, there is reference that tobacco consumption may change the genetically determined susceptibility for periodontal diseases.

[Impact of tobacco use on the periodontium--an update. Part 2: Clinical and radiographic changes in the periodontium and effects on periodontal and implant therapy]. / Einfluss des Tabakkonsums auf das Parodont--ein Update. II. Teil 2: Klinische und radiologische Veränderungen des Parodonts sowie Folgen auf die Parodontaltherapie und orale Implantologie.

This third part of a series of publications from the Swiss task force "Smoking--Intervention in the private dental office" on the topic "tobacco use and dental medicine" describes the clinical and radiographic changes of the periodontium within smokers as well as the consequences of tobacco use on periodontal and implant therapy. With increased use of tobacco, patients show higher periodontal probing depths, increased clinical attachment loss, more alveolar bone resorption, a higher prevalence of gingival recessions, and a higher risk for tooth loss. In contrast to this, with smokers, the clinical characteristics of gingival inflammation or bleeding on periodontal probing are less established. Smokers show less positive results after conventional, surgical and regenerative periodontal therapy. The benefits of mucogingval surgery are reduced and less successful in smokers. Moreover, smoking impairs the osseointegration of oral implants and is at least partly responsible for a majority of biological complications in implant dentistry, such as periimplantitis. Based on the present understanding of periodontal diseases, the clinical findings, and the specific therapeutic outcomes with smokers, it appears to be reasonable, next to the current classification of periodontal diseases, to use the term "smokers periodontitis".

[Tobacco-associated lesions of the oral mucosa]. / Tabakassoziierte Veränderungen der Mundhöhlen-schleimhaut.

Consumption of tobacco can result not only in a multitude of different general health problems like carcinoma of the lung, ischaemic cardiac diseases, peripheral vascular diseases, stroke, chronic-obstructive pulmonary diseases or peptic ulcers, but also in pathologic lesions of the oral mucosa. Benign oral lesions from smoking or consumption of smokeless tobacco are the so-called smoker's palate and smoker's melanosis. On the other hand, tobacco-associated lesions like oral leukoplakia or oral squamous cell carcinoma are already potentially life-threatening diseases that in general require active treatment. The following review article will present and discuss the typical lesions of the oral mucosa that result from chronic tobacco consumption. The aim of this article is to demonstrate dental health care providers the needs and benefits of tobacco use cessation in a dental setting, especially regarding stomatologic sequelae and consequences. The present article is the first in a series of articles from the Swiss task force "Smoking - Intervention in the private dental office" on the topic "tobacco use and dental medicine".

Smoking reduction treatment with 4-mg nicotine gum: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Smoking reduction may provide a harm-reduction alternative treatment for smokers who are not ready to quit smoking. This study evaluated the efficacy of nicotine gum in helping smokers reduce or quit smoking. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved 364 smokers who were not ready to quit but were willing to reduce their smoking intensity. Participants received either 4-mg nicotine gum (n = 184) or placebo gum (n = 180) as desired for up to 12 months. The primary outcome was sustained smoking reduction, which was defined as a decrease in daily cigarette consumption of at least 50% compared with baseline. Secondary measures included point-prevalence abstinence, intention to quit, and cardiovascular risk markers. RESULTS: At 4 months, the sustained smoking reduction rate in the nicotine gum group was twice that of the placebo group (15.8% versus 6.7%, P = .008). Point-prevalence abstinence was 6.6% for the nicotine gum group and 2.2% for the placebo group (P = .07). At 13 months, there was a significant difference in the smoking reduction rate for the nicotine (8.2%) and placebo (2.8%) groups (P = .036). At month 13, the abstinence rates were 12% and 4.5% for the nicotine and placebo groups, respectively (P = .012). Concomitant use of nicotine gum and cigarette smoking was well tolerated. Carbon monoxide levels decreased significantly (P = .01). CONCLUSION: Nicotine gum may be an efficacious harm-reduction alternative for smokers who are not ready to quit and may promote smoking cessation, the ultimate goal in the treatment of tobacco dependence.

CT- and computer-based features of small hamartomas.

PURPOSE: To identify characteristic computed tomographic (CT) and computer-derived features of hamartomas manifesting as small pulmonary nodules. METHODS: Individuals with a diagnosis of hamartoma were identified among participants in the International Early Lung Cancer Action Program and were included if there thin section CT images that included the entire nodule. The CT findings were reviewed to determine the nodule consistency (solid, part-solid, nonsolid), nodule diameter (average of length and width), shape (round, lobulated, neither) and edge (smooth, not smooth). Computer measures of nodule compactness, sphericity, surface regularity and gradient (change in gray-scale between the nodule and the surrounding parenchyma) were determined. Volume doubling time (VDT) was also determined for those with at least two scans with similar imaging acquisitions. RESULTS: A total of 21 cases of hamartomas that had histologic or cytologic confirmation were identified. The median age was 60 and 12 (57%) were men. Average diameter was 10.7 mm (5-20.7 mm). All were solid in consistency and were described by the radiologist as having either round or lobulated shape with a smooth edge. None had pathognomonic radiologic findings for hamartoma. Computer measures demonstrated that all were compact and spherical, with a regular surface and a sharp margin between the nodule and surrounding parenchyma. Of nine on whom the VDT could be calculated, eight had VDTs longer than 450 days. CONCLUSION: Both radiologist and computer derived features of small hamartomas suggest a consistent presentation for these lesions which may be helpful in distinguishing them from other types of nodules.

A vaccine against nicotine for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco dependence is the leading cause of preventable death and disabilities worldwide and nicotine is the main substance responsible for the addiction to tobacco. A vaccine against nicotine was tested in a 6-month randomized, double blind phase II smoking cessation study in 341 smokers with a subsequent 6-month follow-up period. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 229 subjects were randomized to receive five intramuscular injections of the nicotine vaccine and 112 to receive placebo at monthly intervals. All subjects received individual behavioral smoking cessation counseling. The vaccine was safe, generally well tolerated and highly immunogenic, inducing a 100% antibody responder rate after the first injection. Point prevalence of abstinence at month 2 showed a statistically significant difference between subjects treated with Nicotine-Qbeta (47.2%) and placebo (35.1%) (P = 0.036), but continuous abstinence between months 2 and 6 was not significantly different. However, in subgroup analysis of the per-protocol population, the third of subjects with highest antibody levels showed higher continuous abstinence from month 2 until month 6 (56.6%) than placebo treated participants (31.3%) (OR 2.9; P = 0.004) while medium and low antibody levels did not increase abstinence rates. After 12 month, the difference in continuous abstinence rate between subjects on placebo and those with high antibody response was maintained (difference 20.2%, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Whereas Nicotine-Qbeta did not significantly increase continuous abstinence rates in the intention-to-treat population, subgroup analyses of the per-protocol population suggest that such a vaccination against nicotine can significantly increase continuous abstinence rates in smokers when sufficiently high antibody levels are achieved. Immunotherapy might open a new avenue to the treatment of nicotine addiction. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Swiss Medical Registry 2003DR2327; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00369616.

MODULAR ANALYTICS: A New Approach to Automation in the Clinical Laboratory.

MODULAR ANALYTICS (Roche Diagnostics) (MODULAR ANALYTICS, Elecsys and Cobas Integra are trademarks of a member of the Roche Group) represents a new approach to automation for the clinical chemistry laboratory. It consists of a control unit, a core unit with a bidirectional multitrack rack transportation system, and three distinct kinds of analytical modules: an ISE module, a P800 module (44 photometric tests, throughput of up to 800 tests/h), and a D2400 module (16 photometric tests, throughput up to 2400 tests/h). MODULAR ANALYTICS allows customised configurations for various laboratory workloads. The performance and practicability of MODULAR ANALYTICS were evaluated in an international multicentre study at 16 sites. Studies included precision, accuracy, analytical range, carry-over, and workflow assessment. More than 700 000 results were obtained during the course of the study. Median between-day CVs were typically less than 3% for clinical chemistries and less than 6% for homogeneous immunoassays. Median recoveries for nearly all standardised reference materials were within 5% of assigned values. Method comparisons versus current existing routine instrumentation were clinically acceptable in all cases. During the workflow studies, the work from three to four single workstations was transferred to MODULAR ANALYTICS, which offered over 100 possible methods, with reduction in sample splitting, handling errors, and turnaround time. Typical sample processing time on MODULAR ANALYTICS was less than 30 minutes, an improvement from the current laboratory systems. By combining multiple analytic units in flexible ways, MODULAR ANALYTICS met diverse laboratory needs and offered improvement in workflow over current laboratory situations. It increased overall efficiency while maintaining (or improving) quality.