Electrocardiographic QRS axis shift, rotation and COVID-19.

Background: In patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), severe dyspnea is the most dramatic complication. Severe respiratory difficulties may include electrocardiographic frontal QRS axis rightward shift (Rws) and clockwise rotation (Cwr). Aim: This study investigated the predictability of advanced lung tomography findings with QRS axis shift and rotation. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 160 patients. Patients were divided into the following two groups: normal (n = 80) and low (n = 80) oxygen saturation. These groups were further divided into four groups according to the rightward and leftward axis shift (Lws) on the electrocardiographic follow-up findings. These groups were compared in terms of electrocardiographic rotation (Cwr, counterclockwise rotation, or normal transition), tomographic stage (CO-RADS5(advanced)/CO-RADS1-4), electrocardiographic intervals, and laboratory findings. Results: In patients with low oxygen saturation, the amount of QRS axis shift, Cwr, and tomographic stage were significantly higher in the Rws group than in the Lws group. There were no differences in the above parameters between the Rws and Lws groups in patients with normal oxygen saturation. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of Cwr and Rws independently increased the risk of CO-RADS5 by 18.9 and 4.6 fold, respectively, in patients with low oxygen saturation. Conclusion: In COVID-19 patients who have dyspnea with low oxygen saturation, electrocardiographically clockwise rotation with a rightward axis shift demonstrated good sensitivity (80% [0.657-0.943]) and specificity (80% [0.552->1]) for predicting advanced lung tomographic findings. ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier: NCT04698083.

Oral health related quality of life and disease severity in autoimmune bullous diseases.

BACKGROUND: There is an increased risk of long-term dental and periodontal disease in autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBD). AIMS: In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to determine whether the oral health-related quality of life status (OHRQoL) was associated with disease severity and activity in patients with AIBD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 67 patients with AIBD were enrolled in this study. Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorder Intensity Score (ABSIS) was used to evaluate the disease severity. The score was categorized as a significant course (≥17) and moderate course (<17). Oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire was filled to assess the OHRQoL. Self-reported oral health status and oral lesion related pain score were also evaluated in the study group. RESULTS: OHIP-14 score was significantly higher in active patients (42.28 ± 13.66) than inactive patients (29.08 ± 12.25) (P = 0.004) and it was correlated with the pain score (6.33 ± 2.78; r = 0.409, P = 0.013). Furthermore, OHIP-14 score was higher in patients with a significant disease course (45.18 ± 15.08) (P = 0.010) than in patients with a moderate course (36.09 ± 9.73). CONCLUSIONS: OHRQoL may be useful in the disease management and treatment. Since it can be affected by both presence of oral erosions and disease severity, a collaboration between dermatologists and dentists could be crucial to the disease management in AIBD.

Middle distal canal of mandibular first molar: A case report and literature review.

A successful root canal treatment can only be achieved by gaining adequate access to all root canals, ensuring adequate mechanical preparation, and disinfection as well as placing a three-dimensional impermeable filling in these root canals. Practitioners must be very careful when detecting the root canals in mandibular first molar tooth, because it shows a wide variety of root canal variations and it is the first permanent tooth erupted in the mouth that frequently requires endodontic treatment. Our case report presents the endodontic retreatment of a left permanent mandibular first molar having two roots that consist of three distal canals and two mesial canals (Type XVIII root canal pattern). After all the root canals were identified with endodontic explorer adequate preparation and disinfection were provided, the root canals were filled with calcium hydroxide-based canal sealer and gutta-percha and the crown was restored with resin composite at the second appointment. In addition, a short review of literature for similar cases is presented in this paper.

Significance and outcome of living-donor liver transplantation in acute mushroom intoxication.

INTRODUCTION: Mushroom intoxication (MT) can lead to acute liver injury which may result in Mushroom intoxication-related liver failure (M-ALF) requiring liver transplantation (LT). In the present study, we want to share the experience of our institute regarding living-donor LT (LDLT) due to mushroom poisoning. AIM: The aim of this study is to identify the predictors of poor prognosis in patients with ALF secondary to mushroom intoxication requiring LDLT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with MT between 2008 and 2016 were evaluated. Demographics, symptoms, interval between symptoms and admission to our institute, laboratory data, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD)/pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) scores, clinical course, and outcomes of supportive therapy and LT were evaluated. There were two groups in the study: Group A = responsive to supportive therapy (n = 9) versus Group B = unresponsive to supportive therapy (n = 9). RESULTS: During the study, a total of 18 patients were admitted with M-ALF. Twelve (66.7%) of them were female, and the mean age was 39.9 ± 18.2 years. All of the nine patients in Group A fully recovered with supportive therapy. In Group B, one patient died during waiting period for LT and 8 patients received LDLT LDLT. Three of the eight patients who were transplanted died in the postoperative early period within postoperative 5 days. The patients in Group B had significantly higher MELD/PELD scores and encephalopathy rate than in Group A (P < 0.05). International normalized ratio (INR), bilirubin, ammonium levels, and platelet count were significantly different between groups (P < 0.05). The patients in Group B had significantly longer interval before admission to our institute (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The presence of encephalopathy, higher MELD/PELD, INR, bilirubin, ammonium levels, and lower platelet count was related to poor prognosis in MT. LDLT provides a good therapeutic option in patients with M-ALF. The time is a crucial factor in successful treatment of MT. Early admission to a tertiary referral center with expertise in LT results in a better prognosis and increased survival following M-ALF.

Stage IVB endometrial cancer confined to the abdomen: is chemotherapy superior to radiotherapy?

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of clinical variables and adjuvant therapy on survival in patients with Stage IVB endometrial cancer (EC) confined to abdomen. METHODS AND METHODS: A total of 65 patients were included. Curative chemotherapy was defined as using only chemotherapy (platin based) or sandwich therapy. Patients receiving only radiotherapy had standard pelvic radiotherapy and extended-field radiotherapy when necessary. RESULTS: The optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 89.3% of patients. With a median follow-up of 18 months, two-year progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated as 33.4% and 42.2%, respectively. Optimal cytoreduction provided more longer PFS and OS compared to suboptimal cytoreduction. In univariate analysis, curative chemotherapy instead of radiotherapy improved the two-year PFS and two-year OS. Type of adjuvant therapy, tumor grade, and peritoneal cytology were found as the independent prognostic factors for PFS. Peritoneal cytology, adnexal involvement, and adjuvant therapy were independent prognostic factor for OS. CONCLUSION: Curative chemotherapy significantly improved both two-year PFS and OS in patients with Stage IVB endometrial disease confined to abdomen over only radiotherapy.

The importance of age and menopausal status in endometrial complex hyperplasia with atypia.

The effects of menopausal status and age on the intra-operative and post-operative pathology results of patients operated on with a pre-operative diagnosis of complex hyperplasia with atypia (CHA) were assessed. A hundred and eleven patients diagnosed in our centre between January 1993 and March 2013 were included. Cancer was detected in the paraffin blocks (PBs) of 52 (46.8%) patients. Among these, 50 patients had stage-IA disease. In 31.1% of the pre-menopausal patients and 66% of the post-menopausal patients, PB revealed cancer (p < 0.0001). The results of frozen section (FS) and PB were concordant in 51% and 70% in the pre-menopausal and post-menopausal patients, respectively (p = 0.041). In the patients operated on with a pre-operative diagnosis of CHA, the probability of detecting cancer in PB increases with increasing age and menopause. The reliability of FS is limited in younger and pre-menopausal patients.

Comparative analysis of thiol-disulfide homeostasis dynamics between elective cesarean section and uncomplicated vaginal delivery: insights into perinatal oxidative balance.

OBJECTIVE: Thiols are organic compounds containing sulfhydryl groups that exert antioxidant effects via dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis. The shift towards disulfide indicates the presence of an oxidative environment. Different modes of delivery can affect thiol-disulfide homeostasis. Accordingly, we planned this research to evaluate the effects of the mode of delivery on thiol-disulfide homeostasis in both maternal serum and fetal cord blood samples. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective case-control study involving two groups: vaginal delivery (n=50) and elective cesarean section (CS) (n=45). The vaginal delivery group exclusively comprised uncomplicated term deliveries, while the CS group included pregnant individuals with scheduled cesarean deliveries due to the absence of spontaneous labor onset. Maternal serum and fetal cord blood samples were collected, and thiol-disulfide exchanges were analyzed using an automated method capable of measuring both aspects of the thiol-disulfide balance. RESULTS: The levels of native thiol (-SH) and total thiol in both maternal serum and fetal cord blood samples were significantly higher in the vaginal delivery group than those in the CS group. An important discovery of our study was that fetal cord disulfide (-SS) level, which may reflect oxidative stress, was higher in newborns born via vaginal delivery when examined alone. However, in both maternal and fetal cord blood, the combined ratios, SS/SH ratio (%), SS/Total thiol ratio (%), and SH/Total thiol ratio (%) were observed to be similar between the groups in both maternal and fetal cord blood. It was observed that as the mother's weight gained during pregnancy increased, SS/SH and SS/total thiol increased (positive correlation), while SH/total thiol decreased (negative correlation). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis was greatly influenced by the way of delivery and supported the idea that vaginally-delivered infants may have more oxidative stress.

Tailoring the phase composition of carbon-coated nickel sulfides to achieve a high specific capacitance.

As significant transition metal sulfides, nickel sulfides integrated with carbon were successfully synthesized in the presence of polyethylenimine and glutaraldehyde with a solvothermal route at 180 °C followed by carbonization. Glutaraldehyde prevented complete sulfur loss and allowed the formation of a mixed phase of nickel sulfide. The electrochemical performances of pure NiS2, NiS@C0, NiS2/NiS@C1, and NiS2/NiS@C2 electrodes were tested by a series of measurements. The specific capacitances obtained from GCD analysis were 698, 1160, 1484, and 908 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 for NiS2, NiS@C0, NiS2/NiS@C1, and NiS2/NiS@C2 electrodes, respectively. The results implied that the NiS2/NiS@C1 electrode possessed the highest specific capacitances and this study can be a good reference for the preparation of other hybrid metal sulfides as pseudocapacitive electrode materials.

Protective effect of benfotiamine on methotrexate induced gastric damage in rats.

Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used for treating cancers and inflammatory diseases; it is a potential anti-metabolite and folate antagonist. We investigated potential protective effects of benfotiamine on MTX damage. We used a rat model of MTX induced gastric injury to assess changes in gastric histopathology, oxidative stress and visfatin levels due to MTX treatment. Rats were divided into four groups: an untreated control group, an MTX group treated with a single dose of MTX, a benfotiamine group treated with benfotiamine daily for two weeks, and a benfotiamine + MTX group treated with a single dose of MTX followed by benfotiamine daily for two weeks. Total tissue antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and visfatin levels were measured at the end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, we investigated both visfatin expression and the histopathology of gastric tissues. The mean visfatin level was lower in the MTX group than in the benfotiamine group. The mean tissue TOS levels were higher in MTX group than in the control, benfotiamine or benfotiamine + MTX groups. Significant gastric gland dilation, and erosion and loss of mucosa were found on the gastric surface in the MTX group compared to the control group. The dilation, erosion and mucosal loss were decreased significantly in the benfotiamine + MTX group compared to the MTX group. Compared to the control group, visfatin immunoreactivity was reduced significantly in the MTX group. Decreased visfatin levels appear to play a role in the mechanism of gastric damage. Benfotiamine may be useful for preventing MTX induced gastric injuries.

Endothelium biomarkers endocan and thrombomodulin levels in isolated coronary artery ectasia.

OBJECTIVE: Endothelial dysfunction may play an important role in the evolution of coronary artery ectasia (CAE). Endocan and thrombomodulin (TM) are two biomarkers released from the endothelium that are associated with dysfunction. We aimed to evaluate the levels of these markers in patients with isolated CAE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients with isolated CAE and thirty-five sex- and age-matched control patients with normal coronary angiograms were enrolled. Serum endocan and TM concentrations were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS: The basal characteristics of the two groups were similar. Both endocan (1.19 ± 0.18 vs. 1.07 ± 0.15 ng/ml; p = 0.006) and TM (687.28 ± 150.85 vs. 571.27 ± 171.23 pg/ml; p = 0.007) were significantly increased in the CAE  group compared to controls. However, no significant differences were detected in the concentration of these markers when we grouped the subjects according to the Markis classification. CONCLUSIONS: We found higher endocan and TM levels in isolated CAE patients. However, these markers were not associated with CAE severity as assessed using the Markis classification. The results suggest that these markers play an important role in the development of isolated CAE.

Can Patients Who Develop Cerebral Death in Fulminant Liver Failure Despite Liver Transplantation Be Previously Forseen?

BACKGROUND: The outcome of medical treatment is worse in fulminant liver failure (FLF) developing on acute or chronic ground. Recently, liver transplantations with the use of living and cadaveric donors have been performed in these diseases and good results obtained. In this study, we aimed to present the factors affecting the recovery of cerebral functions after liver transplantation in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) developing in FLF, to identify irreversible patient groups and to prevent unnecessary liver transplantation. METHODS: In Inonu University's Liver Transplant Institute, 69 patients who made an emergency notice to the National Coordination Center for liver transplantation owing to FLF from January 2012 to December 2015 were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 52 patients who underwent liver transplantation and recovered normal brain function, and group 2 had 17 patients who underwent liver transplantation and did not recover normal brain function and had cerebral death. All patients were evaluated before surgery for clinical encephalopathy stage, light reflex, and convulsions. Groups were compared and assessed according to age (>40, 10-40 and <10 years), body mass index, etiologic factor, preoperative laboratory values, transplantation type, mortality, and encephalopathy level. Multivariate analysis was done for specific parameters. RESULTS: Prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), and total bilirubin values were significantly different between the groups. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding ammonia and lactate levels. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding sodium and potassium levels from serum electrolytes. However, the averages of both groups were within normal limits. pH and total bilirubin levels were meaningful for multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: HE reversibility, mortality, and morbidity are important in patients with HE who undergo liver transplantation. Therefore, West Haven clinical staging and serum INR, PT, and total bilirubin level may be helpful in predicting the reversibility of FLF patients with HE before liver transplantation. It was determined that West Haven encephalopathy grading is important in determining the reversibility of HE after transplantation in FLF; especially the probability of reversibility of stage 4 HE decreases significantly. High PT and INR levels, hyperbilirubinemia, and serum sodium and potassium concentrations were risk factors for the reversibility of HE in this study.

Pulmonary Complications After 1,150 Living Donor Hepatectomies.

AIM: Donor safety is the major concern in living-donor liver transplantation. Studies in literature related to donor hepatectomy (DH) have generally considered intra-abdominal complications. The aim of this study is to specifically evaluate pulmonary complications (PCs) after DH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated retrospectively 1150 living donors who underwent to DH between January 2007 and July 2014. Patients with PCs, such as pneumonia, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and respiratory insufficiency, were considered. A complication was considered only when it was clinically apparent and/or requiring interventions. Any special diagnostic tool was used to expose the clinically silent pathologies. RESULTS: A total of 986 right hepatectomies (RH) and 164 left hepatectomies (LH) (left lobectomy or left lateral segmentectomy) were performed in the study interval. There were 18 (1.6%) donors with PCs (15 males and 3 females). Mean age was 33.8 ± 9.3 years (18-51). Mean hospital stay was 23.8 ± 13.5 days (5-62). Presented PCs were pleural effusion (n = 5, 0.4%), pneumonia (n = 4, 0.3%), combinations (n = 2, 0.2%), pneumothorax (n = 2, 0.2%), and acute respiratory insufficiency (n = 5, 0.4%). Sixteen cases (1.7%) were seen after RH, whereas 2 cases (1.2%) were seen after LH (P = 1.000). CONCLUSION: The most common PCs after living donor hepatectomy were pleural effusion and acute respiratory insufficiency. There was no significant difference between RH and LH. It is possible to overcome those PCs with careful monitoring and timely and appropriate treatment.

Futility Versus Acceptability of the Use of Grafts Taken From End of Line in the National Organ-Sharing Network.

BACKGROUND: The number of suitable donors for organ transplantation is limited in many countries. This limitation can be overcome with the use of organs removed from marginal donors (expanded-criteria donors [ECDs]). We examined the long-term results of 187 patients who underwent marginal cadaveric liver transplantation in our institution. METHODS: The data of patients who underwent cadaveric liver transplantation from January 2007 to April 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. ECDs were evaluated by considering 19 internationally accepted criteria. The clinical data of recipients including age, clinical status, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 287 patients underwent cadaveric liver transplantation. A graft from an ECD was used in 181 (63.06%) patients. The mean MELD score was 18.8. In all, 45 patients (24.86%) underwent transplantations for fulminant liver failure and 136 patients (75.14%) underwent transplantations for other chronic conditions. The majority of donors died of cerebrovascular disease and trauma. Only hypotension requiring inotropic drugs and obesity significantly affected survival. The 90-day and 12-month survival rates of the recipients who received a graft from an ECD were 51.93% and 46.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ECD allografts immediately and significantly expands the existing donor pool. Because of persistent organ scarcity, pressure to use a greater proportion of the existing donor pool will continue to increase.

Liver Transplantation With Livers From Octogenarians and a Nonagenarian.

INTRODUCTION: A shortage of deceased donors has compelled the use of extended-criteria donor organs in liver transplantation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of using deceased donors older than 80 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 13 patients who received a liver graft from cadaveric donors older than 80 years between December 2007 and March 2014. We analyzed the donor and their recipient characteristics together with morbidity and mortality of recipients. RESULTS: All 13 donors were older than 80 years (median age, 82.7; range, 80-93). There were 9 male and 4 female recipients with an average age of 50.7 (range, 2-65) years. All of the recipients did not have a living donor for liver transplantation. Recipients' mean model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was 14.2 (range, 7-20). Graft with macroscopic steatosis was not accepted. Medium follow-up was 19.5 months. The most frequent cause for liver transplantation (LT) was hepatitis B virus (HBV) cirrhosis (8/13 patients). We had 1 case of primary nonfunction, and 4 patients died in 2 weeks after surgery. Of these patients, 2 of them received a split transplant from an 80-year-old cadaver liver. Overall the survival rate after 1 year was 61.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Deceased elderly donor usage in LT could expand the donor pool. Liver grafts from donors older than 80 years can be used in necessity or emergency situations. However, care should be taken to avoid early mortality and primary nonfunction. Procedures extending cold ischemia time such as split liver transplantation may increase the risk of primary nonfunction.

Successful treatment of severe hemorrhagic cystitis with cystectomy following matched donor allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

We report a case of severe hemorrhagic cystitis complicating high-dose cyclophosphamide (CY), total body irradiation and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Supportive care with i.v. hydration, platelet transfusions, continuous bladder irrigation and aluminum irrigation of the bladder was ineffective and the patient developed multiple complications from hemorrhagic cystitis. His condition became critical with persistent bleeding, pulmonary edema and acute renal failure. These problems resolved following successful simple cystectomy and ileal conduit. The patient did not develop any acute or chronic complications following surgery. He is alive with a good quality of life and in third remission after receiving salvage chemotherapy 14 months after his transplantation.

Spontaneous closure of interatrial septal openings in infants: an echocardiographic study.

Four-hundred-and-fifteen neonates were evaluated by echocardiographic means in order to detect interatrial septal openings and were followed for a maximum time of 18 months. In 68.67% of them, interatrial septal openings were present at the first week of life. The defects were larger than 3 mm in 50.18% of these infants. At the end of the 18th month, openings persisted in 3 cases. The statistical analyses showed significant difference about the percent of closing between the groups with initial opening sizes lesser and bigger than 3 mm. Also, there was a positive correlation between the initial size and the spontaneous closure time. Spontaneous closure incidences were not different in boys and girls. In a small group of infants (4.64%), interatrial openings close forming septal aneurysms. In 12.3% of the newborns without an opening, septal aneurysms were detected during the initial evaluation.

Intra- and perioral shooting fatalities.

Determination of the manner of death in the case of intra- and perioral firearm wounds can be difficult especially if death scene investigation is unclear and inadequate. In this study, we investigated some characteristics of these firearm wounds which were autopsied in Istanbul. During the 5-year period from 1991 through 1995, there were 15 intra- and perioral firearm fatalities investigated. In all the cases, only one shot was fired into the mouth. They constituted 1% of all the firearm fatalities. The mean age of the victims was 27 years and males constituted 73.3% of the victims. Most of the wounds were caused by handguns. Homicides accounted for 53.3% of these deaths. Three of 15 cases could not be identified as intraoral firearm wounds by general practitioners during the scene investigations.

Comparison of plasmapheresis and molecular adsorbent recirculating system efficacy in graft failure after living donor liver transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Liver transplantation may result in graft failure, requiring time and supportive treatment for regeneration of the graft. The aim of this study was to compare the laboratory parameter changes after single-session molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) and plasmapheresis procedures among living donor liver transplantation patients experiencing graft failure. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We analyzed retrospectively the results in 45 liver transplantation patients treated with plasmapheresis and/or MARS between June 2011 and July 2012: (plasmapheresis, n = 17; MARS, n = 15; MARS + plasmapheresis, n = 13). When cadaveric donor cases (n = 11) were excluded, the remaining 34 included patients, underwent. MARS (n = 18) or plasmapheresis (n = 16) at the first session. FINDINGS: Both groups were similar in age, sex, and body mass index features. The MARS group displayed significantly higher levels of international normalized ratio, blood urea nitrogen, and Model for End-stage Liver Disease score. The plasmapheresis cohort, displayed significantly higher levels of initial direct bilirubin and gamma glutamyl transferase (P < .05). The plasmapheresis group showed a significant decrease in GGT after treatment (P < .05). RESULTS: An initial MARS session provided significantly greater decrease in renal function associated with graft failure after living donor liver transplantation.

Evaluation of Jeffamine®-cored PAMAM dendrimers as an efficient in vitro gene delivery system.

In this study, we investigated gene delivery properties of Jeffamine-cored polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers (JCPDs). The effects of dendrimer concentration, generation, and core size on the gene delivery have been analyzed. The experimental results showed that the JCPD effectively delivered plasmid DNA inside the HeLa cells, and the transfection efficiency improved considerably as the number of generation increased. The cytotoxicity of JCPD in different concentration was tested for HeLa cell line. JCPD was complexed with a lacZ gene carrying plasmid and tested for transfection efficiency using quantitative ß-galactosidase expression assay. Additionally, confocal microscopy results revealed that JCPD effectively delivered green fluorescent protein-expressing plasmid into HeLa cells and produced fluorescent signal with satisfactory efficiency. The highest transfection efficiency was obtained from JCPDs G4 and G5, which mixed with expression plasmid vectors at a 10/1 weight ratio. These results indicated that under optimized conditions, JCPD can be considered as an efficient transfection reagent and can be effectively used for gene delivery applications.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation: a case report.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is a rare but significant complication, occurring in 1%-2% of cases with a mortality rate of 85%- 90%. It occurs when donor passenger lymphocytes mount an alloreactive response against the host's histocompatibility antigens. It presents as fever, rash, and diarrhea with or without pancytopenia. Between March 2002 and September 2011, among 656 OLT patients 1 (0.15%) had acute GVHD. A biopsy at the 7th posttransplantation month revealed chronic GVHD. Consequently, in the cases that had fever, rash, and/or desquamation of the any part of body after liver transplantation, GVHD must be considered and skin biopsies must be planned for the diagnosis.