Extrapulmonary involvement associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection usually presents with upper and lower respiratory tract infection. Extrapulmonary involvement is not uncommon, however. We report two cases of predominantly extrapulmonary manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection without significant pulmonary involvement. Both cases were diagnosed by serology. These cases illustrate the diversity of clinical presentations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion.

The plant ribosome inactivating proteins luffin and saporin are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase.

The ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins that are able to inactivate eukaryotic protein synthesis by attacking the 28S ribosomal RNA. Recent studies have shown that some RIPs possess strong anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity. In this study, several common plant RIPs including agrostin, gelonin, luffin, alpha-momorcharin, beta-momorcharin, saporin and trichosanthin were examined for the ability to interfere with HIV-1 replication in a variety of mechanistic assays in vitro. These assays included the CD4/gp120 interaction assay, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) assay, HIV-1 protease assay and HIV-1 integrase assay. At the concentration of 100 nM, all RIPs appeared to enhance the CD4/gp120 interaction by about 50%. These RIPs exhibited a very weak suppressive effect on HIV-1 RT and on HIV-1 protease. In contrast, with the exception of agrostin, all the RIPs tested could strongly inhibit HIV-1 integrase, the extent of inhibition ranging from 26.1 to 96.3% in an ELISA-based assay. Two RIPs, saporin and luffin, which licited over 90% inhibition in the ELISA-based assay, were further characterized in a radiometric assay. Both of these two RIPs evoked a strong dose-dependent inhibition in the 3'-end processing and strand-transfer activities of integrase. The results from this study suggest that the anti-HIV property of RIPs may be due to inhibition of HIV-1 integrase.

Inhibitory effects of antifungal proteins on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase.

A variety of antifungal proteins were isolated from seeds of leguminous plants including French bean, cowpea, field bean, mung bean, peanut and red kidney bean. They were assayed for ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase, enzymes essential to the life cycle of HIV-1 . It was found that the cowpea beta-antifungal protein had a high potency in inhibiting HIV-1 protease and HIV-1 integrase. Cowpea alpha-antifungal protein was potent in inhibiting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HIV-1 integrase. Peanut antifungal protein was characterized by a high inhibitory activity against HIV-1 integrase and an intermediate potency in inhibiting HIV- I reverse transcriptase and HIV- I protease. French bean thaumatin-like protein expressed low HIV- I protease inhibitory activity and red kidney bean lectin inhibited HIV- I integrase by only a very small extent. Antifungal proteins from the field bean and mung bean had an intermediate potency in inhibitory HIV-1 protease and integrase. However, mung bean antifungal protein was not capable of inhibiting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. The results indicate that nearly all leguminous antifungal proteins examined were able to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase to some extent.

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase by bovine milk proteins.

Different proteins have been isolated from bovine milk including lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, glycolactin, angiogenin-1, lactogenin, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoglobulin and casein. These proteins have been assayed for inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase, enzymes crucial to the HIV-1 life cycle. It was found that different milk proteins inhibited the three aforementioned HIV enzymes to different extents. Lactoferrin strongly inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase but only slightly inhibited HIV-1 protease and integrase. On the other hand, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and casein inhibited HIV-1 protease and integrase to an appreciable extent but did not inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Glycolactin and angiogenin-1 suppressed the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by a moderate extent but more powerfully inhibited HIV-1 protease and integrase. In comparison with the other milk proteins glycolactin was a strong inhibitor of HIV-1 protease and integrase and a moderate inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Lactogenin was a strong inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase, a moderate inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and a weak inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.

A comparison of HIV-1 integrase inhibition by aqueous and methanol extracts of Chinese medicinal herbs.

The aqueous and methanol extracts of twenty herbs traditionally used in Chinese medicine were screened for anti-HIV-1 integrase activity in a non-radioactive ELISA-based HIV-1 integrase assay. The screening was performed at an herb extract concentration of 50 microg/ml. It was found that most of the aqueous and methanol herb extracts could elicit strong inhibition of HIV-I integrase activity. The inhibition was most likely due to tannins or polyphenolics in the herb extracts. In most of the herb extracts, 40-80% of the anti-HIV-1 integrase activity could be removed after passing through a minicolumn of polyamide resin. After removal of polyphenolic compounds, the methanol extract of Paeonia suffruticosa still exerted potent inhibition of HIV-1 integrase (EC50 = 15 microg/ml) and the aqueous extract of Prunella vulgaris caused moderate inhibition (EC50 = 45 microg/ml). The results support the view that herbs represent a rich source of anti-HIV compounds.

A comparison of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 protease inhibition activities by the aqueous and methanol extracts of Chinese medicinal herbs.

The aqueous and methanol extracts of thirty-one herbs traditionally used as anti-fever remedies in China were screened for their in vitro inhibition on human immunodeficiency virus type-1 protease (HIV-1 PR). The activity of recombinant HIV-1 protease was determined by sequence-specific cleavage at the Tyr-Pro bond of the fluorogenic substrate (Arg-Glu(EDANS)-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Val-Gln-Lys(DABCYL)- Arg) or by HPLC anaylsis of the cleavage products after incubation of the enzyme with a synthetic peptide substrate (Acetyl-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Val-Val-amide). Among the herbal extracts examined, the aqueous extracts of Prunella vulgaris and Scutellaria baicalensis and the methanol extracts of Woodwardia unigemmata, Paeonica suffruticosa and Spatholobus suberectus elicited significant inhibition (>90%) at a concentration of 200 microg/ml.

Enhancement of extracellular production of a Cellulomonas fimi exoglucanase in Escherichia coli by the reduction of promoter strength.

The enzymatic approach to the treatment of cellulosic wastes depends on the availability of cost-effective means for the production of cellulases. We have engineered an excretion construct, tacIQpar8cex, to investigate the extracellular production of a Cellulomonas fimi exoglucanase (Exg) in Escherichia coli. The overall yield of Exg expressed by the culture of JM101 (tacIQpar8cex) was 2-11 times higher than that obtained using other systems. Over 20% of the activity was detected in the medium. When the culture was induced with IPTG, the overall production of Exg dropped dramatically. The lower yield was found to be caused by both rapid cell death and plasmid curing. A derivative of tacIQpar8cex containing the weaker lacUV5 promoter, designated lacUV5par8cex, was constructed to enhance excretion of Exg from strain JM101. Even with IPTG induction, the JM101 (lacUV5par8cex) culture was found to show a high level of cell viability and plasmid stability as well as the ability to provide efficient expression and excretion of Exg. Upon IPTG induction for 12 h, the activity and specific activity of the excreted Exg obtained from the lacUV5par8cex construct were 143 U ml-1 and 793 U mg-1 protein, respectively, which are 2-5 times higher than that detected from the tacIQpar8cex construct and from the best construct expressing the same gene reported previously.

Recombinant human arginase inhibits proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing cell cycle arrest.

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an elevated requirement for arginine in vitro, and pegylated recombinant human arginase I (rhArg-PEG), an arginine-depleting enzyme, can inhibit the growth of arginine-dependent tumors. While supplementation of the culture medium with ornithine failed to rescue Hep3B cells from growth inhibition induced by rhArg-PEG, citrulline successfully restored cell growth. The data support the roles previously proposed for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) in the arginine auxotrophy and rhArg-PEG sensitivity of HCC cells. Expression profiling of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) and OTC in 40 HCC tumor biopsy specimens predicted that 16 of the patients would be rhArg-sensitive, compared with 5 who would be sensitive to arginine deiminase (ADI), another arginine-depleting enzyme with anti-tumor activity. Furthermore, rhArg-PEG-mediated deprivation of arginine from the culture medium of different HCC cell lines produced cell cycle arrests at the G(2)/M or S phase, possibly mediated by transcriptional modulation of cyclins and/or cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). Based on these results, together with further validation of the in vivo efficacy of rhArg-PEG against HCC, we propose that the application of rhArg-PEG alone or in combination with existing chemotherapeutic drugs may represent a specific and effective therapeutic strategy against HCC.

Cell death caused by hyper-expression of a secretory exoglucanase in Escherichia coli.

Induced expression of a gene fusion between the ompA leader sequence and the Cellulomonas fimi cex gene encoding a secretory exoglucanase, Exg, engineered in the Tac-cassette excretion vector was lethal to Escherichia coli. An exponentially growing culture harboring the recombinant construct suffered slow growth and 99.9% of its cells died within 60-100 min after induction. This abnormality was found to have a close correlation with the rapid increase in the relative amount of the OmpA/Exg fusion precursor (Pre-Exg) compared to its processed product (Mat-Exg). Analysis of subcellular fractions revealed the presence of Pre-Exg in the inner membrane of cultures expressing high levels but not low levels of Pre-Exg. As only Pre-Exg but not Mat-Exg was detectable in the cytoplasm, and Exg was shown by cross-linking experiments to be physically associated with the Sec proteins, it was concluded that secretion and processing of Pre-Exg took place in the SecYEG translocation machinery. The results were in line with the previous speculation that accumulation of unprocessed precursor proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane was detrimental, and supported the idea that cell death was caused by some unusual tie-up of Pre-Exg with the SecYEG translocation machinery, thus imposing an inhibitory effect on the secretion of endogenous secretory proteins. A new model, designated "Saturated Translocation," was proposed to explain the interchangeable lethal and non-lethal properties of Pre-Exg, and to address the possible scenarios that might occur in the course of cell death triggered by secretion of Pre-Exg.

[Viet Nam faces a population explosion]. / Le Viet-Nam face a l'explosion demographique.

PIP: The author describes the rapid population growth that has occurred in Viet Nam since the country's reunification in 1976 and the measures adopted by the government to try to slow this rate of growth. The author concludes that vigorous family planning efforts have had some impact on the urban population but no discernable effect in rural areas, where some 80 percent of the population lives. Population continues to grow rapidly and economic conditions continue to deteriorate.^ieng

Corneal electrode for recording electroretinograms in rats.

The corneal contact lens electrode, because of its convenience, has replaced the cotton-wick electrode for recording electroretinograms from patients and animals such as dogs, rabbits, and cats. The cotton-wick electrode, however, remains popular for rat electroretinogram measurements because small contact lens corneal electrodes that fit rat eyes are difficult to fabricate. We prepared corneal electrodes from disposable needles for use in recording electroretinograms from rats. The electrodes were readily prepared, were inexpensive, and were used successfully in six rats.