The sirtuin 6: An overture in skin cancer.

In the recent past, the sirtuins have been under intense investigation for their roles in biology and disease, including cancer. The sirtuin SIRT6 is comparatively a lesser studied member of this family of seven proteins. Like certain other sirtuins, SIRT6 is emerging to have an oncogenic function as well as tumor suppressor roles in cancer. Limited studies have been conducted assessing the role and functional significance of SIRT6 in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. In this review, we have attempted to critically dissect the potential role and significance of SIRT6 in skin carcinogenesis. With limited available information to date, SIRT6 appears to have a pro-proliferative function in non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). In addition, SIRT6 is also emerging to have an oncogenic function in melanoma. Moreover, we have provided information regarding the available SIRT6 inhibitors. Conclusively, it appears that additional comprehensive studies are needed to establish the role of SIRT6 in skin biology and skin diseases, including cancer. Further, concerted efforts are needed to characterize the stage-specific role of SIRT6 in skin cancers.

The Effect of COVID-19 on the Medical School Experience, Specialty Selection, and Career Choice: A Qualitative Study.

OBJECTIVE: While COVID-19 had a profound impact on healthcare, its effects on medical students are less clear. This study explored the effects of COVID-19 safety measures on medical students' specialty selection and career choices. It further considers the potential differential effects of COVID by gender. DESIGN: Between June and November 2020 at a Midwestern medical university, medical students with an anticipated graduation in 2021 through 2023 participated in virtual focus group sessions, which explored students' transition to remote learning during COVID-19, perception of gender bias within medical education, and personal and professional goals. Nine focus groups were held, with two to six students per session (n = 22). Focus groups were video recorded, transcribed verbatim, and data were deidentified. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using consensual qualitative analysis to identify themes. RESULTS: Our analysis captured 3 themes: (1) Impact of Institutional Decision-Making due to COVID-19, (2) Impact of Unstructured Time on Professional and Personal Decision Making, and (3) Impact of Societal Pressures, Gender Bias, and Mentorship on Career Planning. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 disrupted important learning opportunities for medical students. Mentorship and shadowing are critical in helping students make career and specialty decisions, particularly for women. The loss of these opportunities may have lasting career impacts for all students.

Winners and Losers in Academic Productivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Is the Gender Gap Widening for Faculty?

Background: The coronavirus pandemic accelerated academic medicine into the frontline of research and clinical work, leaving some faculty exhausted, and others with unanticipated time off. Women were particularly vulnerable, having increased responsibilities in both academic work and caregiving. Methods: The authors sought to determine faculty's responses to the pandemic, seeking predictors of accelerated versus decelerated academic productivity and work-life balance. In this survey of 424 faculty from a private Midwest academic medical center completed in August-September 2020, faculty rated multiple factors both "pre-COVID" and "during the COVID-19 lockdown," and a change score was calculated. Results: In a binary logistic regression model comparing faculty whose self-rated academic productivity increased with those whose productivity decreased, the authors found that controlling for multiple factors, men were more than twice as likely to be in the accelerated productivity group as women. In a similar model comparing partnered faculty whose self-rated work-life balance increased with partnered faculty whose work-life balance decreased, being in the positive work-life balance group was predicted by increased academic productivity, increased job stress, and having higher job priority than your partner. Conclusions: While the COVID-19 pandemic placed huge stressors on academic medical faculty, pandemic placed huge stressors on academic medical faculty, some experienced gains in productivity and work-life balance, with potential to widen the gender gap. As academic medicine evolves post-COVID, leaders should be aware that productivity and work-life balance predict each other, and that these factors have connections to work location, stress, and relationship dynamics, emphasizing the inseparable connections between work and life success.