Bifunctional compound study of the active-centre location of cytochrome P-450 in a microsomal membrane ('float' molecules method).

A new approach, which we call 'float' molecules method for the determination of the active-centre location of cytochrome P-450 in a microsomal membrane, is proposed. We have synthesized new bifunctional compounds with the general formula: R-(CH2)n-S-CH2-CH(PO3H2)2, where n = 0,3,5,6,7,10 and R is a naphthalene-containing radical. The compounds inhibit oxidation and binding of cytochrome P-450 substrates of type I (naphthalene, aminopyrine) and of type II (aniline). The inhibition is of a competitive character. Compounds (I-V) neither affect NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, nor induce conversion of cytochrome P-450. A lipid-soluble fluorescent probe (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene) has been used to show that these compounds do not affect melting of microsomal membrane. The 31P-NMR method has demonstrated compound (III) to be incorporated into microsomal membrane so that the hydrophilic part is in the water phase. The data obtained make it possible to estimate the distance (r) between the membranes surface and Fe3+ in the active centre of the enzyme (r less than or equal to 20 A) under the assumption that all molecules of cytochrome P-450 are equally remote from the membrane surface.

Adaptive changes in lipid composition of skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes associated with aging.

We have undertaken a detailed examination of changes associated with aging in lipid composition and corresponding physical properties of hindlimb skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes isolated from young (5 months), middle-aged (16 months), and old (28 months) Fischer strain 344 rats. Silica gel HPLC chromatography was used to separate phospholipid headgroup species. Subsequent reversed-phase HPLC was used to resolve fatty acid chain compositions of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol species. For all three phospholipid pools, significant age-related variations are observed in the abundance of multiple molecular species, particularly those having polyunsaturated fatty acid chains. Using mass spectrometry (fast atom bombardment and tandem techniques) to distinguish ester- from ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamine species, we demonstrate that overall plasmenylethanolamine content is substantially increased with age, from 48 mol% to 62 mol%. A substantial increase is also observed in the single molecular species 18:0-20:4 phosphatidylinositol suggesting implications for signalling pathways. In addition, associated with senescence we find a significant increase in the rigidifying lipid, cholesterol. Despite these changes in lipid composition of different aged animals, the average bilayer fluidity examined at several bilayer depths with stearic acid spin labels, is not altered. Neither do we find differences in the rotational mobility of maleimide spin-labeled Ca(2+)-ATPase, as determined from saturation-transfer electron paramagnetic resonance, which is sensitive to both the fluidity of lipids directly associated with the Ca(2+)-ATPase and to its association with proteins.

Decrease in Ca-ATPase activity in aged synaptosomal membranes is not associated with changes in fatty acyl chain dynamics.

We have examined lipid peroxidation (LPO) and fatty acid acyl chain dynamics in synaptosomal membranes isolated from aged rat (Fischer 344 x Brown Norway F1 hybrids) brains, correlating these results with measurements of enzymatic activity of the synaptic plasma membrane Ca2(+)-ATPase (PMCA). Calcium-dependent ATPase activity in these membranes exhibits progressive decreases with a maximal loss of activity with age of approximately 35%. The sensitivity of this membrane-bound ion transporter to the lipid composition of the surrounding membrane, as well as the high abundance of oxidatively sensitive polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains in synaptosomal membranes, suggests that this age-related loss in catalytic turnover may result from LPO-mediated protein modification and/or changes in the physical structure of the bilayer. However, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives reveals no significant age-related increases in the content of reactive aldehydes (malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde or acetone) which comprise breakdown products of lipid peroxidation. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements employing 5- and 12-stearic acid spin labels with the nitroxide reporter groups at two depths in the bilayer were used to assess the fatty acyl chain dynamics (fluidity) of synaptosomal membranes. The resulting spectra demonstrate anisotropic lipid dynamics of two populations of lipids, i.e. lipids in direct association with membrane proteins (boundary lipids) and bulk lipids that do not directly associate with proteins. The nanosecond dynamics of both lipid populations is unaltered with age indicating that any compositional changes occurring with age are insufficient to result in alterations in bilayer fluidity relevant to PMCA activity. Thus, the observed age-related decline in PMCA activity may be explained by direct modification of membrane protein.

[Penetration of ascorbic acid into bilayer phospholipid membranes]. / Proniknovenie askorbinovoi kisloty v bisloinye fosfolipidnye membrany.

Using the EPR method, the temperature dependencies of the rates of ascorbic acid-induced reduction of nitroxyl radicals carrying the nitroxyl fragment in different positions of the fatty acid chain [N(4-methylidene++-1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-imidazolidine hydrazine)]myristic acid (I) and 1-oxyl-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine derivatives of 5-ketostearic (II) and 12-ketostearic (III) acids incorporated into egg phosphatidylcholine liposomal membranes were studied. The reduction rates, activation energy and shape of kinetic curves were found to be dependent on the mode of liposome preparation (ultrasonication or reverse phase evaporation), label type and chemical composition of the membrane (with regard to the presence or absence of stearic acid). The coefficients of partition and diffusion of ascorbic acid through the membrane lipid bilayer were calculated from the rates of transbilayer (flip-flop) diffusion of I and ascorbate penetration inside the liposomes containing Fremi salt nitroxyl radical. The experimental results formed the basis for a hypothesis on the dependence of the rate of membrane-embedded spin probe reduction on the ascorbate distribution pattern inside the lipid bilayer.

Effect of mutations at Lys250, Arg251, and Lys253 of cytochrome P450 1A2 on the catalytic activities and the bindings of bifunctional axial ligands.

Some eukaryotic cytochromes P450 (P450s) have a series of ionic amino acids, corresponding to Lys250, Arg251, and Lys253 residues in the P450 1A2 sequence. To understand the roles of those ionic amino acids in the catalytic function of P450, three single mutants, Lys250Leu, Arg251Leu, and Lys253Leu of P450 1A2 were obtained from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expression system. Turnover numbers of the Arg251Leu mutant in dealkylation reactions of methoxy- and ethoxyresorufin catalyzed by the P450 reconstituted system were remarkably increased by sixfold compared to those of the wild type. The Lys250Leu and Lys253Leu mutants also showed turnover numbers higher than those of the wild type by three- to fourfold. Those catalytic activities were inhibited competitively by pyridine derivatives, nitrogenous axial ligands to the P450 heme. From those findings together with other spectral data, it was suggested that the ionic site of Lys250, Arg251, and Lys253 may be somehow located near the substrate recognition site and/or near the axial-ligand access channel of this enzyme.

Altered turnover of calcium regulatory proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in aged skeletal muscle.

We have measured the in vivo protein turnover for the major calcium regulatory proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum from the skeletal muscle of young adult (7 months) and aged (28 months) Fischer 344 rats. From the time course of the incorporation and decay of protein-associated radioactivity after a pulse injection of [14C]leucine and correcting for leucine reutilization, in young rats, the apparent half-lives for calsequestrin, the 53-kDa glycoprotein, and ryanodine receptor are 5.4 +/- 0.4, 6.3 +/- 1.3, and 8.3 +/- 1.3 days, respectively. A half-life of 14.5 +/- 2.5 days was estimated for the Ca-ATPase isolated from young muscle. Differences in protein turnover associated with aging were determined using sequential injection of two different isotopic labels ([14C]leucine and [3H]leucine) to provide an estimate of protein synthesis and degradation within the same animal. The Ca-ATPase and ryanodine receptor isolated from aged muscle exhibits 27 +/- 5% and 25 +/- 3% slower protein turnover, respectively, relative to that from young muscle. In contrast, the 53-kDa glycoprotein exhibits a 25 +/- 5% more rapid turnover in aged SR, while calsequestrin exhibits no age-dependent alteration in turnover. Statistical analysis comparing the sensitivity of various methods for discriminating different rates of protein turnover validates the approach used in this study and demonstrates that the use of two isotopic labels provides at least a 6-fold more sensitive means to detect age-related differences in protein turnover relative to other methods.

Enzymatic reduction of 3-nitrotyrosine generates superoxide.

Spin-trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline 1-oxide (DMPO) was used to demonstrate that 3-nitrotyrosine (nitrotyrosine) promotes the formation of substantial amounts of reactive oxygen species (O2.- and *OH), when incubated with NAD(H)-cytochrome c reductase and a corresponding electron donor. Spin adduct formation is strongly inhibited by the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD); spin adduct formation requires aerobic conditions. Nitration of leucine enkephalin, a tyrosine-containing pentapeptide, results in a similar generation of O2*- and *OH species. Both nitrotyrosine and nitrated leucine enkephalin stimulate acetylated ferricytochrome c reduction in the presence of NAD(H)-cytochrome c reductase with typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics and Km's of 104 +/- 14 and 0.78 +/- 0.11 microM, respectively. No stimulation of acetylated ferricytochrome c reduction is observed in the presence of SOD. Catalase and the metal chelators DTPA and deferoxamine mesylate do not influence observed stimulation of acetylated ferricytochrome c reduction by nitrotyrosine. Nitration of two tyrosines (of four) within the sequence of the 6.5-kDa globular protein bovine pancreas trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) fails to stimulate O2*- generation implying steric restrictions for BPTI-reductase interactions. However, nitrated BPTI subjected to trypsin digestion stimulated reduction of acetylated ferricytochrome c. These results suggest that, as with other nitroaromatic compounds, nitrotyrosine may be enzymatically reduced to the corresponding nitro anion radical (ArNO2*-) which is then oxidized by molecular oxygen to yield O2*- and regenerate ArNO2. Thus, once formed in vivo, nitrotyrosine may act to promote oxidative stress by means of repetitive redox cycling.

Oxygen-centered spin adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and 2H-imidazole 1-oxides.

The hydroxyl and some alkoxyl spin adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline 1-oxide (DMPO) are difficult to assign due to the remarkable similarity of their EPR spectra. The utility of resolving superhyperfine (SHF) structure followed by computer simulations has been demonstrated to assist in the assignment of EPR spectra with close values of hyperfine splitting constants, e.g., DMPO/ .OH and DMPO/.OR. Here, .OR is the alkoxyl radical derived from thermal decomposition of 2,2' -azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH). In addition, two other spin traps, derivatives of 2H-imidazole 1-oxide, namely, 2,2,4-trimethyl-2H-imidazole 1-oxide (TMIO) and 2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-2H-imidazole 1-oxide (DMPIO), have been used in a model study to develop a procedure for distinguishing between oxygen-centered spin adducts. These results are compared with those for DMPO. TMIO and DMPIO spin traps provide more distinguishable individual spectra with .OH and AAPH-derived .OR radicals than the DMPO spin trap. The formation of DMPO/.OR(AAPH) and DMPIO/ .OR(AAPH) spin adducts was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The comparison of spin trapping by DMPO and 2H-imidazole 1-oxides using typical biological sources of other oxygen-centered radicals reveals application limits of these spin traps. For example, 2H-imidazole 1-oxides do not form superoxide spin adducts in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. Also, for the first time, experimental evidence is presented for SHF structure in spectra of TMIO and DMPIO spin adducts with .OH/.OD and .CH3/ .CD3 radical species.

Localization of the active center of microsomal cytochrome P-450.

To solve the problem of localization of the active center of cytochrome P-450 in microsomal membranes, new bifunctional compounds (I-IV), which contain pyridine radical, aliphatic chain of variable length and diphosphonic acid ("floating" molecules) have been applied. These compounds inhibit oxidation and binding of the substrates of cytochrome P-450 (aminopyrine and aniline), inhibition being of a competitive character. Measurements of distribution coefficients between water and membranes of microsomes and liposomes from egg phosphatidylcholine evidence that the microsomal proteins are necessary for providing effective interaction of I-IV with microsomal membrane. The 1H-NMR method has demonstrated compounds to be incorporated into lipid bilayer so that the non-polar part is in the inner membrane volume. The results obtained confirm our previous conclusion (Krainev A.G., Weiner L.M., Alferyev I.S., Slynko N.M. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 818, 96-104) about localization of the active center of microsomal cytochrome P-450 at the depth of approximately 18 A from the hydrophilic surface of a membrane.

Absorption spectral study of cytochrome P450d-phenyl isocyanide complexes: effects of mutations at the putative distal site on the conformational stability.

Interactions of phenyl isocyanide (PheNC) with purified engineered cytochrome P450d wild type and putative distal mutants, Glu318Asp and Glu318Ala, were studied with optical absorption spectra. The wild type and the mutant Glu318Asp were purified as the high-spin state, while the mutant Glu318Ala was purified as the oxygen-bound low-spin form. Thus, it is suggested that Glu318 is important to make the appropriate heme environment of P450d. Spectral dissociation constants (0.19-0.39 mM) of the ligand for the ferric mutants were lower than that (0.74 mM) of the wild type. These dissociation constants were changed by adding a substrate, 7-ethoxycoumarin. The reduced wild type-PheNC complex showed a Soret peak at 451 nm, while the reduced mutant-PheNC complexes showed two peaks at 451 and 423 nm. The 451-nm peak of the complexes decreased with the concomitant increase of a new peak at 433 nm at room temperature. Thus, it was suggested that P450d can take two conformationally different forms from the characteristic spectral features. The Soret spectral conversions which followed the first-order kinetics were analyzed by changing the temperature. The activation energy (69 kcal/mol) for the conversion for the wild type was higher than those (37-50 kcal/mol) for the mutants. The activation energy for the wild type further increased (by 55%) by adding the substrate, while those for the mutants were essentially unchanged by adding the substrate. We discuss the important role of Glu318 at the putative distal site of P450d in the packing or the conformational stability of the putative distal site of the P450d molecule.

Identification of oxidation-sensitive peptides within the cytoplasmic domain of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase.

We have examined the oxidative sensitivity of the Ca2+-ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes, exposing isolated SR membranes to the thermolabile water soluble free radical initiator, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Incubation with up to 702 microM AAPH-derived radicals results in a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of calcium-dependent ATPase activity correlating with the loss of monomeric Ca2+-ATPase polypeptides, and the concomitant appearance of higher molecular weight species. However, no oxidant-induced protein fragmentation is detected. The observed formation of oxidant-induced bityrosine accounts for the intermolecular Ca2+-ATPase cross-links, as well as intramolecular cross-links. The oxidation of sulfhydryl groups to disulfides as another possible source of intermolecular cross-links has been ruled out after examination of SDS -PAGE performed under both reducing and non-reducing conditions. Exposure of the SR membranes to AAPH-derived radical species results in a small degree of lipid peroxidation that is not correlated with enzyme inactivation, suggesting that modification of membrane-spanning peptides is not related to enzyme inactivation. Six cytoplasmic peptides have been identified that are modified by exposure to AAPH or, alternatively, to hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that these regions of the Ca2+-ATPase are generally sensitive to oxidants. These oxidized peptides were identified after separation by reversed-phase HPLC followed by N-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis as corresponding to the following sequences of the Ca2+-ATPase: (i) Glu121 to Lys128, (ii) His190 to Lys218, (iii) Asn330 to Lys352, (iv) Gly432 to Lys436, (v) Glu551 to Arg604, and (vi) Glu657 to Arg671. The Glu551 to Arg604 peptide, located within the nucleotide binding domain, was found to participate in the formation of intermolecular bityrosine cross-links with the identical Glu551 to Arg604 peptide from a neighboring Ca2+-ATPase polypeptide chain.

Chiral recognition at cytochrome P450 1A2 active site: effects of mutations at the putative distal site on the bindings of asymmetrical axial ligands.

Effects of mutations at the putative distal site of cytochrome P450 1A2 on chiral discrimination for binding (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (ligand I), (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-1-cyclohexylethylamine (ligand II), and (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-1-(4-pyridyl)ethanol (ligand III) were studied by optical absorption spectra. The wild-type P450 1A2 exhibited different dissociation constants (Kd) for the R- and S-enantiomers of these ligands. The R/S ratios of the Kd values for ligands I and II were 5.2 and 2.9, respectively, and the S/R ratio for ligand III was 6.0. Mutations at the putative distal site, such as Glu318Asp and Glu318Ala, remarkably enhanced the discrimination: the R/S ratio of the Kd values for ligand I increased from 5.2 to 20-60, while the R/S ratio for ligand II decreased from 2.9 to 0.8-0.9. These remarkable changes in the R/S ratios were not observed with Glu318Asp mutation for ligand III binding, whereas affinities for both enantiomers of ligand III were markedly decreased by the Glu318Ala mutation. Mutation Thr319Ala increased the R/S ratio of the Kd values for ligand I slightly but markedly decreased the R/S ratio of ligand II (from 2.9 to 0.8) and the S/R ratio of ligand III (from 6.0 to 1.0). Similar enhancements of the chiral discriminations were observed with the mutation Lys250Leu at another putative substrate-recognition site. Differences between the R- and S-enantiomers of the standard enthalpy and entropy of ligand III binding were changed most remarkably by the Thr319Ser mutation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Protein half-lives of calmodulin and the plasma membrane Ca-ATPase in rat brain.

We report the half-lives for two proteins involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium in the brain: the plasma membrane Ca-ATPase and its regulatory protein, calmodulin. [14C]-labeled leucine was injected into seven month old adult Fischer 344 rats and the time-dependent appearance and loss of radioactivity was monitored in both the serum and proteins from the brains of rats sacrificed from 4 hours to 13 days after injection. Experimental data obtained for calmodulin and the plasma membrane Ca-ATPase are best described by theoretical curves accounting for leucine reutilization that assume apparent half-lives of 18 (+/-2) hours and 12 (+/-1) days, respectively.

Substrate access channel geometry of soluble and membrane-bound cytochromes P450 as studied by interactions with type II substrate analogues.

The problems of alterations in the tertiary structure at the cytochrome P450 active site after isolation from the microsomal membrane and comparative analysis of the structures of the active sites of membrane-bound P450 and soluble P450cam have been studied in terms of using bifunctional compounds (I-IV). These amphiphilic compounds contain a pyridine radical, an aliphatic chain of variable length (n), and diphosphonic acid at the end of the molecule. There exists an optimal length (n) at which the interaction between I-IV and P450 is rather efficient. Comparison of the data on such interactions with microsomal P450, as well as P450 isolated from the membrane in oligomeric and monomeric states, and P450cam allows the estimation of the distance between the Fe3+ ion in the active site and the charged residues (Lys/Arg) on the enzyme surface (approximately 17 A for all P450s).

Comparative study of monomeric reconstituted and membrane microsomal monooxygenase systems of the rabbit liver. I. Properties of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450 LM2 (2B4) monomers.

Oligomers and monomers of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450 LM2 (2B4) isolated from the liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rabbits were examined for physicochemical properties and catalytic activities. As measured using laser correlation spectroscopy the particle sizes of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450 LM2 oligomers were 14.8 +/- 1.7 and 19.2 +/- 1.4 nm, respectively. Twenty-four-hour incubation with Emulgen 913 at 4 degrees C at a molar ratio of 1:100 led to the monomerization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450 LM2 oligomers, the particle sizes diminishing to 6.1 +/- 1.3 and 5.2 +/- 0.4 nm, respectively. The thermal stability of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase monomers was the same as that of oligomers, whereas cytochrome P450 LM2 monomers were less thermostable than oligomers and cytochrome P450 in microsomes. Similar to cytochrome P450 LM2 oligomers and the microsomal hemoprotein, cytochrome P450 LM2 monomers formed complexes with type I and II substrates, but with Kd values higher than those of microsomes and cytochrome P450 LM2 oligomers. Kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km) of H2O2- and cumene hydroperoxide-dependent oxidation of benzphetamine and aniline in the presence of cytochrome P450 LM2 oligomers, monomers, and microsomes were determined. Peroxidase activities of the oligomers and monomers were the same, but were lower than those of microsomes. Thus the substitution of protein-protein interactions in cytochrome P450 LM2 oligomers with protein-detergent interactions in the monomers did not influence the catalytic properties of the hemoprotein.