A general carbonyl alkylative amination for tertiary amine synthesis.

The ubiquity of tertiary alkylamines in pharmaceutical and agrochemical agents, natural products and small-molecule biological probes1,2 has stimulated efforts towards their streamlined synthesis3-9. Arguably the most robust method for the synthesis of tertiary alkylamines is carbonyl reductive amination3, which comprises two elementary steps: the condensation of a secondary alkylamine with an aliphatic aldehyde to form an all-alkyl-iminium ion, which is subsequently reduced by a hydride reagent. Direct strategies have been sought for a 'higher order' variant of this reaction via the coupling of an alkyl fragment with an alkyl-iminium ion that is generated in situ10-14. However, despite extensive efforts, the successful realization of a 'carbonyl alkylative amination' has not yet been achieved. Here we present a practical and general synthesis of tertiary alkylamines through the addition of alkyl radicals to all-alkyl-iminium ions. The process is facilitated by visible light and a silane reducing agent, which trigger a distinct radical initiation step to establish a chain process. This operationally straightforward, metal-free and modular transformation forms tertiary amines, without structural constraint, via the coupling of aldehydes and secondary amines with alkyl halides. The structural and functional diversity of these readily available precursors provides a versatile and flexible strategy for the streamlined synthesis of complex tertiary amines.

Multicomponent Synthesis of α-Branched Amines via a Zinc-Mediated Carbonyl Alkylative Amination Reaction.

Methods for the synthesis of α-branched alkylamines are important due to their ubiquity in biologically active molecules. Despite the development of many methods for amine preparation, C(sp3)-rich nitrogen-containing compounds continue to pose challenges for synthesis. While carbonyl reductive amination (CRA) between ketones and alkylamines is the cornerstone method for α-branched alkylamine synthesis, it is sometimes limited by the sterically demanding condensation step between dialkyl ketones and amines and the more restricted availability of ketones compared to aldehydes. We recently reported a "higher-order" variant of this transformation, carbonyl alkylative amination (CAA), which utilized a halogen atom transfer (XAT)-mediated radical mechanism, enabling the streamlined synthesis of complex α-branched alkylamines. Despite the efficacy of this visible-light-driven approach, it displayed scalability issues, and competitive reductive amination was a problem for certain substrate classes, limiting applicability. Here, we report a change in the reaction regime that expands the CAA platform through the realization of an extremely broad zinc-mediated CAA reaction. This new strategy enabled elimination of competitive CRA, simplified purification, and improved reaction scope. Furthermore, this new reaction harnessed carboxylic acid derivatives as alkyl donors and facilitated the synthesis of α-trialkyl tertiary amines, which cannot be accessed via CRA. This Zn-mediated CAA reaction can be carried out at a variety of scales, from a 10 µmol setup in microtiter plates enabling high-throughput experimentation, to the gram-scale synthesis of medicinally-relevant compounds. We believe that this transformation enables robust, efficient, and economical access to α-branched alkylamines and provides a viable alternative to the current benchmark methods.

Modular Synthesis of Heterobenzylic Amines via Carbonyl Azinylative Amination.

Transformations enabling the synthesis of α-alkyl, α'-2-azinyl amines by addition of 2-heteroaryl-based nucleophiles to in situ-generated and non-activated alkyl-substituted iminium ions are extremely rare. Approaches involving classical 2-azinyl organometallics, such as the corresponding Grignard reagents, often fail to produce the desired products. Here, we report an operationally straightforward solution to this problem through the development of a multicomponent coupling process wherein a soft 2-azinyl indium nucleophile, generated in situ from the corresponding 2-iodo heteroarene and indium powder, adds to an iminium ion that is also formed directly in the reaction. This modular carbonyl azinylative amination (CAzA) displays a broad scope and only a metal reductant is needed to generate a reactive 2-azinyl nucleophile. Beyond the addition to iminium ions, the 2-azinyl addition to polyfluoromethyl ketones forms the corresponding tertiary alcohols. Together, the products of these reactions possess a high degree of functionality, are typically challenging to synthesize by other methods, and contain motifs recognized as privileged in the context of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Visible-Light-Mediated Carbonyl Alkylative Amination to All-Alkyl α-Tertiary Amino Acid Derivatives.

The all-alkyl α-tertiary amino acid scaffold represents an important structural feature in many biologically and pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Syntheses of this class of molecule, however, often involve multiple steps and require activating auxiliary groups on the nitrogen atom or tailored building blocks. Here, we report a straightforward, single-step, and modular methodology for the synthesis of all-alkyl α-tertiary amino esters. This new strategy uses visible light and a silane reductant to bring about a carbonyl alkylative amination reaction that combines a wide range of primary amines, α-ketoesters, and alkyl iodides to form functionally diverse all-alkyl α-tertiary amino esters. Brønsted acid-mediated in situ condensation of primary amine and α-ketoester delivers the corresponding ketiminium species, which undergoes rapid 1,2-addition of an alkyl radical (generated from an alkyl iodide by the action of visible light and silane reductant) to form an aminium radical cation. Upon a polarity-matched and irreversible hydrogen atom transfer from electron rich silane, the electrophilic aminium radical cation is converted to an all-alkyl α-tertiary amino ester product. The benign nature of this process allows for broad scope in all three components and generates structurally and functionally diverse suite of α-tertiary amino esters that will likely have widespread use in academic and industrial settings.

Phosphorescent κ3 -(N

Efficient OLED devices have been fabricated using organometallic complexes of platinum group metals. Still, the high material cost and low stability represent central challenges for their application in commercial display technologies. Based on its innate stability, gold(III) complexes are emerging as promising candidates for high-performance OLEDs. Here, a series of alkynyl-, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)- and aryl-gold(III) complexes stabilized by a κ3 -(N^C^C) template have been prepared and their photophysical properties have been characterized in detail. These compounds exhibit good photoluminescence quantum efficiency (ηPL ) of up to 33 %. The PL emission can be tuned from sky-blue to yellowish green colors by variations on both the ancillary ligands as well as on the pincer template. Further, solution-processable OLED devices based on some of these complexes display remarkable emissive properties (ηCE 46.6 cd.A-1 and ηext 14.0 %), thus showcasing the potential of these motifs for the low-cost fabrication of display and illumination technologies.

The LANCA three-component reaction to highly substituted ß-ketoenamides - versatile intermediates for the synthesis of functionalized pyridine, pyrimidine, oxazole and quinoxaline derivatives.

The LANCA three-component reaction of lithiated alkoxyallenes LA, nitriles N and carboxylic acids CA leads to ß-ketoenamides KE in good to excellent yields. The scope of this reaction is very broad and almost all types of nitriles and carboxylic acids have successfully been used. The alkoxy group introduced via the allene component is also variable and hence the subsequent transformation of this substituent into a hydroxy group can be performed under different conditions. Enantiopure nitriles or carboxylic acids can also be employed leading to chiral KE with high enantiopurity and dinitriles or dicarboxylic acids also lead to the expected bis-ß-ketoenamides. ß-Ketoenamides incorporate a unique combination of functional groups and hence a manifold of subsequent reactions to highly substituted heterocyclic compounds is possible. An intramolecular aldol-type condensation reaction efficiently furnishes pyridin-4-ols PY that can be further modified by palladium-catalyzed reactions, e.g., to specifically substituted furopyridine derivatives. Condensations of ß-ketoenamides with ammonium salts or with hydroxylamine hydrochloride afford pyrimidines PM or pyrimidine N-oxides PO with a highly flexible substitution pattern in good yields. The functional groups of these heterocycles also allow a variety of subsequent reactions to various pyrimidine derivatives. On the other hand, acid-labile alkoxy substituents such as a 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy group are required for the conversion of ß-ketoenamides into 5-acetyl-substituted oxazoles OX, again compounds with high potential for subsequent functional group transformations. For acid labile ß-ketoenamides bearing bulky substituents the acid treatment leads to acylamido-substituted 1,2-diketones DK that could be converted into quinoxalines QU. All classes of heterocycles accessed through the key ß-ketoenamides show a unique substitution pattern - not easily accomplishable by alternative methods - and therefore many subsequent reactions are possible.

Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Physicochemical Properties.

This Review showcases the ability of bi- and tridentate ligands to stabilize gold in high oxidation states through the formation of mono- and biscyclometalated gold(III) complexes. In-depth studies on the synthesis, intrinsic reactivity, catalytic relevance, and photophysical properties of stabilized gold(III) species have been carried out, setting the stage for exciting developments in various research areas, such as catalysis, inorganic and bioinorganic chemistry, ligand design, and materials science.

Gold-Catalyzed Direct Oxidative Arylation with Boron Coupling Partners.

An efficient synthesis of biaryls through a gold-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of arenes with strong electron-deprived aryl boronates is presented herein. Regio- and chemocontrol are achieved by the selective activation of these coupling partners by gold at different oxidation states. Under reaction conditions devoid of basic additives or directing groups, the role of acetato ligand as an internal base has been revealed as a key parameter for expanding the reaction scope in these transformations.

The First Gold(III) Formate: Evidence for ß-Hydride Elimination.

The first stable gold(III) formate and experimental evidence for its ß-hydride elimination are described. A catalytic dehydrogenation of formic acid together with mechanistic studies shed light on potential pathways operating in fundamental gold-catalyzed transformations.

Evidence for Direct Transmetalation of AuIII-F with Boronic Acids.

The underlying reactivity of AuIII-F species with aryl boronic acids has been studied in detail taking advantage of four novel, stable difluoro-[(C^N)AuF2], arylmonofluoro-[(C^N)AuArF], and alkylmonofluoro-[(C^N)AuAlkF] gold(III) complexes, prepared and isolated in monomeric form. We provide the first experimental evidence for a direct AuIII-F/B transmetalation preceding the Csp2-Csp2 or Csp3-Csp2 bond formation.

Luminescent (N

We report the design, synthesis, and application of a (N^C^C)-ligand framework able to stabilize highly electron-deprived gold(III) species. This novel platform enabled the preparation of C(sp(2))-gold(III) fluorides for the first time in monomeric, easy-to-handle, bench-stable form by a Cl/F ligand-exchange reaction. Devoid of oxidative conditions or stoichiometric use of toxic Hg salts, this method was applied to the preparation of multiple [C(sp(2))-Au(III)-F] complexes, which were used as mechanistic probes for the study of the unique properties and intrinsic reactivity of Au-F bonds. The improved photophysical properties of [(N^C^C)Au(III)] complexes compared to classical pincer (C^N^C)-Au systems paves the way for the design of new late-transition-metal-based OLEDs.

Modular synthesis of α-branched secondary alkylamines via visible-light-mediated carbonyl alkylative amination.

The development of methods for the assembly of secondary α-alkyl amines remains a central challenge to chemical synthesis because of their critical importance in modulating the physical properties of biologically active molecules. Despite decades of intensive research, chemists still rely on selective N-alkylation and carbonyl reductive amination to make most amine products. Here we report the further evolution of a carbonyl alkylative amination process that, for the first time, brings together primary amines, aldehydes and alkyl iodides in a visible-light-mediated multicomponent coupling reaction for the synthesis of a wide range of α-branched secondary alkylamines. In addition to exploring the tolerance and limitations in each reaction component, we also report preliminary applications to the telescoped synthesis of α-branched N-heterocycles and an N-alkylation protocol that is selective for primary over cyclic secondary amines. Our data support a mechanism involving addition of an alkyl radical to an uncharged alkyl imine which, to the best of our knowledge, has not previously been described. We believe that this method will enable practitioners of synthetic chemistry in academic and industrial settings to approach the synthesis of these important molecules in a manner that is streamlined compared to established approaches.

C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling of non-activated alkyl-iodides with electron-deficient alkenes via visible-light/silane-mediated alkyl-radical formation.

Here, we present a remarkably mild and general initiation protocol for alkyl-radical generation from non-activated alkyl-iodides. An interaction between a silane and an alkyl iodide is excited by irradiation with visible light to trigger carbon-iodide bond homolysis and form the alkyl radical. We show how this method can be developed into an operationally simple and general Giese addition reaction that can tolerate a range of sensitive functionalities not normally explored in established approaches to this strategically important transformation. The new method requires no photocatalyst or other additives and uses only commerical tris(trimethylsilyl)silane and visible light to effectively combine a broad range of alkyl halides with activated alkenes to form C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds embedded within complex frameworks.

A practical two-step procedure for the preparation of enantiopure pyridines: Multicomponent reactions of alkoxyallenes, nitriles and carboxylic acids followed by a cyclocondensation reaction.

A practical approach to highly functionalized 4-hydroxypyridine derivatives with stereogenic side chains in the 2- and 6-positions is described. The presented two-step process utilizes a multicomponent reaction of alkoxyallenes, nitriles and carboxylic acids to provide ß-methoxy-ß-ketoenamides which are transformed into 4-hydroxypyridines in a subsequent cyclocondensation. The process shows broad substrate scope and leads to differentially substituted enantiopure pyridines in good to moderate yields. The preparation of diverse substituted lactic acid derived pyrid-4-yl nonaflates is described. Additional evidence for the postulated mechanism of the multicomponent reaction is presented.

Visible light-mediated radical fluoromethylation via halogen atom transfer activation of fluoroiodomethane.

Incorporation of the fluoromethyl group can profoundly influence the physicochemical properties of organic molecules, offering a promising strategy for the discovery of novel pharmaceutical agents. Direct fluoromethylation of unfunctionalized C(sp2) centres can be achieved using fluoromethyl radicals, but current methods for their generation usually rely on the activation of non-commercial or expensive radical precursors via inefficient single electron transfer pathways, which limits their synthetic application. Here we report the development of a fluoromethylation strategy based on the generation of fluoromethyl radicals from commercially available fluoroiodomethane via halogen atom transfer. This mode of activation is orchestrated by visible light and tris(trimethylsilyl)silane, which serves as both a hydrogen- and halogen atom transfer reagent to facilitate the formation of C(sp3)-CH2F bonds via a radical chain process. The utility of this metal- and photocatalyst-free transformation is demonstrated through the multicomponent synthesis of complex α-fluoromethyl amines and amino acid derivatives via radical addition to in situ-formed iminium ions, and the construction of ß-fluoromethyl esters and amides from electron-deficient alkene acceptors. These complex fluoromethylated products, many of which are inaccessible via previously reported methods, may serve as useful building blocks or fragments in synthetic and medicinal chemistry both in academia and industry.

Visible-light mediated carbonyl trifluoromethylative amination as a practical method for the synthesis of ß-trifluoromethyl tertiary alkylamines.

We report the development of an operationally straigtforward, visible-light-mediated multicomponent strategy for the construction of ß-trifluoromethylated tertiary alkylamines from feedstock aldehydes, secondary amines and a convenient source of trifluoromethyl iodide. The new process does not require a photocatalyst, is metal-free, displays a broad functional group tolerance and offers rapid, one-pot access to trifluoromethylated drug-like compounds that will be of interest in medicinal chemistry.