Use of inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children and variability among pediatricians: a real-world analysis before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: In Italy, inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are inappropriately prescribed to provide relief in URTI symptoms. Extreme variation in ICS prescribing has been described at regional and sub-regional level. During 2020, extraordinary containment measures were implemented in attempt to halt Coronavirus, such as social distancing, lockdown, and the use of mask. Our objectives were to evaluate the indirect impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on prescribing patterns of ICSs in preschool children and to estimate the prescribing variability among pediatricians before and during the pandemic. METHODS: In this real-world study, we enrolled all children residing in the Lazio region (Italy), aged 5 years or less during the period 2017-2020. The main outcome measures were the annual ICS prescription prevalence, and the variability in ICS prescribing, for each study year. Variability was expressed as Median Odds Ratios (MORs). If the MOR is 1.00, there is no variation between clusters (e.g., pediatricians). If there is considerable between-cluster variation, the MOR will be large. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 210,996 children, cared by 738 pediatricians located in the 46 local health districts (LHDs). Before the pandemic, the percentage of children exposed to ICS was almost stable, ranging from 27.3 to 29.1%. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the ICS prescription prevalence dropped to 17.0% (p < 0.001). In each study year, a relevant (p < 0.001) variability was detected among both LHDs and pediatricians working in the same LHD. However, the variability among individual pediatricians was always higher. In 2020, the MOR among pediatricians was 1.77 (95% CI: 1.71-1.83) whereas the MOR among LHDs was 1.29 (1.21-1.40). Furthermore, MORs remained stable over time, and no differences were detected in ICS prescription variability before and after pandemic outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: If on one hand the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic indirectly caused the reduction in ICS prescriptions, on the other the variability in ICS prescribing habits among both LHDs and pediatricians remained stable over the whole study time span (2017-2020), showing no differences between pre- pandemic and pandemic periods. The intra-regional drug prescribing variability underlines the lack of shared guidelines for appropriate ICS therapy in preschool children, and raises equity issues in access to optimal care.

Chronic polytherapy after myocardial infarction: the trade-off between hospital and community-based providers in determining adherence to medication.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of chronic polytherapy in reducing readmissions and death after myocardial infarction (MI) have been clearly shown. However, real-world evidence shows poor medication adherence and large geographic variation, suggesting critical issues in access to optimal care. Our objectives were to measure adherence to polytherapy, to compare the amount of variation attributable to hospitals of discharge and to community-based providers, and to identify determinants of adherence to medications. METHODS: This is a population-based study. Data were obtained from the information systems of the Lazio and Tuscany Regions, Italy (9.5 million inhabitants). Patients hospitalized with incident MI in 2010-2014 were analyzed. The outcome measure was medication adherence, defined as a Medication Possession Ratio (MPR) ≥ 0.75 for at least 3 of the following drugs: antiplatelets, ß-blockers, ACEI/ARBs, statins. A 2-year cohort-study was performed. Cross-classified multilevel models were applied to analyze geographic variation. The variance components attributable to hospitals of discharge and community-based providers were expressed as Median Odds Ratio (MOR). RESULTS: A total of 32,962 patients were enrolled. About 63% of patients in the Lazio cohort and 59% of the Tuscan cohort were adherent to chronic polytherapy. Women and patients aged 85 years and over were most at risk of non-adherence. In both regions, adherence was higher for patients discharged from cardiology wards (Lazio: OR = 1.58, p < 0.001, Tuscany: OR = 1.59, p < 0.001) and for patients with a percutaneous coronary intervention during the index admission. Relevant variation between community-based providers was observed, though when the hospital of discharge was included as a cross-classified level, in both Lazio and Tuscany regions the variation attributable to hospitals of discharge was the only significant component (Lazio: MOR = 1.30, p = 0.001; Tuscany: MOR = 1.31, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Adherence to best practice treatments after MI is not consistent with clinical guidelines, and varies between patient groups as well as within and between regions. The variation attributable to providers is affected by the hospital of discharge, up to two years from the acute episode. This variation is likely to be attributable to hospital discharge processes, and could be reduced through appropriate policy levers.

Effectiveness of adherence to recommended clinical examinations of diabetic patients in preventing diabetes-related hospitalizations.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a set of indicators for quality of diabetes care through their relationship with measurable clinical outcomes. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was carried out from 2010 to 2015. SETTING: Population-based study. Data were retrieved from healthcare utilization databases of three Italian regions (Lombardy, Emilia Romagna and Lazio) on the whole covering 20 million citizens. PARTICIPANTS: The 77 285 individuals who were newly taken in care for diabetes during 2010 entered into the cohort. INTERVENTIONS: Exposure to selected clinical recommendations (i.e. periodic controls for glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, urine albumin excretion, serum creatinine and dilated eye exams) was recorded. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: A composite outcome was employed taking into account hospitalizations for brief-term diabetes complications, uncontrolled diabetes, long-term vascular outcomes and no traumatic lower limb amputation. A multivariable proportional hazards model was fitted to estimate hazard ratio, and 95% confidence intervals (CI), for the exposure-outcome association. RESULTS: Among the newly taken in care patients with diabetes, those who adhered to almost none (0 or 1), just some (2 or 3) or almost all (4 or 5) recommendations during the first year after diagnosis were 44%, 36% and 20%, respectively. Compared patients who adhered to almost none recommendation, significant risk reductions of 16% (95% CI, 6-24%) and 20% (7-28%) were observed for those who adhered to just some and almost all recommendations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Tight control of patients with diabetes through regular clinical examinations must to be considered the cornerstone of national guidance, national audits and quality improvement incentives schemes.

[Validation of algorithms for the identification of subjects with chronic disease using health information systems]. / Validazione di algoritmi per l'identificazione di persone con patologia cronica attraverso i dati dei sistemi informativi.

OBJECTIVES: to test the validity of algorithms to identify diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, and hypothyroidism from routinely collected health data using information from self-reported diagnosis and laboratory or functional test. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: clinical or self-reported diagnosis from three surveys conducted in Lazio Region (Central Italy) between year 2010 and 2014 were assumed as gold standard and compared to the results of the algorithms application to administrative data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: prevalence resulted from administrative data and from information available in the surveys were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and positive likelihood ratio of algorithms with respect to self-reported diagnosis, laboratory or functional test, assumed as gold standards, were calculated. RESULTS: we analyzed data of 7,318 subjects (1,545 for diabetes, 1,783 for COPD, 2,448 for hypertension, and 1,542 for hypothyroidism). For hypertension and hypothyroidism, we observed a higher prevalence from laboratory or functional test compared to self-reported diagnosis (54.5% vs. 44.9% and 7.5% vs. 1.5%). Sensitivity of administrative data with respect to self-reported diagnosis resulted 90.9%, 38.5%, 88.3%, and 47.8%, respectively, for diabetes, COPD, hypertension, and hypothyroidism. Respectively, specificity was 97.4%, 91.7%, 84.8% and 91.8%; positive predictive value was 70,9%, 38.1%, 82.6% and 8.1%. All values of positive likelihood ratio resulted moderate (about 5), with exception of the diabetes algorithm and the disease-specific payment exemptions register for hypertension (respectively 35.5 and 17.4). CONCLUSION: hypertension and hypothyroidism resulted markedly underdiagnosed from self-reported data. Case identification algorithms are highly specific, allowing their utilization for selection of cohort of subject affected by chronic diseases. The sub-optimal sensitivity observed for COPD and hypothyroidism could limit the utilization of the algorithms for prevalence estimation.

Prevalence of antibiotic prescription in pediatric outpatients in Italy: the role of local health districts and primary care physicians in determining variation. A multilevel design for healthcare decision support.

BACKGROUND: According to scientific literature, antibacterials are prescribed for common pediatric conditions that do not benefit from antibiotic therapy. The link between antibiotic use and bacterial resistance is well known. Antibiotic overprescribing generates high social costs and severe consequences for children. Our objectives were to analyze antibiotic prescription patterns in pediatric outpatients residing in the Lazio region (Italy), to identify physicians' characteristics associated with increased propensity for prescription, to identify the priority axes for action to improve the rational use of antibiotics. METHODS: We enrolled all children aged 13 years or less in 2014. Antibiotic prescription patterns were analyzed during a one-year follow-up period. The main outcome measures were the antibiotic prescription prevalence, and the geographic variation in antibiotic prescribing. Multilevel models were performed to analyze variation. Variation was expressed as Median Odds Ratios (MORs). If the MOR is 1.00, there is no variation between clusters. If there is considerable between-cluster variation, the MOR will be large. RESULTS: We enrolled 636,911 children. Most of them were aged 6-13 years (57.3%). In 2015, the antibiotic prescription prevalence was 46% in the 0-13, 58% in the 0-5, and 37% in the 6-13 age group. Overall, penicillins were the most prescribed antibiotics, their consumption increased from 43% to 52% during the 2007-2015 period. In 2015, the antibiotic prescription prevalence ranged from 30% to 62% across local health districts (LHDs) of the region. Moreover, a significant (p < 0.001) variation was observed between physicians working in the same LHD: MORs were equal to 1.52 (1.48-1.56) and 1.46 (1.44-1.48) in the 0-5 and 6-13 age groups, respectively. The probability of prescribing antibiotics was significantly (p < 0.001) lower for more-experienced physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric antibiotic use in the Lazio region is much higher than in other European countries. The intra-regional drug prescribing variability underlines the lack of therapeutic protocols shared at regional level and raises equity issues in access to optimal care. Both LHD managers and individual physicians should be involved in training interventions to improve the targeted use of antibiotics and mitigate the effect of contextual variables, such as the spatial-related socioeconomic status of the patient/parent binomial.

Adherence to Long-Acting Bronchodilators After Discharge for COPD: How Much of the Geographic Variation is Attributable to the Hospital of Discharge and How Much to the Primary Care Providers?

In moderate-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), long-acting bronchodilators (LBs) are recommended to improve the quality of life. The aims of this study were to measure adherence to LBs after discharge for COPD, identify determinants of adherence, and compare amounts of variation attributable to hospitals of discharge and primary care providers, i.e. local health districts (LHDs) and general practitioners (GPs). This cohort study was based on the Lazio region population, Italy. Patients discharged in 2007-2011 for COPD were followed up for 2 years. Adherence was defined as a medication possession ratio >80%. Cross-classified models were performed to analyse variation. Variances were expressed as median odds ratios (MORs). An MOR of 1.00 stands for no variation, a large MOR indicates considerable variation. We enrolled 13,178 patients. About 29% of patients were adherent to LBs. Adherence was higher for patients discharged from pneumology wards and for patients with GPs working in group practice. A relevant variation between LHDs (MOR = 1.21, p = 0.001) and GPs (MOR = 1.28, p = 0.035) was detected. When introducing the hospital of discharge in the model, the MOR related to LHDs decreased to 1.05 (p = 0.345), MOR related to GPs dropped to 1.22 (p = 0.086), whereas MOR associated with hospitals of discharge was 1.38 (p < 0.001). Treatments with proven benefit for COPD were underused. Moreover, a relevant geographic variation was observed. This heterogeneity raises equity concerns in access to optimal care. The reduction of variability among LHDs and GPs after entering the hospital level proved that differences we observe in primary care partially 'reflect' the clinical approach of hospitals of discharge.

The effect of heat waves on mortality in susceptible groups: a cohort study of a mediterranean and a northern European City.

BACKGROUND: Climate change is projected to increase the number and intensity of extreme weather events, for example heat waves. Heat waves have adverse health effects, especially for the elderly, since chronic diseases are more frequent in that group than in the population overall. The aim of the study was to investigate mortality during heat waves in an adult population aged 50 years or over, as well as in susceptible subgroups of that population in Rome and Stockholm during the summer periods from 2000 to 2008. METHODS: We collected daily number of deaths occurring between 15th May and 15th September each year for the population above 50 as well as the susceptible subgroups. Heat wave days were defined as two or more days exceeding the city specific 95th percentile of maximum apparent temperature (MAT). The relationship between heat waves and all-cause non-accidental mortality was investigated through time series modelling, adjusting for time trends. RESULTS: The percent increase in daily mortality during heat waves as compared to normal summer days was, in the 50+ population, 22% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 18-26%) in Rome and 8% (95% CI: 3-12%) in Stockholm. Subgroup specific increase in mortality in Rome ranged from 7% (95% CI:-17-39%) among survivors of myocardial infarction to 25% in the COPD (95% CI:9-43%) and diabetes (95% CI:14-37%) subgroups. In Stockholm the range was from 10% (95% CI: 2-19%) for congestive heart failure to 33% (95% CI: 10-61%) for the psychiatric subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality during heat waves increased in both Rome and Stockholm for the 50+ population as well as in the considered subgroups. It should be evaluated if protective measures should be directed towards susceptible groups, rather than the population as a whole.

Cost-effectiveness of outpatient adherence to recommendations for monitoring of patients hospitalized for heart failure.

AIMS: A set of indicators to assess the quality of care for patients hospitalized for heart failure was developed by an expert working group of the Italian Health Ministry. Because a better performance profile measured using these indicators does not necessarily translate to better outcomes, a study to validate these indicators through their relationship with measurable clinical outcomes and healthcare costs supported by the Italian National Health System was carried out. METHODS AND RESULTS: Residents of four Italian regions (Lombardy, Marche, Lazio, and Sicily) who were newly hospitalized for heart failure (irrespective of stage and New York Heart Association class) during 2014-2015 entered in the cohort and followed up until 2019. Adherence to evidence-based recommendations [i.e. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and echocardiograms (ECCs)] experienced during the first year after index discharge was assessed. Composite clinical outcomes (cardiovascular hospital admissions and all-cause mortality) and healthcare costs (hospitalizations, drugs, and outpatient services) were assessed during the follow-up. The restricted mean survival time at 5 years (denoted as the number of months free from clinical outcomes), the hazard of clinical outcomes (according to the Cox model), and average annual healthcare cost (expressed in euros per person-year) were compared between adherent and non-adherent patients. A non-parametric bootstrap method based on 1000 resamples was used to account for uncertainty in cost-effectiveness estimates. A total of 41 406 patients were included in this study (46.3% males, mean age 76.9 ± 9.4 years). Adherence to RAS inhibitors, beta-blockers, MRAs, and ECCs were 64%, 57%, 62%, and 20% among the cohort members, respectively. Compared with non-adherent patients, those who adhered to ECCs, RAS inhibitors, beta-blockers, and MRAs experienced (i) a delay in the composite outcome of 1.6, 1.9, 1.6, and 0.6 months and reduced risks of 9% (95% confidence interval, 2-14%), 11% (7-14%), 8% (5-11%), and 4% (-1-8%), respectively; and (ii) lower (€262, €92, and €571 per year for RAS inhibitors, beta-blockers, and MRAs, respectively) and higher costs (€511 per year for ECC). Adherence to RAS inhibitors, beta-blockers, and MRAs showed a delay in the composite outcome and a saving of costs in 98%, 84%, and 93% of the 1000 bootstrap replications, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Strict monitoring of patients with heart failure through regular clinical examinations and drug therapies should be considered the cornerstone of national guidelines and audits.

[Evaluation of the indirect impact of the Sars-CoV-2 epidemic on primary and ambulatory care processes using synthetic quality measures and graphic representations.] / Valutazione dell'impatto indiretto dell'epidemia da Sars-CoV-2 sui processi assistenziali del territorio attraverso rappresentazioni sintetiche della qualità delle cure.

INTRODUCTION: A concise representation of different primary and ambulatory care quality indicators can be very useful for quickly understanding the data and defining appropriate intervention strategies. The objectives of this study are to implement a graphical representation based on the TreeMap, a tool capable of summarizing results from heterogeneous indicators, with different measurement scales and thresholds, and take advantage of TreeMap's potential to measure the indirect impact of the Sars-CoV-2 epidemic on primary and ambulatory care processes. METHODS: Seven healthcare areas were considered each defined by a set of different indicators representative of the area. A discrete score ranging from 1 (very high quality) to 5 (very low quality) was assigned to the value of each indicator, based on the level of adherence to evidence-based recommendations. Finally, the score of each healthcare area is obtained as the weighted average of the scores of the representative indicators. The TreeMap is calculated for each Local health authority (Lha) of the Lazio Region. In order to assess the impact of the epidemic, a comparison was made between the results observed in 2019 and those observed in 2020. RESULTS: As an example, the results of one of the 10 Lhas of the Lazio Region have been reported. Compared to 2019, in 2020 there was an improvement in primary and ambulatory healthcare regarding all of the evaluated areas, with the exception of the metabolic area which remained stable. "Avoidable" hospitalizations have decreased, such as those for heart failure, Copd and diabetes. The incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular events following myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke has decreased, and inappropriate visits to emergency room have reduced. Furthermore, after decades of overprescribing, the use of drugs with a high risk of inappropriateness, such as antibiotics and aerosolized corticosteroids, has significantly decreased. DISCUSSION: The TreeMap has proven to be a valid tool for evaluating the quality of primary care, summarizing evidence from different and heterogeneous indicators. The improvements in quality levels observed in 2020, compared to 2019, should be interpreted with extreme caution because they could represent a paradox generated by the indirect effects of the Sars-CoV-2 epidemic. If, in the case of the epidemic, the distorting factors can be easily identified, in different and more ordinary evaluative analyses the "research for the causes" could be much more complex.

P.Re.Val.E.: outcome research program for the evaluation of health care quality in Lazio, Italy.

BACKGROUND: P.Re.Val.E. is the most comprehensive comparative evaluation program of healthcare outcomes in Lazio, an Italian region, and the first Italian study to make health provider performance data available to the public. The aim of this study is to describe the P.Re.Val.E. and the impact of releasing performance data to the public. METHODS: P.Re.Val.E. included 54 outcome/process indicators encompassing many different clinical areas. Crude and adjusted rates were estimated for the 2006-2009 period. Multivariate regression models and direct standardization procedures were used to control for potential confounding due to individual characteristics. Variable life-adjusted display charts were developed, and 2008-2009 results were compared with those from 2006-2007. RESULTS: Results of 54 outcome indicators were published online at http://www.epidemiologia.lazio.it/prevale10/index.php. Public disclosure of the indicators' results caused mixed reactions but finally promoted discussion and refinement of some indicators. Based on the P.Re.Val.E. experience, the Italian National Agency for Regional Health Services has launched a National Outcome Program aimed at systematically comparing outcomes in hospitals and local health units in Italy. CONCLUSIONS: P.Re.Val.E. highlighted aspects of patient care that merit further investigation and monitoring to improve healthcare services and equity.

[Adherence to chronic polytherapy in secondary prevention of myocardial infarction: limits and perspectives.] / Aderenza alla politerapia cronica nella prevenzione secondaria dell'infarto: limiti e prospettive.

Patients who have had an acute myocardial infarction (MI) are at increased risk of mortality and morbidity. International guidelines agree on the use of combination of the following drugs: platelet antiplatelets, ß-blockers, ACEI/ARBs and statins. The benefits of chronic polytherapy in reducing cardiovascular disease have been clearly shown. However, observational studies reported poor adherence to chronic polytherapy. We identified about 52,000 patients discharged from hospital with a first MI diagnosis from three Italian regions: Lazio, Toscana and Sicilia. Adherence to chronic poly-therapy in the two years after hospital discharge ranged from 63% in the Lazio region to 27% in the Sicilia region. More than 75 percent of MI patients had chronic concomitant diseases. Chronic diseases played a major role among barriers to adherence. MI patients with multimorbidity have complex health needs but, due to the current traditional disease-oriented approach, they face a highly fragmented form of care that leads to incomplete, inefficient, ineffective and possibly harmful clinical interventions, and are likely to receive complex drug regimens, which increase the risk of inappropriate prescribing, drug-drug interactions, and poor adherence. In order to address patient-specific needs, a network of multidisciplinary teams should be implemented, avoiding fragmentation and ensuring continuity of care.

Safety and effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists: results from 3 Italian regions.

Background: In Italy, direct oral anticoagulant drugs (DOACs) were authorized for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in 2013. There is conflicting evidence on their benefit-risk profile under real world conditions. Methods: The Italian Medicines Agency funded this study to investigate effectiveness and safety of DOACs compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in three Italian regions. An observational study was conducted with a sequential propensity-score-matched new user parallel-cohort design in the period July 2013-December 2015 using administrative health data. DOAC users with NVAF diagnosis were 1:1 matched to VKA users based on a PS which accounted for over 90 potential confounders at baseline. Applying an as-treated approach with a 90-day renewal grace time, patients were followed from the day after the first prescription of the study drug until occurrence of the outcome, death, discontinuation, switch, end of health plan enrolment, or study end. Outcomes were total and cardiovascular mortality, acute myocardial infarction, ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Analyses were performed, using Cox proportional hazard models stratified by matched set. The results of the regional analyses were combined through a random-effects meta-analysis. Results: During the first 30 months of authorisation for NVAF, DOACs were increasingly prescribed. Overall, 72,434 new anticoagulant users were enrolled, 34% of whom received a DOAC. After PS matching, 37,266 patients contributed to the analysis. No differences between the study groups were found for total and cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. DOAC users were at higher risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (HR 1.41, 95%CI 1.07-1.86) and at a not significant lower risk of haemorrhagic stroke (HR 0.36, 95%CI 0.10-1.33). Conclusions: The present study confirms findings from previous research regarding bleeding events, whereas we did not find a reduced risk of mortality in DOAC users. Further research on single active agents and specific populations is warranted.

Developing and validating a novel multisource comorbidity score from administrative data: a large population-based cohort study from Italy.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a novel comorbidity score (multisource comorbidity score (MCS)) predictive of mortality, hospital admissions and healthcare costs using multiple source information from the administrative Italian National Health System (NHS) databases. METHODS: An index of 34 variables (measured from inpatient diagnoses and outpatient drug prescriptions within 2 years before baseline) independently predicting 1-year mortality in a sample of 500 000 individuals aged 50 years or older randomly selected from the NHS beneficiaries of the Italian region of Lombardy (training set) was developed. The corresponding weights were assigned from the regression coefficients of a Weibull survival model. MCS performance was evaluated by using an internal (ie, another sample of 500 000 NHS beneficiaries from Lombardy) and three external (each consisting of 500 000 NHS beneficiaries from Emilia-Romagna, Lazio and Sicily) validation sets. Discriminant power and net reclassification improvement were used to compare MCS performance with that of other comorbidity scores. MCS ability to predict secondary health outcomes (ie, hospital admissions and costs) was also investigated. RESULTS: Primary and secondary outcomes progressively increased with increasing MCS value. MCS improved the net 1-year mortality reclassification from 27% (with respect to the Chronic Disease Score) to 69% (with respect to the Elixhauser Index). MCS discrimination performance was similar in the four regions of Italy we tested, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (95% CI) being 0.78 (0.77 to 0.79) in Lombardy, 0.78 (0.77 to 0.79) in Emilia-Romagna, 0.77 (0.76 to 0.78) in Lazio and 0.78 (0.77 to 0.79) in Sicily. CONCLUSION: MCS seems better than conventional scores for predicting health outcomes, at least in the general population from Italy. This may offer an improved tool for risk adjustment, policy planning and identifying patients in need of a focused treatment approach in the everyday medical practice.

Adherence to evidence-based drug therapies after myocardial infarction: is geographic variation related to hospital of discharge or primary care providers? A cross-classified multilevel design.

OBJECTIVES: To measure the adherence to polytherapy after myocardial infarction (MI), to compare the proportions of variation attributable to hospitals of discharge and to primary care providers, and to identify determinants of adherence to medications. SETTING: This is a population-based study. Data were obtained from the Information Systems of the Lazio Region, Italy (5 million inhabitants). PARTICIPANTS: Patients hospitalised with incident MI in 2007-2010. OUTCOME MEASURE: The outcome was chronic polytherapy after MI. Adherence was defined as a medication possession ratio ≥0.75 for at least three of the following drugs: antiplatelets, ß-blockers, ACEI angiotensin receptor blockers, statins. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS: A 2-year cohort study was performed. Cross-classified multilevel models were applied to analyse geographic variation and compare proportions of variability attributable to hospitals of discharge and primary care providers. The variance components were expressed as median ORs MORs. If the MOR is 1.00, there is no variation between clusters. If there is considerable between-cluster variation, the MOR will be large. RESULTS: A total of 9606 patients were enrolled. About 63% were adherent to chronic polytherapy. Adherence was higher for patients discharged from cardiology wards (OR=1.56 vs other wards, p<0.001) and for patients with general practitioners working in group practice (OR=1.14 vs single-handed, p=0.042). A relevant variation in adherence was detected between local health districts (MOR=1.24, p<0.001). When introducing the hospital of discharge as a cross-classified level, the variation between local health districts decreased (MOR=1.13, p=0.020) and the variability attributable to hospitals of discharge was significantly higher (MOR=1.37, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Secondary prevention pharmacotherapy after MI is not consistent with clinical guidelines. The relevant geographic variation raises equity issues in access to optimal care. Adherence was influenced more by the hospital that discharged the patient than by the primary care providers. Cross-classified models proved to be a useful tool for defining priority areas for more targeted interventions.

Effect of ambient temperature and air pollutants on the risk of preterm birth, Rome 2001-2010.

INTRODUCTION: Although the prevalence of preterm births ranges from 5 to 13% and represents the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity in developed countries, the etiology of preterm birth remains uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term exposure to high and low temperatures and air pollution on preterm delivery and to identify socio-demographic and clinical maternal risk factors enhancing individual susceptibility. METHODS: We analyzed all singleton live births by natural delivery that occurred in Rome in 2001-2010. A time-series approach was used to estimate the effect of exposure to minimum temperature, maximum apparent temperature, heat waves, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm or less (PM10), ozone, and nitrogen dioxide in the month preceding delivery; the analysis was conducted separately for cold and warm seasons. Socio-demographic and clinical risk factors were included as interaction terms. RESULTS: Preterm births comprised nearly 6% of our cohort. An increase of 1.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86-2.87) in daily preterm births per 1°C increase in maximum apparent temperature in the 2days preceding delivery was estimated for the warm season. Older women, women with higher education levels, and women with obstetric or chronic pathologies reported during delivery had a lower effect of temperature on the risk of preterm birth, while women with a chronic disease in the two years before delivery and mothers<20years showed a higher effect. A +19% (95% CI 7.91-31.69) increase in preterm births was observed during heat waves. Temperature had no effect during the cold season. We detected a significant effect of PM10 on preterm-birth risk at a lag period of 12-22days during the warm season (+0.69%; 95% CI 0.23-1.15, for 1µg/m(3) increase of pollutant); women with obstetric pathologies and with a higher education level showed a higher risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a possible short-term effect of heat and a more delayed and prolonged effect of PM10 exposure on preterm-birth risk, as well as the existence of more susceptible subgroups of women. Our observations support the few reported investigations, and may help to increase awareness among public-health stakeholders and clinicians regarding the role of these environmental exposures as risk factors for premature birth and health consequences for children later in life.

Spie charts, target plots, and radar plots for displaying comparative outcomes of health care.

OBJECTIVE: Comparative evaluations of clinical outcomes (e.g., in-hospital mortality, complications after a surgical procedure) or health care processes involve the definition of several indicators for each study unit. Graphical displays are best suited for highlighting the main patterns in the data. The aim of this study was to compare different graphical techniques, including target plots, radar plots, and "spie" charts, for comparing the performances of different health care providers. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Thirteen indicators were calculated and combined in eight composite indices for eight clinical categories of interest. The indices were displayed with target plots, radar plots, and "spie" charts. RESULTS: All the three techniques had an immediate interpretation and were easy to implement. However, target plots failed to highlight small differences between indicators, whereas radar plots were strongly influenced by the order in which the indicators were displayed. Both target and radar plots assumed equal weights for the indicators, and did not allow predetermined judgments on the relative importance of the indicators. "Spie" charts overcame the primary limitations of the other two techniques. Furthermore, they are well suited to summarize the overall performance of a health care provider with a single score. CONCLUSION: "Spie" charts represented the best graphical tool for displaying multivariate health care data in comparative evaluations of clinical outcomes and processes of care among health care providers.