Treatment induced clearance of hepatitis E viruses by interferon-lambda in liver-humanized mice.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E viruses (HEV) are an underestimated global cause of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis, which may persist in immunocompromised hosts, posing a risk for progressive liver fibrosis with limited treatment options. We previously established liver-humanized mice as a model for chronic HEV infections, which can be cleared by a 2-week pegylated (peg)-Interferon(IFN)α treatment course. However, severe side effects may hamper the use of IFNα in immunocompromised transplant recipient patients. IFNλ may be a valuable alternative, as its receptor is less ubiquitously expressed. AIMS: In this study, we assess the in vitro and in vivo potency of pegIFNλ to induce innate immune signalling in liver cells and to clear a persistent HEV infection in liver-humanized mice. METHODS & RESULTS: We found that human liver cells expressed the IFNλ receptor (IFNLR1) and are responsive to pegIFNλ. Treatment with pegIFNλ of liver-humanized mice persistently infected with HEV genotype 3 showed that pegIFNλ was well tolerated. Dose escalation studies showed that although HEV was not cleared at pegIFNλ doses up to 0.12 mg/kg for a maximum of 8 weeks, a dose of 0.3 mg/kg pegIFNλ treatment resulted in complete clearance of HEV antigen and HEV RNA from the liver in 8 out of 9 liver-humanized mice. CONCLUSIONS: PegIFNλ is well tolerated in mice and leads to clearance of a persistent HEV infection in liver-humanized mice.

Shedding of Yellow Fever Virus From an Imported Case in the Netherlands After Travel to Brazil.

We report yellow fever infection in a Dutch traveler returning from Brazil. Yellow fever virus (YFV) was identified in serum and urine samples over a period of 1 month. Yellow fever virus genome sequences from the patient clustered with recent Brazilian YFV and showed with limited nucleotide changes during the resolving infection.