Molecular characterization of Moniezia denticulata (Rudolphi, 1810) and its distinction from M. expansa infecting sheep and goats raised in the north and north-western regions of India.

The tapeworms of Moniezia spp. are heteroxenous parasites and their adult forms occur in ruminants' alimentary tract. They steal a significant portion of hosts' nourishment initiating monieziasis, thereby inflicting economic losses in animal rearing. Despite their high economic importance, the molecular characterization and taxonomic status of these parasites have remained poorly understood. In the present study, cestodes were isolated from the sheep and goats' intestines and were stained with Gower's carmine. Upon careful evaluation of morphological characters, 2 species Moniezia denticulata and Moniezia expansa were identified. The genomic DNA was extracted and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified targeting regions of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer 1­5.8S rRNA (ITS1­5.8S rRNA) genes followed by sequencing. The partial sequences of cox1, SSU rRNA and ITS1­5.8S rRNA genes of M. denticulata generated in the present study revealed that even though they share high similarities with M. benedeni (93.2% cox1; 92.6% SSU rRNA; 84.70% ITS1­5.8S rRNA) and M. expansa (88.85% cox1; 92.27% SSU rRNA; 81.70% ITS1­5.8S rRNA), they are not identical to them. In the maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees, M. denticulata and M. expansa consistently appeared as distinct species from each other. The high values of pairwise divergence between these 2 species collected in the present study confirmed their separate identity. The present study reports the first molecular characterization of M. denticulata with reference to M. expansa infecting sheep and goats in India.

Endophytic Alkalotolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Render Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth Under Alkaline Stress.

This study investigates the role of bacterial endophytes from extreme alkaline environments in alleviating alkaline stress and plant development. Stressful environmental factors, such as soil acidity and alkalinity/sodicity, frequently affect plant development. In the present study, alkaline-tolerant endophytic strains were isolated from three plant species Saccharum munja, Calotropis procera, and Chenopodium album, and 15 out of the total of 48 isolates were selected for further examination of their abiotic stress tolerance. Molecular analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed strains from Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, and Mammaliicoccus genera. Out of 15 isolates based on their quantitative PGP traits and abiotic stress tolerance, 6 were finally selected for greenhouse experiments. Under alkaline conditions, results demonstrated that the strains from the genera Enterobacter, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and Lysinibacillus had beneficial effects on maize growth. These findings suggest that using a combination of bacteria with multiple plant growth-promoting attributes could be a sustainable approach to enhance agricultural yield, even in a challenging alkaline environment. The study concludes that the application of bacterial endophytes from plants growing in extremely alkaline environments might provide other plants with similar stress-tolerance abilities. The outcome of the study provides a basis for future exploration of the mechanisms underlying endophyte-induced stress tolerance.

ZnO Nanostructures Doped with Various Chloride Ion Concentrations for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue in Alkaline and Acidic Media.

In this study, chloride (Cl−) ions were successfully doped into ZnO nanostructures by the solvothermal method. The effect of various Cl− concentrations on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO towards the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) under the illumination of ultraviolet light was studied. The as-prepared Cl−-doped ZnO nanostructures were analyzed in terms of morphology, structure, composition and optical properties. XRD data revealed an average crystallite size of 23 nm, and the XRD patterns were assigned to the wurtzite structure of ZnO even after doping with Cl−. Importantly, the optical band gap of various Cl ion-doped ZnO nanostructures was successively reduced from 3.42 to 3.16 eV. The photodegradation efficiency of various Cl− ion-doped ZnO nanostructures was studied for MB in aqueous solution, and the relative performance of each Cl ion-doped ZnO sample was as follows: 20% Cl−-doped ZnO > 15% Cl−-doped ZnO > 10% Cl−-doped ZnO > 5% Cl−-doped ZnO > pristine ZnO. Furthermore, the correlation of the pH of the MB solution and each Cl ion dopant concentration was also investigated. The combined results of varying dopant levels and the effect of the pH of the MB solution on the photodegradation process verified the crucial role of Cl− ions in activating the degradation kinetics of MB. Therefore, these newly developed photocatalysts could be considered as alternative materials for practical applications such as wastewater treatment.

Parallel Processing of Facial Expression and Head Orientation in the Macaque Brain.

When we move the features of our face, or turn our head, we communicate changes in our internal state to the people around us. How this information is encoded and used by an observer's brain is poorly understood. We investigated this issue using a functional MRI adaptation paradigm in awake male macaques. Among face-selective patches of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), we found a double dissociation of areas processing facial expression and those processing head orientation. The face-selective patches in the STS fundus were most sensitive to facial expression, as was the amygdala, whereas those on the lower, lateral edge of the sulcus were most sensitive to head orientation. The results of this study reveal a new dimension of functional organization, with face-selective patches segregating within the STS. The findings thus force a rethinking of the role of the face-processing system in representing subject-directed actions and supporting social cognition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT When we are interacting with another person, we make inferences about their emotional state based on visual signals. For example, when a person's facial expression changes, we are given information about their feelings. While primates are thought to have specialized cortical mechanisms for analyzing the identity of faces, less is known about how these mechanisms unpack transient signals, like expression, that can change from one moment to the next. Here, using an fMRI adaptation paradigm, we demonstrate that while the identity of a face is held constant, there are separate mechanisms in the macaque brain for processing transient changes in the face's expression and orientation. These findings shed new light on the function of the face-processing system during social exchanges.

Circulating cardiac biomarkers and echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with scrub typhus: A prospective cohort study from a tertiary care center in North India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Cardiac injury in scrub typhus is uncommonly reported. We studied the incidence and clinical significance of cardiac involvement among seventy consecutive adult patients of scrub typhus, using circulating cardiac biomarkers, including N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), troponin T, creatine kinase-muscle/brain isoenzyme (CK-MB) and 2D-echocardiography. METHODS: This was a hospital-based prospective cohort study conducted in the medical emergency of PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. Seventy consecutive patients aged 12 years and above with the diagnosis of scrub typhus were enrolled. RESULTS: Elevations of NT pro-BNP, troponin T, and CK-MB levels were observed in 70 (100%), 51 (72.8%), and 29 (41.4%) patients, respectively. Echocardiography detected reduced ejection fraction (EF) in 30 patients (42.8%) with mild reduction (EF 45-54 %) in 20 (28.5%) and moderate reduction (EF 30-44%) in 10 (14.3%). The age showed a significant difference with EF (p-value 0.003), and the patients with moderate reduction were younger (mean age of 20.7 ± 5.6 years). Pericardial effusion was found in nine patients (12.9%). Increased circulating levels of all the three cardiac biomarkers showed statistically significant association with a systolic dysfunction on echocardiography, and elevated CK-MB level further predicted a longer duration of hospital stay (p-value 0.002). No statistically significant association was observed between cardiac biomarkers or reduced EF and mortality. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Cardiac injury is a common condition among patients with scrub typhus admitted in a medical emergency; however, it does not influence in-hospital mortality.

Anti-Jo-1 Syndrome Often Misdiagnosed as Rheumatoid Arthritis (for Many Years): A Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Antisynthetase syndrome is characterized by a triad of myositis, arthritis, and interstitial lung disease. Anti-Jo-1 is the most common associated autoantibody. This study planned to look at the presentation of anti-Jo-1 antisynthetase syndrome in a single Indian center. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This was a medical records review single-center study that included patients with anti-Jo-1 antisynthetase syndrome over 10 years. RESULTS: This study included 27 patients with anti-Jo-1 antisynthetase syndrome, with mean age of 40 ± 9.2 years and female preponderance (female-to-male ratio, 4:1). At presentation, the characteristic triad was present in only 4 patients. A majority presented with the incomplete form, with 2 clinical features (of triad) in 11 and single feature (of triad) being present in 12 patients at initial presentation. Seven presented only with polyarthritis, out of which 6 had been earlier diagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis. Time gap from diagnosis of "rheumatoid arthritis" to antisynthetase syndrome ranged from 3 to 20 years. In patients who had only arthritis in the beginning, there was a significantly longer delay to diagnosis of antisynthetase syndrome, higher frequency of rheumatoid factor, and lower frequency of anti-Ro-52. Overall, outcome was good, with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group class 1 or 2 in most except 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-Jo-1 antisynthetase syndrome commonly presented as incomplete (not a triad) and often only with arthritis. These patients are diagnosed and treated as rheumatoid arthritis for many years, before a diagnosis of antisynthetase syndrome is made. Being aware of this presentation may help in earlier diagnosis by actively searching for subtle clues.

Renal doppler changes in patients with acute pancreatitis: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Renal Doppler to assess renal resistive index (RRI) is an attractive option to prognosticate acute kidney injury (AKI) in acute pancreatitis (AP) as it is feasible within scope of point-of-care ultrasound. However, RRI has been infrequently evaluated in AP. OBJECTIVE: Prospectively study diagnostic and prognostic performance of RRI in patients with AP. METHODOLOGY: 75 patients with AP were prospectively enrolled and followed till recovery/death. All patients were subjected to renal Doppler and RRI was compared between patients with and without AKI. RESULTS: Thirty six patients developed AKI and 39 patients did not develop AKI. AKI network stage 1, 2 and 3 AKI was seen in 7(19.4%), 12(33.3%) and 17 (47.2%) patients respectively. Prognostic scoring done at admission by SIRS, modified marshal score, and BISAP scores, as well as duration of hospitalization and mortality rates were significantly higher in patients with AKI. Mean peak systolic velocity and RRI at upper, middle and lower poles of bilateral kidneys were comparable between patients with and without AKI. The RRI was abnormal in 46 (66.6%) patients and it was <0.6 in 35/46 (76%) and >0.7 in 11/46 (24%) patients respectively. RRI <0.6 was observed in 16 (53.3%) and 19 (48.7%) patients with and without AKI respectively (p = 0.80). RRI >0.7 was observed in 4 (53.3%) and 7 (48.7%) patients with and without AKI respectively (p = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: AKI is associated with poor prognosis in AP. RRI on renal Doppler at admission seems to have poor diagnostic as well as prognostic performance for AKI in patients with AP.

Retino-choroidal changes in patients with acute pancreatitis: A prospective analysis of a novel biomarker.

BACKGROUND: There is paucity of data on ocular changes in acute Pancreatitis (AP). Moreover, subclinical alterations in retina & choroid have not been studied in AP. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively study retino-choroidal changes in AP. METHODS: Sixty patients (mean age 39.07 years; 41 males) with AP were followed up till recovery/death. Baseline slit-lamp examination, choroidal thickness (CT), retinal thickness (RT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), retinal capillary density index (CDI) and arteriovenous ratio (AVR) were recorded. The patients were divided into two groups - mild (Group A; 5 patients) and moderately severe/severe (Group B; 55 patients) as per revised Atlanta classification. RESULTS: Fundus examination showed mild optic disc edema with retinal hemorrhages in 6 (10%) patients in group B as compared to none in group A (p = 1.00). None of the patients had Purtscher retinopathy. Mean CT (317 ± 56.29 µm) was increased as compared to normal subjects (278.90 ± 57.84 µm, p = 0.003). The mean CVI (0.62 ± 0.04) was decreased as compared to normal (0.66 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001) as was the mean AVR (0.67 ± 0.03 vs. 0.7 ± 0.02, p < 0.0001). However, the mean RT of subjects with AP (239.68 ± 33.76 µm) was not significantly different compared to the normal subjects 253.17 ± 33.67 µm (p=NS). The mean CDI of superficial and deep plexus were comparable between normal and patients with AP. CT, RT, CVI, AVR and CDI were comparable between group A and group B as well as survivors and non-survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically significant ocular changes are seen infrequently in AP. However, subclinical changes in CT, CVI and AVR are observed in patients with AP compared to normal individuals.

Diagnosis of anomalous origin of the right subclavian artery from the right pulmonary artery in a patient with D-transposition of the great arteries utilizing transthoracic echocardiography.

Diagnosis of anomalous origin of the right subclavian artery (AORSA) from the right pulmonary artery (RPA) is usually made using CT, MRI, or invasive angiography. We report a patient diagnosed using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). A newborn girl prenatally known to have d-TGA presented with cyanosis sparing the right hemithorax and arm. Oxygen saturations on the right hand were persistently higher than on the right ear and other extremities. Repeat TTE using a modified echocardiographic imaging plane allowed for full visualization of the entire subclavian artery course, revealing AORSA from RPA. We discuss further the approach to echocardiographic diagnosis and surgical implications.

Retraction Note to: Inferring Phylogenetic Relationships of Indian Citron (Citrus medica L.) Based on rbcL and matK Sequences of Chloroplast DNA.

The Editor-in-Chief and the publisher have retracted this article [1] because of significant overlap with previously published articles [2-5]. Ajit Uchoi, Surendra Kumar Malik, Ravish Chaudhary, Susheel Kumar, M.R. Rohini, Digvender Pal, and Sezai Ercisli disagree with the retraction. The publisher was not able to get in contact with Rekha Chaudhury, she did not respond to any correspondence about this retraction.

Statistical Learning Signals in Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex.

Humans are sensitive to statistical regularities in their visual environment, but the nature of the underlying neural statistical learning signals still remains to be clarified. As in human behavioral and neuroimaging studies of statistical learning, we exposed rhesus monkeys to a continuous stream of images, presented without interstimulus interval or reward association. The stimulus set consisted of 3 groups of 5 images each (quintets). The stimulus order within each quintet was fixed, but the quintets were presented repeatedly in a random order without interruption. Thus, only transitional probabilities defined quintets of images. Postexposure recordings in inferior temporal (IT) cortex showed an enhanced response to stimuli that violated the exposed sequence. This enhancement was found only for stimuli that were not predicted by the just preceding stimulus, reflecting a temporally adjacent stimulus relationship, and was sensitive to stimulus order. By comparing IT responses with sequences with and without statistical regularities, we observed a short latency, transient response suppression for stimuli of the sequence with regularities, in addition to a later sustained response enhancement to stimuli that violated the sequence with regularities. These findings constrain models of mechanisms underlying neural responses in predictable temporal sequences, such as predictive coding.

High acetylsalicylic acid dosing in infants after modified Blalock-Taussig shunt.

OBJECTIVE: Shunt-related adverse events are frequent in infants after modified Blalock-Taussig despite use of acetylsalicylic acid prophylaxis. A higher incidence of acetylsalicylic acid-resistance and sub-therapeutic acetylsalicylic acid levels has been reported in infants. We evaluated whether using high-dose acetylsalicylic acid can decrease shunt-related adverse events in infants after modified Blalock-Taussig. METHODS: In this single-centre retrospective cohort study, we included infants ⩽1-year-old who underwent modified Blalock-Taussig placement and received acetylsalicylic acid in the ICU. We defined acetylsalicylic acid treatment groups as standard dose (⩽7 mg/kg/day) and high dose (⩾8 mg/kg/day) based on the initiating dose. RESULTS: There were 34 infants in each group. Both groups were similar in age, gender, cardiac defect type, ICU length of stay, and time interval to second stage or definitive repair. Shunt interventions (18 versus 32%, p=0.16), shunt thrombosis (14 versus 17%, p=0.74), and mortality (9 versus 12%, p=0.65) were not significantly different between groups. On multiple logistic regression analysis, single-ventricle morphology (odds ratio 5.2, 95% confidence interval of 1.2-23, p=0.03) and post-operative red blood cells transfusion ⩾24 hours [odds ratio 15, confidence interval of (3-71), p<0.01] were associated with shunt-related adverse events. High-dose acetylsalicylic acid treatment [odds ratio 2.6, confidence interval of (0.7-10), p=0.16] was not associated with decrease in these events. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose acetylsalicylic acid may not be sufficient in reducing shunt-related adverse events in infants after modified Blalock-Taussig. Post-operative red blood cells transfusion may be a modifiable risk factor for these events. A randomised trial is needed to determine appropriate acetylsalicylic acid dosing in infants with modified Blalock-Taussig.

Sequence analysis of six full-length bean yellow mosaic virus genomes reveals phylogenetic diversity in India strains, suggesting subdivision of phylogenetic group-IV.

We report the complete genome sequence of five bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) isolates (CK-GL1, CK-GL3, CK-GL4, CK-GL5 and Vfaba2) that share 74.6-98.9% (nucleotide) and 81.5-99.1% (amino acid) identity with globally available BYMV sequences. Phylogenetic analysis clustered them specifically in BYMV phylogenetic group-IV within the existing nine groups. The CK-GL1, CK-GL2, CK-GL4 and CK-GL5 isolates formed a discrete cluster within group-IV. The present study suggests subdivision of group-IV into subgroup-IVa and IVb. Moreover, infectivity assays using in vitro RNA transcripts from subgroup-IVa (CK-GL3 isolate) and IVb (CK-GL1 isolate) showed distinct biological differences between the isolates supporting subdivision.

Critical Illness Scoring Systems: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, and Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment to Predict the Clinical Outcomes in Scrub Typhus Patients with Organ Dysfunctions.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Scrub typhus (ST) is an acute infectious disease of variable severity caused by Orientia (formerly Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi. The disease can be complicated by organ dysfunctions and the case fatality rate (CFR) is approximately 15%, which further rises with the development of severe complications. We studied the clinical features of the ST and the performance of critical illness scoring systems (CISSs) - Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), and quick SOFA (qSOFA) in predicting the clinical outcomes in complicated ST (cST) patients admitted to the emergency department. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was done in 50 patients diagnosed to have cST with one or more organ dysfunctions. Clinical features and laboratory parameters were recorded and the patients were followed up until the end of their stay in the hospital. APACHE II, SOFA, and qSOFA scores at admission were calculated and were analyzed in predicting the clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The median SOFA, APACHE II, and qSOFA scores of the cohort were 7 (interquartile range [IQR] = 13-22), 8 (IQR = 5-11), and 2 (IQR = 1-3), respectively. The median duration of in-hospital stay was 9 (IQR 5-11) days and overall CFR was 8%. On bivariate analysis, both SOFA (P = 0.031) and qSOFA (P = 0.001) predicted mortality. However, only SOFA score correlated with the in-hospital stay duration (Pearson's correlation = 0.311, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Among the three CISSs studied, the SOFA score correlated with in-hospital stay duration and mortality, whereas the qSOFA score formed a simple as well as a convenient tool in predicting the mortality in patients of cST with organ dysfunction.

Encoding of Predictable and Unpredictable Stimuli by Inferior Temporal Cortical Neurons.

Animals and humans learn statistical regularities that are embedded in sequences of stimuli. The neural mechanisms of such statistical learning are still poorly understood. Previous work in macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex demonstrated suppressed spiking activity to visual images of a sequence in which the stimulus order was defined by transitional probabilities (labeled as "standard" sequence), compared with a sequence in which the stimulus order was random ("random" sequence). Here, we asked whether IT neurons encode the images of the standard sequence more accurately compared with images of the random sequence. Previous human fMRI studies in different sensory modalities also found a suppressed response to expected relative to unexpected stimuli but obtained various results regarding the effect of expectation on encoding, with one study reporting an improved classification accuracy of expected stimuli despite the reduced activation level. We employed a linear classifier to decode image identity from the spiking responses of the recorded IT neurons. We found a greater decoding accuracy for images of the standard compared with the random sequence during the early part of the stimulus presentation, but further analyses suggested that this reflected the sustained, stimulus-selective activity from the previous stimulus of the sequence, which is typical for IT neurons. However, the peak decoding accuracy was lower for the standard compared with the random sequence, in line with the reduced response to the former compared with the latter images. These data suggest that macaque IT neurons represent less accurately predictable compared with unpredictable images.

The Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Prolonged Cardiac Arrest in Pediatric Patients: Is it Time to Expand It?

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was instituted as an aid to in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) nearly 23 years ago, this led to remarkable improvement in survival considering the mortality rate associated with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Given this success, one begins to wonder whether the time has come for expanding the use of E-CPR to outside hospital cardiac arrests especially in the light of development of newer extracorporeal life support devices that are small, mobile, and easy to assemble. This editorial will review recent studies on this subject and address some key guidelines and limitations of this evolving and promising technology.

Elevated Red Cell Distribution Width as a Prognostic Marker in Severe Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is a dysregulated host response to infection resulting in potentially life-threatening organ dysfunction. Elevation in red cell distribution width (RDW), a simple routinely done investigation, could be a prognostic marker in these patients. METHODS: Between January 2014 and June 2015, 200 patients with severe sepsis at admission were prospectively evaluated for association between RDW at admission and 30-day mortality. Besides the groups of raised and normal RDW, study population was further analyzed after categorizing into three RDW groups as follows: ≤14.5%, 14.6-17.3%, and >17.3% as well. To find out factors associated independently with 30-day mortality, we applied multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 200 patients, 115 (57.5%) were males. Mean age of the study subjects was 51.32 ± 16.98 years. Mean RDW at admission was 17.40 ± 3.21%, ranging from 12.6% to 33.3%. Mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score of study population at admission was 22.49 ± 5.72. One hundred and fourteen (57%) patients had 30-day mortality. Even though RDW showed a hierarchical association with 30-day mortality among three RDW groups, it was not found to be an independent predictor of 30-day mortality. APACHE II score, serum albumin, partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, and serum fibrinogen level at admission were observed to be independent predictors of 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In severe sepsis patients, RDW though showed a graded relationship with 30-day mortality was not found to be an independent predictor of 30-day mortality.

Inferring Phylogenetic Relationships of Indian Citron (Citrus medica L.) based on rbcL and matK Sequences of Chloroplast DNA.

Phylogenetic relationships of Indian Citron (Citrus medica L.) with other important Citrus species have been inferred through sequence analyses of rbcL and matK gene region of chloroplast DNA. The study was based on 23 accessions of Citrus genotypes representing 15 taxa of Indian Citrus, collected from wild, semi-wild, and domesticated stocks. The phylogeny was inferred using the maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. Both MP and NJ trees separated all the 23 accessions of Citrus into five distinct clusters. The chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) analysis based on rbcL and matK sequence data carried out in Indian taxa of Citrus was useful in differentiating all the true species and species/varieties of probable hybrid origin in distinct clusters or groups. Sequence analysis based on rbcL and matK gene provided unambiguous identification and disposition of true species like C. maxima, C. medica, C. reticulata, and related hybrids/cultivars. The separation of C. maxima, C. medica, and C. reticulata in distinct clusters or sub-clusters supports their distinctiveness as the basic species of edible Citrus. However, the cpDNA sequence analysis of rbcL and matK gene could not find any clear cut differentiation between subgenera Citrus and Papeda as proposed in Swingle's system of classification.

Molecular Characterization of a Begomovirus, α-Satellite, and ß-Satellite Associated with Leaf Curl Disease of Parthenium hysterophorus in India.

Parthenium hysterophorus plants exhibiting severe leaf curl and stunting symptoms were observed near agriculture fields in Lucknow, India. The association of a begomovirus, ß-satellite, and α-satellite with these symptoms of a Parthenium disease was investigated by sequence analyses of virus and satellite DNA amplified by rolling circle amplification and polymerase chain reaction. The highest sequence identities and closest phylogenetic relationships for the begomovirus, ß-satellite, and α-satellite detected in P. hysterophorus plants were to Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV), papaya leaf curl ß-satellite (PaLCuB), and Ageratum yellow vein India α-satellite (AYVIA), respectively. These findings identified the virus and satellites infecting the Parthenium sp. as ToLCV, PaLCuB, and AYVIA, respectively. P. hysterophorus and tomato seedlings infected with cloned ToLCV, PaLCuB, and AYVIA by agroinoculation developed leaf curl symptoms, whereas plants infected with ToLCV alone or with ToLCV and AYVIA developed mild yellowing. The results show that this complex infects and causes disease in P. hysterophorus and tomato. P. hysterophorus is an invasive weed commonly found around agricultural fields and along roadsides in India. These results indicate that P. hysterophorus plants infected with ToLCV and associated satellite DNA act as an alternate host (reservoir), and that could lead to increased incidence of tomato leaf curl disease.