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1.
Physiol Rev ; 104(3): 1021-1060, 2024 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38300523

RESUMO

Glucagon's ability to promote hepatic glucose production has been known for over a century, with initial observations touting this hormone as a diabetogenic agent. However, glucagon receptor agonism [when balanced with an incretin, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) to dampen glucose excursions] is now being developed as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic diseases, like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH), and may also have benefit for obesity and chronic kidney disease. Conventionally regarded as the opposing tag-team partner of the anabolic mediator insulin, glucagon is gradually emerging as more than just a "catabolic hormone." Glucagon action on glucose homeostasis within the liver has been well characterized. However, growing evidence, in part thanks to new and sensitive "omics" technologies, has implicated glucagon as more than just a "glucose liberator." Elucidation of glucagon's capacity to increase fatty acid oxidation while attenuating endogenous lipid synthesis speaks to the dichotomous nature of the hormone. Furthermore, glucagon action is not limited to just glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, as traditionally reported. Glucagon plays key regulatory roles in hepatic amino acid and ketone body metabolism, as well as mitochondrial turnover and function, indicating broader glucagon signaling consequences for metabolic homeostasis mediated by the liver. Here we examine the broadening role of glucagon signaling within the hepatocyte and question the current dogma, to appreciate glucagon as more than just that "catabolic hormone."


Assuntos
Glucagon , Glucose , Fígado , Humanos , Glucagon/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Animais , Glucose/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/fisiologia , Homeostase/fisiologia
2.
Diabetes Obes Metab ; 26(7): 2634-2644, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38562018

RESUMO

AIMS: To establish which components of energy balance mediate the clinically significant weight loss demonstrated with use of cotadutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/glucagon receptor dual agonist, in early-phase studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a phase 2a, single-centre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Following a 16-day single-blind placebo run-in, participants were randomized 2:1 to double-blind 42-day subcutaneous treatment with cotadutide (100-300 µg daily) or placebo. The primary outcome was percentage weight change. Secondary outcomes included change in energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). RESULTS: A total of 12 participants (63%) in the cotadutide group and seven (78%) in the placebo group completed the study. The mean (90% confidence interval [CI]) weight change was -4.0% (-4.9%, -3.1%) and -1.4% (-2.7%, -0.1%) for the cotadutide and placebo groups, respectively (p = 0.011). EI was lower with cotadutide versus placebo (-41.3% [-66.7, -15.9]; p = 0.011). Difference in EE (per kJ/kg lean body mass) for cotadutide versus placebo was 1.0% (90% CI -8.4, 10.4; p = 0.784), assessed by doubly labelled water, and -6.5% (90% CI -9.3, -3.7; p < 0.001), assessed by indirect calorimetry. CONCLUSION: Weight loss with cotadutide is primarily driven by reduced EI, with relatively small compensatory changes in EE.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Ingestão de Energia , Metabolismo Energético , Obesidade , Redução de Peso , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Método Duplo-Cego , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/complicações , Ingestão de Energia/efeitos dos fármacos , Redução de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Receptores de Glucagon/agonistas , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/agonistas , Método Simples-Cego , Idoso , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Resultado do Tratamento , Peptídeos
3.
PLoS Genet ; 17(1): e1009325, 2021 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33513138

RESUMO

In response to physical exercise and diet, skeletal muscle adapts to energetic demands through large transcriptional changes. This remodelling is associated with changes in skeletal muscle DNA methylation which may participate in the metabolic adaptation to extracellular stimuli. Yet, the mechanisms by which muscle-borne DNA methylation machinery responds to diet and exercise and impacts muscle function are unknown. Here, we investigated the function of de novo DNA methylation in fully differentiated skeletal muscle. We generated muscle-specific DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) knockout mice (mD3AKO) and investigated the impact of DNMT3A ablation on skeletal muscle DNA methylation, exercise capacity and energy metabolism. Loss of DNMT3A reduced DNA methylation in skeletal muscle over multiple genomic contexts and altered the transcription of genes known to be influenced by DNA methylation, but did not affect exercise capacity and whole-body energy metabolism compared to wild type mice. Loss of DNMT3A did not alter skeletal muscle mitochondrial function or the transcriptional response to exercise however did influence the expression of genes involved in muscle development. These data suggest that DNMT3A does not have a large role in the function of mature skeletal muscle although a role in muscle development and differentiation is likely.


Assuntos
DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/genética , Metilação de DNA/genética , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Desenvolvimento Muscular/genética , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/genética , DNA Metiltransferase 3A , Tolerância ao Exercício/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Músculo Esquelético/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal
4.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 118(37)2021 09 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34493662

RESUMO

Mitochondria form a complex, interconnected reticulum that is maintained through coordination among biogenesis, dynamic fission, and fusion and mitophagy, which are initiated in response to various cues to maintain energetic homeostasis. These cellular events, which make up mitochondrial quality control, act with remarkable spatial precision, but what governs such spatial specificity is poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that specific isoforms of the cellular bioenergetic sensor, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα1/α2/ß2/γ1), are localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane, referred to as mitoAMPK, in various tissues in mice and humans. Activation of mitoAMPK varies across the reticulum in response to energetic stress, and inhibition of mitoAMPK activity attenuates exercise-induced mitophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo. Discovery of a mitochondrial pool of AMPK and its local importance for mitochondrial quality control underscores the complexity of sensing cellular energetics in vivo that has implications for targeting mitochondrial energetics for disease treatment.


Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Mitocôndrias/patologia , Mitofagia , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/genética , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo
5.
J Physiol ; 598(24): 5739-5752, 2020 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32939754

RESUMO

KEY POINTS: Exercising at different times of day elicits different effects on exercise performance and metabolic health. However, the specific signals driving the observed time-of-day specific effects of exercise have not been fully identified. Exercise influences the skeletal muscle circadian clock, although the relative contribution of muscle contraction and extracellular signals is unknown. Here, we show that contraction acutely increases the expression of the core circadian clock gene Period Circadian Regulator 2 (Per2) and phase-shifts Per2 rhythmicity in muscle cells. This contraction effect on core clock genes is mediated through a calcium-dependant mechanism; The results obtained in the present study suggest that a proportion of the ability of exercise to entrain the skeletal muscle clock is driven directly by muscle contraction. Contraction interventions may be used to mimic some time-of-day specific effects of exercise on metabolism and muscle performance. ABSTRACT: Exercise entrains the central and peripheral circadian clocks, although the mechanism by which exercise modulates expression of skeletal muscle clock genes is unclear. The present study aimed to determine whether skeletal muscle contraction alone could directly influence circadian rhythmicity and uncover the underlying mechanism by which contraction modulates clock gene expression. We investigated the expression of core clock genes in human skeletal muscle after acute exercise, as well as following in vitro contraction in mouse soleus muscle and cultured C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes. Additionally, we interrogated the molecular pathways by which skeletal muscle contraction could influence clock gene expression. Contraction acutely increased the expression of the core circadian clock gene Period Circadian Regulator 2 (Per2) and phase-shifted Per2 rhythmicity in C2C12 myotubes in vitro. Further investigation revealed that pharmacologically increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations by ionomycin treatment mimicked the effect of contraction on Per2 expression. Similarly, treatment with a calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, blocked the effect of electric pulse stimulation-induced contraction on Per2 expression. Increased calcium influx from contraction lead to binding of the phosphorylated form of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) to the Per2 promoter, suggesting a role of CREB in contraction-induced Per2 transcription. Thus, by dissociating the effect of muscle contraction alone from the whole effect of exercise, our investigations indicate that a proportion of the ability of exercise to entrain the skeletal muscle clock is driven directly by contraction.


Assuntos
Cálcio , Relógios Circadianos , Animais , Relógios Circadianos/genética , Ritmo Circadiano , Expressão Gênica , Camundongos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Proteínas Circadianas Period/genética , Proteínas Circadianas Period/metabolismo
6.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol ; 312(6): C724-C732, 2017 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28356270

RESUMO

Autophagy is a conserved cellular process for degrading aggregate proteins and dysfunctional organelle. It is still debatable if autophagy and mitophagy (a specific process of autophagy of mitochondria) play important roles in myogenic differentiation and functional regeneration of skeletal muscle. We tested the hypothesis that autophagy is critical for functional regeneration of skeletal muscle. We first observed time-dependent increases (3- to 6-fold) of autophagy-related proteins (Atgs), including Ulk1, Beclin1, and LC3, along with reduced p62 expression during C2C12 differentiation, suggesting increased autophagy capacity and flux during myogenic differentiation. We then used cardiotoxin (Ctx) or ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) to induce muscle injury and regeneration and observed increases in Atgs between days 2 and 7 in adult skeletal muscle followed by increased autophagy flux after day 7 Since Ulk1 has been shown to be essential for mitophagy, we asked if Ulk1 is critical for functional regeneration in skeletal muscle. We subjected skeletal muscle-specific Ulk1 knockout mice (MKO) to Ctx or I/R. MKO mice had significantly impaired recovery of muscle strength and mitochondrial protein content post-Ctx or I/R. Imaging analysis showed that MKO mice have significantly attenuated recovery of mitochondrial network at 7 and 14 days post-Ctx. These findings suggest that increased autophagy protein and flux occur during muscle regeneration and Ulk1-mediated mitophagy is critical for recovery for the mitochondrial network and hence functional regeneration.


Assuntos
Proteína Homóloga à Proteína-1 Relacionada à Autofagia/genética , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mitofagia/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Regeneração/fisiologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Animais , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/fisiologia , Proteína Homóloga à Proteína-1 Relacionada à Autofagia/deficiência , Proteína Beclina-1/genética , Proteína Beclina-1/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Proteínas Cardiotóxicas de Elapídeos/toxicidade , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/patologia , Mitofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Força Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Mioblastos Esqueléticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mioblastos Esqueléticos/metabolismo , Mioblastos Esqueléticos/patologia , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/genética , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Proteína Sequestossoma-1/genética , Proteína Sequestossoma-1/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais
7.
J Biol Chem ; 289(17): 12005-12015, 2014 Apr 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24644293

RESUMO

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays important roles in many diseases, but there is no satisfactory method to assess mitochondrial health in vivo. Here, we engineered a MitoTimer reporter gene from the existing Timer reporter gene. MitoTimer encodes a mitochondria-targeted green fluorescent protein when newly synthesized, which shifts irreversibly to red fluorescence when oxidized. Confocal microscopy confirmed targeting of the MitoTimer protein to mitochondria in cultured cells, Caenorhabditis elegans touch receptor neurons, Drosophila melanogaster heart and indirect flight muscle, and mouse skeletal muscle. A ratiometric algorithm revealed that conditions that cause mitochondrial stress led to a significant shift toward red fluorescence as well as accumulation of pure red fluorescent puncta of damaged mitochondria targeted for mitophagy. Long term voluntary exercise resulted in a significant fluorescence shift toward green, in mice and D. melanogaster, as well as significantly improved structure and increased content in mouse FDB muscle. In contrast, high-fat feeding in mice resulted in a significant shift toward red fluorescence and accumulation of pure red puncta in skeletal muscle, which were completely ameliorated by voluntary wheel running. Hence, MitoTimer allows for robust analysis of multiple parameters of mitochondrial health under both physiological and pathological conditions and will be highly useful for future research of mitochondrial health in multiple disciplines in vivo.


Assuntos
Genes Reporter , Mitocôndrias/fisiologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Linhagem Celular , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Espectrometria de Fluorescência
8.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab ; 306(9): E999-1012, 2014 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24619880

RESUMO

Individuals born after intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are at an increased risk of developing diabetes in their adult life. IUGR impairs ß-cell function and reduces ß-cell mass, thereby diminishing insulin secretion. IUGR also induces insulin resistance, with impaired insulin signaling in muscle in adult humans who were small for gestational age (SGA) and in rodent models of IUGR. There is epidemiological evidence in humans that exercise in adults can reduce the risk of metabolic disease following IUGR. However, it is not clear whether adult IUGR individuals benefit to the same extent from exercise as do normal-birth-weight individuals, as our rat studies suggest less of a benefit in those born IUGR. Importantly, however, there is some evidence from studies in rats that exercise in early life might be able to reverse or reprogram the long-term metabolic effects of IUGR. Studies are needed to address gaps in current knowledge, including determining the mechanisms involved in the reprogramming effects of early exercise in rats, whether exercise early in life or in adulthood has similar beneficial metabolic effects in larger animal models in which insulin resistance develops after IUGR. Human studies are also needed to determine whether exercise training improves insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity to the same extent in IUGR adults as in control populations. Such investigations will have implications for customizing the recommended level and timing of exercise to improve metabolic health after IUGR.


Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/metabolismo , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/terapia , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Adulto , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Ratos , Resultado do Tratamento
9.
FASEB J ; 27(10): 4184-93, 2013 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23825228

RESUMO

Pathological and physiological stimuli, including acute exercise, activate autophagy; however, it is unknown whether exercise training alters basal levels of autophagy and whether autophagy is required for skeletal muscle adaptation to training. We observed greater autophagy flux (i.e., a combination of increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and LC3-II levels and reduced p62 protein content indicating a higher rate of initiation and resolution of autophagic events), autophagy protein expression (i.e., Atg6/Beclin1, Atg7, and Atg8/LC3) and mitophagy protein Bnip3 expression in tonic, oxidative muscle compared to muscles of either mixed fiber types or of predominant glycolytic fibers in mice. Long-term voluntary running (4 wk) resulted in increased basal autophagy flux and expression of autophagy proteins and Bnip3 in parallel to mitochondrial biogenesis in plantaris muscle with mixed fiber types. Conversely, exercise training promoted autophagy protein expression with no significant increases of autophagy flux and mitochondrial biogenesis in the oxidative soleus muscle. We also observed increased basal autophagy flux and Bnip3 content without increases in autophagy protein expression in the plantaris muscle of sedentary muscle-specific Pgc-1α transgenic mice, a genetic model of augmented mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings reveal that endurance exercise training-induced increases in basal autophagy, including mitophagy, only take place if an enhanced oxidative phenotype is achieved. However, autophagy protein expression is mainly dictated by contractile activity independently of enhancements in oxidative phenotype. Exercise-trained mice heterozygous for the critical autophagy protein Atg6 showed attenuated increases of basal autophagy flux, mitochondrial content, and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle, along with impaired improvement of endurance capacity. These results demonstrate that increased basal autophagy is required for endurance exercise training-induced skeletal muscle adaptation and improvement of physical performance.


Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Autofagia/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo
10.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab ; 302(10): E1221-30, 2012 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22354784

RESUMO

We have previously shown that 4 wk of exercise training early in life normalizes the otherwise greatly reduced pancreatic ß-cell mass in adult male rats born small. The aim of the current study was to determine whether a similar normalization in adulthood of reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis markers and alterations in skeletal muscle lipids of growth-restricted male rats occurs following early exercise training. Bilateral uterine vessel ligation performed on day 18 of gestation resulted in Restricted offspring born small (P < 0.05) compared with both sham-operated Controls and a sham-operated Reduced litter group. Offspring remained sedentary or underwent treadmill running from 5-9 (early exercise) or 20-24 (later exercise) wk of age. At 24 wk of age, Restricted and Reduced litter offspring had lower (P < 0.05) skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein expression compared with Control offspring. Early exercise training had the expected effect of increasing skeletal muscle markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, but, at this early age (9 wk), there was no deficit in Restricted and Reduced litter skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Unlike our previous observations in pancreatic ß-cell mass, there was no "reprogramming" effect of early exercise on adult skeletal muscle such that PGC-1α was lower in adult Restricted and Reduced litter offspring irrespective of exercise training. Later exercise training increased mitochondrial biogenesis in all groups. In conclusion, although the response to exercise training remains intact, early exercise training in rats born small does not have a reprogramming effect to prevent deficits in skeletal muscle markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in adulthood.


Assuntos
Peso ao Nascer/fisiologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Transativadores/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/anatomia & histologia , Tecido Adiposo/fisiologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Citrato (si)-Sintase/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Masculino , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Tamanho do Órgão , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos WKY , Transativadores/deficiência , Fatores de Transcrição , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo
11.
Mol Metab ; 55: 101392, 2022 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34781035

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Obesity-linked type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a worldwide health concern and many novel approaches are being considered for its treatment and subsequent prevention of serious comorbidities. Co-administration of glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) renders a synergistic decrease in energy intake in obese men. However, mechanistic details of the synergy between these peptide agonists and their effects on metabolic homeostasis remain relatively scarce. METHODS: In this study, we utilized long-acting analogues of GLP-1 and PYY3-36 (via Fc-peptide conjugation) to better characterize the synergistic pharmacological benefits of their co-administration on body weight and glycaemic regulation in obese and diabetic mouse models. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were used to measure weight-independent effects of Fc-PYY3-36 + Fc-GLP-1 on insulin action. Fluorescent light sheet microscopy analysis of whole brain was performed to assess activation of brain regions. RESULTS: Co-administration of long-acting Fc-IgG/peptide conjugates of Fc-GLP-1 and Fc-PYY3-36 (specific for PYY receptor-2 (Y2R)) resulted in profound weight loss, restored glucose homeostasis, and recovered endogenous ß-cell function in two mouse models of obese T2D. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in C57BLKS/J db/db and diet-induced obese Y2R-deficient (Y2RKO) mice indicated Y2R is required for a weight-independent improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity and enhanced hepatic glycogenesis. Brain cFos staining demonstrated distinct temporal activation of regions of the hypothalamus and hindbrain following Fc-PYY3-36 + Fc-GLP-1R agonist administration. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal a therapeutic approach for obesity/T2D that improved insulin sensitivity and restored endogenous ß-cell function. These data also highlight the potential association between the gut-brain axis in control of metabolic homeostasis.


Assuntos
Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Peptídeo YY/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Dieta , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Energia/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Derivação Gástrica , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/metabolismo , Hipotálamo , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Obesos , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Peptídeo YY/fisiologia , Redução de Peso
12.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab ; 301(5): E931-40, 2011 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21810930

RESUMO

Fetal growth restriction is associated with reduced pancreatic ß-cell mass, contributing to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Exercise training increases ß-cell mass in animals with diabetes and has long-lasting metabolic benefits in rodents and humans. We studied the effect of exercise training on islet and ß-cell morphology and plasma insulin and glucose, following an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in juvenile and adult male Wistar-Kyoto rats born small. Bilateral uterine vessel ligation performed on day 18 of pregnancy resulted in Restricted offspring born small compared with sham-operated Controls and also sham-operated Reduced litter offspring that had their litter size reduced to five pups at birth. Restricted, Control, and Reduced litter offspring remained sedentary or underwent treadmill running from 5 to 9 or 20 to 24 wk of age. Early life exercise increased relative islet surface area and ß-cell mass across all groups at 9 wk, partially restoring the 60-68% deficit (P < 0.05) in Restricted offspring. Remarkably, despite no further exercise training after 9 wk, ß-cell mass was restored in Restricted at 24 wk, while sedentary littermates retained a 45% deficit (P = 0.05) in relative ß-cell mass. Later exercise training also restored Restricted ß-cell mass to Control levels. In conclusion, early life exercise training in rats born small restored ß-cell mass in adulthood and may have beneficial consequences for later metabolic health and disease.


Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/patologia , Células Secretoras de Insulina/patologia , Pâncreas/anormalidades , Pâncreas/patologia , Pancreatopatias/terapia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Contagem de Células , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/reabilitação , Células Secretoras de Insulina/citologia , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Pancreatopatias/congênito , Pancreatopatias/patologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos WKY , Fatores de Tempo
13.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol ; 300(2): R511-8, 2011 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21148475

RESUMO

In sheep, central leptin infusion reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. The mechanisms for these peripheral effects of central leptin in sheep are not known but, on the basis of rodent studies, may involve AMPK. In mice, central leptin acutely increases both skeletal muscle AMPK activation and glucose uptake. Thus, to investigate whether these effects exist in higher-order mammals, ovariectomized Corriedale ewes (n = 4 per group) received a continuous lateral ventricular infusion (60 µl/h) of either leptin (50 µg/h) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; CON) for 8 days. Tritiated glucose (3-(3)H-glucose) was infused intravenously for calculation of whole body glucose turnover during both acute (6 h) and chronic (7-8 days) leptin/aCSF infusion. Muscle biopsies were also obtained. Leptin infusion reduced (P < 0.05) food intake and body weight, and it also increased plasma epinephrine concentration at 6 h and 7 days, suggesting increased sympathetic nerve activity. Despite this, and in contrast to rodent studies, central leptin infusion did not increase skeletal muscle AMPKα Thr(172) phosphorylation or ACCß Ser(221) phosphorylation. Surprisingly, the glucose rate of appearance (glucose Ra) and rate of disappearance (glucose Rd) were reduced by both acute and chronic leptin infusion. Direct infusion of the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide-ribonucleoside (AICAR) into the femoral artery increased skeletal muscle AMPK phosphorylation. In conclusion, although central leptin infusion in sheep caused the predicted reduction in food intake and increases plasma epinephrine concentration, it had no effect on AMPK activation in skeletal muscle and actually reduced glucose disposal. This suggests that there are species differences in the peripheral responses to central leptin infusion.


Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Leptina/farmacologia , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Ovinos/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetil-CoA Carboxilase/metabolismo , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/administração & dosagem , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/análogos & derivados , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/farmacologia , Estruturas Animais/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Catecolaminas/sangue , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Feminino , Glicerol/sangue , Glicogênio/metabolismo , Hormônio do Crescimento/sangue , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacocinética , Infusões Intra-Arteriais , Infusões Intraventriculares , Insulina/sangue , Leptina/administração & dosagem , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovariectomia , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Subunidades Proteicas/metabolismo , Ribonucleotídeos/administração & dosagem , Ribonucleotídeos/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Gordura Subcutânea/efeitos dos fármacos , Gordura Subcutânea/metabolismo
14.
J Appl Physiol (1985) ; 130(3): 605-616, 2021 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33332990

RESUMO

Parental health influences embryonic development and susceptibility to disease in the offspring. We investigated whether maternal voluntary running during gestation could protect the offspring from the adverse effects of maternal or paternal high-fat diet (HF) in mice. We performed transcriptomic and whole-genome DNA methylation analyses in female offspring skeletal muscle and targeted DNA methylation analysis of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (Pgc-1α) promoter in both male and female adult offspring. Maternal HF resulted in impaired metabolic homeostasis in male offspring at 9 mo of age, whereas both male and female offspring were negatively impacted by paternal HF. Maternal exercise during gestation completely mitigated these metabolic impairments. Female adult offspring from obese male or female parent had skeletal muscle transcriptional profiles enriched in genes regulating inflammation and immune responses, whereas maternal exercise resulted in a transcriptional profile similar to offspring from normal chow (NC)-fed parents. Maternal HF, but not paternal HF, resulted in hypermethylation of the Pgc-1α promoter at CpG-260, which was abolished by maternal exercise. These findings demonstrate the negative consequences of maternal and paternal HF for the offspring's metabolic outcomes later in life possibly through different epigenetic mechanisms, and maternal exercise during gestation mitigates the negative consequences.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Maternal or paternal obesity causes metabolic impairment in adult offspring in mice. Maternal exercise during gestation can completely mitigate metabolic impairment. Maternal obesity, but not paternal obesity, results in hypermethylation of the Pgc-1α promoter at CpG-260, which can be abolished by maternal exercise.


Assuntos
Condicionamento Físico Animal , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Filhos Adultos , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Obesidade , Pais , Gravidez
15.
Sci Adv ; 7(43): eabi9654, 2021 Oct 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34669477

RESUMO

Circadian rhythms are generated by an autoregulatory feedback loop of transcriptional activators and repressors. Circadian rhythm disruption contributes to type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis. We elucidated whether altered circadian rhythmicity of clock genes is associated with metabolic dysfunction in T2D. Transcriptional cycling of core-clock genes BMAL1, CLOCK, and PER3 was altered in skeletal muscle from individuals with T2D, and this was coupled with reduced number and amplitude of cycling genes and disturbed circadian oxygen consumption. Inner mitochondria­associated genes were enriched for rhythmic peaks in normal glucose tolerance, but not T2D, and positively correlated with insulin sensitivity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing identified CLOCK and BMAL1 binding to inner-mitochondrial genes associated with insulin sensitivity, implicating regulation by the core clock. Inner-mitochondria disruption altered core-clock gene expression and free-radical production, phenomena that were restored by resveratrol treatment. We identify bidirectional communication between mitochondrial function and rhythmic gene expression, processes that are disturbed in diabetes.

16.
Epigenomics ; 12(8): 701-713, 2020 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32157909

RESUMO

Aim: Innate circadian rhythms are critical for optimal tissue-specific functions, including skeletal muscle, a major insulin-sensitive tissue responsible for glucose homeostasis. We determined whether transcriptional oscillations are associated with CpG methylation changes in skeletal muscle. Materials & methods: We performed rhythmicity analysis on the transcriptome and CpG methylome of circadian synchronized myotubes. Results: We identified several transcripts and CpG-sites displaying oscillatory behavior, which were enriched with Gene Ontology terms related to metabolism and development. Oscillating CpG methylation was associated with rhythmic expression of 31 transcripts. Conclusion: Although circadian oscillations may be regulated by rhythmic DNA methylation, strong rhythmic associations between transcriptome and CpG methylation were not identified. This resource constitutes a transcriptomic/epigenomic atlas of skeletal muscle and regulation of circadian rhythms.


Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético , Epigenômica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo , Algoritmos , Animais , Biomarcadores , Linhagem Celular , Relógios Circadianos/genética , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Metilação de DNA , Epigenômica/métodos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Camundongos , Especificidade de Órgãos/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Transcriptoma
17.
Nat Metab ; 2(5): 413-431, 2020 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32478287

RESUMO

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis are highly associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cotadutide, a GLP-1R/GcgR agonist, was shown to reduce blood glycemia, body weight and hepatic steatosis in patients with T2DM. Here, we demonstrate that the effects of Cotadutide to reduce body weight, food intake and improve glucose control are predominantly mediated through the GLP-1 signaling, while, its action on the liver to reduce lipid content, drive glycogen flux and improve mitochondrial turnover and function are directly mediated through Gcg signaling. This was confirmed by the identification of phosphorylation sites on key lipogenic and glucose metabolism enzymes in liver of mice treated with Cotadutide. Complementary metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses implicated lipogenic, fibrotic and inflammatory pathways, which are consistent with a unique therapeutic contribution of GcgR agonism by Cotadutide in vivo. Significantly, Cotadutide also alleviated fibrosis to a greater extent than Liraglutide or Obeticholic acid (OCA), despite adjusting dose to achieve similar weight loss in 2 preclinical mouse models of NASH. Thus Cotadutide, via direct hepatic (GcgR) and extra-hepatic (GLP-1R) effects, exerts multi-factorial improvement in liver function and is a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of steatohepatitis.


Assuntos
Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Lipogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/genética , Glicogênio/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Proteômica
18.
Cell Cycle ; 18(1): 1-6, 2019 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30558471

RESUMO

Maintenance of mitochondrial quality is essential for skeletal muscle function and overall health. Exercise training elicits profound adaptations to mitochondria to improve mitochondrial quality in skeletal muscle. We have recently demonstrated that acute exercise promotes removal of damaged/dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy in skeletal muscle during recovery through the Ampk-Ulk1 signaling cascade. In this Extra View, we explore whether Pink1 is stabilized on mitochondria following exercise as the signal for mitophagy. We observed no discernable presence of Pink1 in isolated mitochondria from skeletal muscle at any time point following acute exercise, in contrast to clear evidence of stabilization of Pink1 on mitochondria in HeLa cells following treatment with the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). Taken together, we conclude that Pink1 is not involved in exercise-induced mitophagy in skeletal muscle.


Assuntos
Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Mitofagia/genética , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases/genética , Quinases Proteína-Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Animais , Proteína Homóloga à Proteína-1 Relacionada à Autofagia/genética , Carbonil Cianeto m-Clorofenil Hidrazona/farmacologia , Células HeLa , Humanos , Camundongos , Mitocôndrias/genética , Mitocôndrias/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/genética
19.
Cell Metab ; 30(1): 92-110.e4, 2019 07 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31006592

RESUMO

While the timing of food intake is important, it is unclear whether the effects of exercise on energy metabolism are restricted to unique time windows. As circadian regulation is key to controlling metabolism, understanding the impact of exercise performed at different times of the day is relevant for physiology and homeostasis. Using high-throughput transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches, we identify distinct responses of metabolic oscillations that characterize exercise in either the early rest phase or the early active phase in mice. Notably, glycolytic activation is specific to exercise at the active phase. At the molecular level, HIF1α, a central regulator of glycolysis during hypoxia, is selectively activated in a time-dependent manner upon exercise, resulting in carbohydrate exhaustion, usage of alternative energy sources, and adaptation of systemic energy expenditure. Our findings demonstrate that the time of day is a critical factor to amplify the beneficial impact of exercise on both metabolic pathways within skeletal muscle and systemic energy homeostasis.


Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Animais , Western Blotting , Calorimetria Indireta , Glicólise/genética , Glicólise/fisiologia , Homeostase/genética , Homeostase/fisiologia , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/genética , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/genética , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/fisiologia , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Software , Transcriptoma/genética
20.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 7894, 2017 08 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28801668

RESUMO

Autophagy is stimulated by exercise in several tissues; yet the role of skeletal and cardiac muscle-specific autophagy on the benefits of exercise training remains incompletely understood. Here, we determined the metabolic impact of exercise training in obese mice with cardiac and skeletal muscle disruption of the Autophagy related 7 gene (Atg7h&mKO). Muscle autophagy deficiency did not affect glucose clearance and exercise capacity in lean adult mice. High-fat diet in sedentary mice led to endoplasmic reticulum stress and aberrant mitochondrial protein expression in autophagy-deficient skeletal and cardiac muscles. Endurance exercise training partially reversed these abnormalities in skeletal muscle, but aggravated those in the heart also causing cardiac fibrosis, foetal gene reprogramming, and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, exercise-trained Atg7h&mKO mice were better protected against obesity and insulin resistance with increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), elevated Fgf21 mRNA and protein solely in the heart, and upregulation of FGF21-target genes involved in thermogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in brown fat. These results indicate that autophagy is essential for the protective effects of exercise in the heart. However, the atypical remodelling elicited by exercise in the autophagy deficient cardiac muscle enhances whole-body metabolism, at least partially, via a heart-brown fat cross-talk involving FGF21.


Assuntos
Proteína 7 Relacionada à Autofagia/deficiência , Autofagia , Metabolismo Energético , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Miocárdio/patologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Remodelação Ventricular , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Glucose/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Obesos , Obesidade , Biogênese de Organelas
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