Systemic primary carnitine deficiency induces severe arrhythmia due to shortening of QT interval.

BACKGROUND: Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is characterized by cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia. Without carnitine supplementation, progression is usually towards fatal cardiac decompensation. While the cardiomyopathy is most likely secondary to energy deficiency, the mechanism of arrhythmia is unclear, and may be related to a short QT interval. OBJECTIVE: We aim to describe rhythmic manifestations at diagnosis and with carnitine supplementation. METHODS: French patients diagnosed for PCD were retrospectively included. Clinical and para clinical data at diagnosis and during follow-up were collected. Electrocardiograms with QT interval measurements were blinded reviewed by two paediatric cardiologists. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (median age at diagnosis 2.3 years (extremes 0.3-28.9)) followed in 8 French centres were included. At diagnosis, 21% of patients (4/19) had arrhythmia (2 ventricular fibrillations, 1 ventricular tachycardia and 1 sudden death), and 84% (16/19) had cardiomyopathy. Six electrocardiograms before treatment out of 11 available displayed a short QT (QTc < 340 ms). Median corrected QTc after carnitine supplementation was 404 ms (extremes 341-447) versus 350 ms (extremes 282-421) before treatment (p < 0.001). The whole QTc was prolonged, and no patient reached the criterion of short QT syndrome with carnitine supplementation. Three patients died, probably from rhythmic cause without carnitine supplementation (two extra-hospital sudden deaths and one non-recoverable rhythmic storm before carnitine supplementation), whereas no rhythmic complication occurred in patients with carnitine supplementation. CONCLUSION: PCD is associated with shortening of the QT interval inducing severe arrhythmia. A potential explanation would be a toxic effect of accumulated fatty acid and metabolites on ionic channels embedded in the cell membrane. Carnitine supplementation normalizes the QTc and prevents arrhythmia. Newborn screening of primary carnitine deficiency would prevent avoidable deaths.

Individual and Family Determinants for Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Inborn Errors of Metabolism Requiring a Restricted Diet: A Multilevel Analysis Approach.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the quality of life (QoL) for parents of children with inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) requiring a restricted diet with French population norms and investigate parental QoL determinants. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included mothers and/or fathers of children < 18 years of age affected by IEMs requiring a restricted diet (except phenylketonuria) from January 2015 to December 2017. Parents' QoL was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF questionnaire and compared with age- and sex-matched reference values from the French general population. Linear mixed models were used to examine the effects of demographic, socioeconomic, disease-related, and psychocognitive factors on parental QoL, according to a 2-level regression model considering individuals (parents) nested within families. RESULTS: Of the 1156 parents invited to participate, 785 (68%) were included. Compared with the general population, parents of children with IEMs requiring a restricted diet reported a lower QoL in physical and social relationship domains but a higher QoL in the psychological domain. In the multivariate analysis, characteristics associated with poorer parental QoL included both parent-related factors (being a father, older age, more educated parent, nonworking parent, greater anxiety, seeking more social support, and using less positive thinking and problem-solving coping strategies) and family-related factors (disease complications, increased number of hospital medical providers, child's younger age, single-parent family, and lower family material wealth). CONCLUSION: Parents of children with IEMs requiring a restricted diet reported poorer QoL in physical and social relationship domains than population norms. Psychocognitive factors, beyond disease-specific and family-related characteristics, were the most important determinants influencing parental QoL and may represent essential aspects for interventions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02552784.

Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of acute episodes of rhabdomyolysis in lipin-1-deficient patients.

Mutations in the LPIN1 gene constitute a major cause of severe rhabdomyolysis (RM). The TLR9 activation prompted us to treat patients with corticosteroids in acute conditions. In patients with LPIN1 mutations, RM and at-risk situations that can trigger RM have been treated in a uniform manner. Since 2015, these patients have also received intravenous corticosteroids. We retrospectively compared data on hospital stays by corticosteroid-treated patients vs. patients not treated with corticosteroids. Nineteen patients were hospitalized. The median number of admissions per patient was 21 overall and did not differ when comparing the 10 corticosteroid-treated patients with the 9 patients not treated with corticosteroids. Four patients in the non-corticosteroid group died during a RM (mean age at death: 5.6 years). There were no deaths in the corticosteroid group. The two groups did not differ significantly in the number of RM episodes. However, for the six patients who had RM and occasionally been treated with corticosteroids, the median number of RM episodes was significantly lower when intravenous steroids had been administered. The peak plasma creatine kinase level and the area under the curve were or tended to be higher in patients treated with corticosteroids-even after the exclusion of deceased patients or focusing on the period after 2015. The median length of stay (10 days overall) was significantly longer for corticosteroid-treated patients but was similar after the exclusion of deceased patients. The absence of deaths and the higher severity of RM observed among corticosteroid-treated patients could suggest that corticotherapy is associated with greater survival.

Determinants of Quality of Life in Children with Inborn Errors of Metabolism Receiving a Restricted Diet.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the determinants of quality of life (QoL) in children with inborn errors of metabolism with restricted diet (IEMRDs) using a single theory-based multidimensional model. STUDY DESIGN: In this multicenter cross-sectional study, data from children aged 8-17 years with IEMRDs (except phenylketonuria) and their parents were collected from January 2015 to December 2017. Measurements included a child's self-reported QoL, self-rated behavioral problems and anxiety, and parental anxiety. Based on hypotheses from a literature-built theoretical model linking demographic, clinical, family environment, and psychosocial characteristics to QoL either directly or indirectly, associations of these factors with a child's self-rated QoL were examined using a structural equation modeling approach. RESULTS: A total of 312 children (mean [SD] age, 12.2 [2.6] years; 51% boys [n = 160]) were included. Higher levels of trait anxiety and behavioral problems in children were the most important factors associated with poorer QoL (standardized path coefficients, -0.71 and -0.23, respectively). In addition, higher parent trait anxiety, younger age at diagnosis, and a disease requiring an emergency diet were associated with poorer QoL in these children. The final model fit the data closely according to conventional goodness-of-fit statistics and explained 86% of the QoL variance. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial factors appear to be major determinants of QoL impairment in children with IEMRDs. These factors should be addressed in clinical practice as part of the global treatment plan for a child with IEMRD. Future studies based on a longitudinal design should consider coping strategies when exploring potential predictive factors of QoL.

Health Status of French Young Patients with Inborn Errors of Metabolism with Lifelong Restricted Diet.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the health status of young patients affected by inborn errors of metabolism that require adherence to a restricted diet (IEMRDs) and to describe and compare their self- and proxy (parent)-reported quality of life (QoL) with reference values. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015-2017 in patients affected by IEMRDs (except phenylketonuria) younger than 18 years. Data collection was based on medical records, clinical examinations, parents' and children's interviews, and self-reported questionnaires. Measurements included clinical and healthcare data, child and family environment data, and self- and proxy (parent)-reported QoL. RESULTS: Of the 633 eligible participants, 578 were recruited (50.3% boys; mean age: 8.7 years); their anthropometric status did not differ from the general population. Approximately one-half of them had at least 1 complication of the disease. Their self-reported global QoL did not differ from that of the general population. However, relations with friends and leisure activities QoL domains were negatively impacted, whereas relations with medical staff, relations with parents, and self-esteem QoL domains were positively impacted. Their proxy (parent)-reported QoL was negatively impacted. CONCLUSIONS: Young patients affected by IEMRDs present a high rate of clinical complications. Although their proxy (parent)-reported QoL was negatively impacted, their self-reported QoL was variably impacted (both positively and negatively). These results may inform counseling for those who care for affected patients and their families.

Letter to the editor: clarifying some aspects and the terminology of individualized human milk fortification.

This letter has been written by the components of the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) Working Group on Human Milk Fortification in response to a recent paper published by Mathes et al. (BMC Pediatr. 2018 May 8;18(1):154) with the aim of drawing attention to the importance of the use of a metabolic marker to adapt protein intake in preterm infants. EMBA Working Group on Human Milk Fortification clarifies further the terminology and some specific aspects regarding individualized human milk fortification. There are two types of individualized human milk fortification: Adjustable human milk fortification and Targeted human milk fortification. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are summarized.

Diagnostic approach to neurotransmitter monoamine disorders: experience from clinical, biochemical, and genetic profiles.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To improve the diagnostic work-up of patients with diverse neurological diseases, we have elaborated specific clinical and CSF neurotransmitter patterns. METHODS: Neurotransmitter determinations in CSF from 1200 patients revealed abnormal values in 228 (19%) cases. In 54/228 (24%) patients, a final diagnosis was identified. RESULTS: We have reported primary (30/54, 56%) and secondary (24/54, 44%) monoamine neurotransmitter disorders. For primary deficiencies, the most frequently mutated gene was DDC (n = 9), and the others included PAH with neuropsychiatric features (n = 4), PTS (n = 5), QDPR (n = 3), SR (n = 1), and TH (n = 1). We have also identified mutations in SLC6A3, FOXG1 (n = 1 of each), MTHFR (n = 3), FOLR1, and MTHFD (n = 1 of each), for dopamine transporter, neuronal development, and folate metabolism disorders, respectively. For secondary deficiencies, we have identified POLG (n = 3), ACSF3 (n = 1), NFU1, and SDHD (n = 1 of each), playing a role in mitochondrial function. Other mutated genes included: ADAR, RNASEH2B, RNASET2, SLC7A2-IT1 A/B lncRNA, and EXOSC3 involved in nuclear and cytoplasmic metabolism; RanBP2 and CASK implicated in post-traductional and scaffolding modifications; SLC6A19 regulating amino acid transport; MTM1, KCNQ2 (n = 2), and ATP1A3 playing a role in nerve cell electrophysiological state. Chromosome abnormalities, del(8)(p23)/dup(12) (p23) (n = 1), del(6)(q21) (n = 1), dup(17)(p13.3) (n = 1), and non-genetic etiologies (n = 3) were also identified. CONCLUSION: We have classified the final 54 diagnoses in 11 distinctive biochemical profiles and described them through 20 clinical features. To identify the specific molecular cause of abnormal NT profiles, (targeted) genomics might be used, to improve diagnosis and allow early treatment of complex and rare neurological genetic diseases.

Neurocognitive profiles in MSUD school-age patients.

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), an inborn error of amino acids catabolism is characterized by accumulation of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, valine and their corresponding alpha-ketoacids. Impact on the cognitive development has been reported historically, with developmental delays of varying degree. Currently, earlier diagnosis and improved management allow a better neurodevelopment, without requirement of special education. However, specific impairments can be observed, and so far, results of detailed neurocognitive assessments are not available. The aim of this study was to analyse neurocognitive profiles of French MSUD patients. This was a multicentre retrospective study on MSUD patients who underwent neurocognitive evaluation at primary school age. Twenty-one patients with classical neonatal onset MSUD were included. The patients' mean age at the time of evaluation was 8.7 years. The mean intellectual quotient (IQ) score was in the normal range (95.1 ± 12.6). In a subset of eight patients, a consistent developmental pattern of higher verbal than performance IQ was observed (mean of the difference 25.7 ± 8.7, p < 0.0001). No correlation could be established between this pattern and long-term metabolic balance (BCAA blood levels), or severity of acute metabolic imbalances, or leucine blood levels at diagnosis and time to toxin removal procedure. These data show that some MSUD patients may exhibit an abnormal neurocognitive profile with higher verbal than performance abilities. This might suggest an executive dysfunction disorder that would need to be further investigated by specialized testing. This pattern is important to detect in MSUD, as appropriate neuropsychological treatment strategies should be proposed.

Real-World Experience of Carglumic Acid for Methylmalonic and Propionic Acidurias: An Interim Analysis of the Multicentre Observational PROTECT Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) and propionic aciduria (PA) are organic acidurias characterised by the accumulation of toxic metabolites and hyperammonaemia related to secondary N-acetylglutamate deficiency. Carglumic acid, a synthetic analogue of N-acetylglutamate, decreases ammonia levels by restoring the functioning of the urea cycle. However, there are limited data available on the long-term safety and effectiveness of carglumic acid. Here, we present an interim analysis of the ongoing, long-term, prospective, observational PROTECT study (NCT04176523), which is investigating the long-term use of carglumic acid in children and adults with MMA and PA. METHODS: Individuals with MMA or PA from France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the UK who have received at least 1 year of carglumic acid treatment as part of their usual care are eligible for inclusion. The primary objective is the number and duration of acute metabolic decompensation events with hyperammonaemia (ammonia level >159 µmol/L during a patient's first month of life or >60 µmol/L thereafter, with an increased lactate level [> 1.8 mmol/L] and/or acidosis [pH < 7.35]) before and after treatment with carglumic acid. Peak plasma ammonia levels during the last decompensation event before and the first decompensation event after carglumic acid initiation, and the annualised rate of decompensation events before and after treatment initiation are also being assessed. Secondary objectives include the duration of hospital stay associated with decompensation events. Data are being collected at approximately 12 months' and 18 months' follow-up. RESULTS: Of the patients currently enrolled in the PROTECT study, data from ten available patients with MMA (n = 4) and PA (n = 6) were analysed. The patients had received carglumic acid for 14-77 (mean 36) months. Carglumic acid reduced the median peak ammonia level of the total patient population from 250 µmol/L (range 97-2569) before treatment to 103 µmol/L (range 97-171) after treatment. The annualised rate of acute metabolic decompensations with hyperammonaemia was reduced by a median of - 41% (range - 100% to + 60%) after treatment with carglumic acid. Of the five patients who experienced a decompensation event before treatment and for whom a post-treatment rate could be calculated, the annualised decompensation event rate was lower after carglumic acid treatment in four patients. The mean duration of hospital inpatient stay during decompensation events was shorter after than before carglumic acid treatment initiation in four of five patients for whom length of stay could be calculated. CONCLUSIONS: In this group of patients with MMA and PA, treatment with carglumic acid for at least 1 year reduced peak plasma ammonia levels in the total patient population and reduced the frequency of metabolic decompensation events, as well as the duration of inpatient stay due to metabolic decompensations in a subset of patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04176523. Registered 25 November, 2019, retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04176523 .

Case report: Two siblings with very late onset of holocarboxylase synthase deficiency and a mini-review.

Holocarboxylase synthase (HCS) deficiency is an extremely rare metabolic disorder typically presenting as severe neonatal metabolic acidosis, lethargy, hypotonia, vomiting, and seizures. This report describes two siblings in a family with late-onset forms of HCS deficiency. The younger sister presented at the age of 11 years and manifested as acute metabolic acidosis, which promptly resolved following rehydration and biotin administration. The results of the organic urine profile confirmed multiple carboxylase deficiency, and genetic testing revealed a novel pathogenic variant in the HLCS gene (NM_000411.8) in the homozygous state: c.995A>G; p. (Gln332Arg). No further decompensation was observed for her during the 3-year follow-up period. His older brother was diagnosed at the age of 23 years-old through biochemical tests, without any history of acidotic decompensation. A mini-review of HCS deficiency with late onset (>1 year) or early onset (<1 month) revealed that splice variants are associated with late onset, while both variants p. (Leu216Arg) and p. (Leu237Pro) are associated with early onset. However, the majority of genotypes do not show a clear correlation with the timing of HCS deficiency onset. The most significant point here is the description of extremely late-onset cases of HCS deficiency. This can prompt metabolic investigations and raise suspicion of this rare disease in cases of unexplained metabolic acidosis, even beyond early childhood.

Case report: Unveiling genetic and phenotypic variability in Nonketotic hyperglycinemia: an atypical early onset case associated with a novel GLRX5 variant.

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is a rare, autosomal recessive metabolic disorder usually associated with mutations in genes AMT, GLDC or GCSH involved in the glycine cleavage complex. Other genes have been linked with less severe NKH, associated with deficiency of lipoate cofactor such as GLRX5, LIAS, BOLA3. We identified a new case of GLRX5-mediated NKH who presented at 2-month with severe developmental delay and seizures. The initial suspicion was raised by the MRI and then confirmed by glycine measurements in cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Genetic analysis revealed a previously undescribed homozygous variant in the GLRX5 gene [NM_016417.3:c.367G>C; p. (Asp123His)]. Despite medication and supportive care, he died at the age of 4 months after a sudden neurological deterioration. It was decided to limit therapeutic interventions due to the severity of the prognosis. The case was more severe than the previous GLRX5-mediated NKH described, regarding the early age at onset and the severity. Moreover, the genetic variant was located at a potentially crucial site for glutathione binding in the GLRX5 protein. This report, thereby, expands our understanding of NKH's genetic underpinnings and phenotypic variability, highlighting the crucial role of GLRX5 and other related genes in variant NKH.

New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks.

Infectious and toxicological risks are the main potential hazards that operators of Human Milk Banks (HMBs) encounter and must eliminate. HMBs are trying to implement procedures that allow to manage and sanitize human milk without altering significantly its nutritional and biologically protective components, obtaining a product characterized by a valid balance between safety and biological quality. The history of human milk processing is linked to the origins of HMBs themselves. And although other forms of sterilization were used originally, pasteurization soon became the recognized most effective means for sanitizing milk: all the milk that arrives at the HMB must be pasteurized. Holder pasteurization (HoP) is the most used methodology, and it is performed using low temperature and long time (+62.5°C for 30 min). With HoP some bioactive milk components are lost to varying degrees, but many other precious bioactive compounds are completely or partially preserved. To improve the quality of human milk processed by HMBs, maintaining in the meantime the same microbiological safety offered by HoP, new technologies are under evaluation. At present, High-Temperature Short-Time pasteurization (HTST) and High-Pressure Processing are the most studied methodologies. HTST is already utilized in some HMBs for daily practical activity and for research purposes. They seem to be superior to HoP for a better preservation of some nutritional and biologically protective components. Freeze-drying or lyophilization may have advantages for room temperature storage and transportation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the advancement regarding the processing of DHM with a literature search from 2019 to 2022. The effects of the new technologies on safety and quality of human milk are presented and discussed. The new technologies should assure microbiological safety of the final product at least at the same level as optimized HoP, with an improved preservation of the nutritional and bioactive components of raw human milk.

Severe transient ADAMTS13 deficiency in pneumococcal-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Thrombotic microangiopathies comprise different entities, including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and several other conditions. TTP is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and multiorgan failure. TTP is the result of severe von Willebrand factor multimer cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) deficiency that is either inherited or the result of acquired autoantibodies. We report a critically ill 2-year-old girl with invasive pneumococcal disease associated HUS (p-HUS) whose condition was complicated by severe ADAMTS13 deficiency, without detectable inhibitor, in a context of multiple organ failure. The patient recovered with supportive treatment, and ADAMTS13 activity normalized without plasmatherapy. Severe ADAMTS13 deficiency appears to be a manifestation of transient endothelial cell injury in the context of severe sepsis, including invasive p-HUS. The choice of appropriate therapy should not be based on this finding.

Successful treatment with rituximab for acute refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura related to acquired ADAMTS13 deficiency: a pediatric report and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To report the case of a child with severe autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) resistant to plasma exchange and steroids who was successfully treated with rituximab. DESIGN: Case report and review of the literature on pediatric acquired TTP. The report was approved by an independent local ethics committee. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit in a tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENT: A 10-yr-old boy was referred to the emergency unit with fever, vomiting, confusion, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and mild acute renal failure. An atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome was suspected, and plasma exchange was started urgently. The patient was refractory to plasma therapy and presented critical complications. After a diagnosis of acquired TTP attributable to anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies had been made, he was treated with rituximab, which resulted in a stable clinical remission. INTERVENTIONS: Rituximab therapy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Clinical remission. CONCLUSIONS: TTP is a rare but life-threatening condition in children that is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and signs of ischemic organ dysfunction. If renal involvement is present, TTP may be misdiagnosed as hemolytic uremic syndrome, but reliable screening for ADAMTS13 activity and anti-ADAMTS autoantibodies allow us to distinguish the two entities and provide adequate therapy.

Real-world management of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) metabolic decompensations with branched chain amino acid-free formulas in France and Germany: A retrospective observational study.

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare inborn metabolic disorder, managed with a strict protein-restricted diet. At any time or age patients may still experience metabolic decompensations, requiring administration of branched chain amino acid (BCAA)-free formula to reduce leucine levels. This retrospective observational study of 126 decompensation episodes from 54 MSUD patients treated at five centers in France and Germany from 2010 to 2016, describes episodes and outcomes for patients stratified into groups who received enteral/oral or intravenous (IV) BCAA-free formula, and by pediatric or adult age categories. IV administration of BCAA-free formula was required in cases of gastric intolerance (33%), refusal to undergo nasogastric tubing (31%), "emergency" (14%) or coma patients (8%), and as prophylaxis before surgery (6%). Overall, mean duration of hospitalization was 6.6 days with oral/enteral BCAA-free formula and 5.4 days with IV formula. Leucine levels at discharge decreased by a mean of 548.5 µmol/L (69.3%) in the oral/enteral group and 657.2 µmol/L (71.3%) in the IV group. In the pediatric subgroup, there were no marked differences between administration groups on any outcome. In the adult subgroup, mean time to episode resolution was 15.8 days in the oral/enteral group and 7.7 days in the IV group (P = .008); mean duration of hospitalization was 6 days in the oral/enteral group and 4.6 days in the IV group (P = NS). Overall, seven serious adverse events in two patients were reported, of which only nausea and vomiting were treatment related.

Population and evolutionary genetics of the PAH locus to uncover overdominance and adaptive mechanisms in phenylketonuria: Results from a multiethnic study.

BACKGROUND: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism in Europe. The reasons underlying the high prevalence of heterozygous carriers are not clearly understood. We aimed to look for pathogenic PAH variant enrichment according to geographical areas and patients' ethnicity using a multiethnic nationwide cohort of patients with PKU in France. We subsequently appraised the population differentiation, balancing selection and the molecular evolutionary history of the PAH locus. METHODS: The French nationwide PKU study included patients who have been referred at the national level to the University Hospital of Nancy, and for whom a molecular diagnosis of phenylketonuria was made by Sanger sequencing. We performed enrichment analyses by comparing alternative allele frequencies using Fisher's exact test with Bonferroni adjustment. We estimated the amount of genetic differentiation among populations using Wright's fixation index (Fst). To estimate the molecular evolutionary history of the PAH gene, we performed phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses using whole-genome and exome-sequencing data from healthy individuals and non-PKU patients, respectively. Finally, we used exome-wide association study to decipher potential genetic loci associated with population divergence on PAH. FINDINGS: The study included 696 patients and revealed 132 pathogenic PAH variants. Three geographical areas showed significant enrichment for a pathogenic PAH variant: North of France (p.Arg243Leu), North-West of France (p.Leu348Val), and Mediterranean coast (p.Ala403Val). One PAH variant (p.Glu280Gln) was significantly enriched among North-Africans (OR = 23·23; 95% CI: 9·75-55·38). PAH variants exhibiting a strong genetic differentiation were significantly enriched in the 'Biopterin_H' domain (OR = 6·45; 95% CI: 1·99-20·84), suggesting a balancing selection pressure on the biopterin function of PAH. Phylogenetic and timetree analyses were consistent with population differentiation events on European-, African-, and Asian-ancestry populations. The five PAH variants most strongly associated with a high selection pressure were phylogenetically close and were located within the biopterin domain coding region of PAH or in its vicinity. Among the non-PAH loci potentially associated with population divergence, two reached exome-wide significance: SSPO (SCO-spondin) and DBH (dopamine beta-hydroxylase), involved in neuroprotection and metabolic adaptation, respectively. INTERPRETATION: Our data provide evidence on the combination of evolutionary and adaptive events in populations with distinct ancestries, which may explain the overdominance of some genetic variants on PAH. FUNDING: French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR_S 1256.

Fortification of Human Milk for Preterm Infants: Update and Recommendations of the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) Working Group on Human Milk Fortification.

Evidence indicates that human milk (HM) is the best form of nutrition uniquely suited not only to term but also to preterm infants conferring health benefits in both the short and long-term. However, HM does not provide sufficient nutrition for the very low birth weight (VLBW) infant when fed at the usual feeding volumes leading to slow growth with the risk of neurocognitive impairment and other poor health outcomes such as retinopathy and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. HM should be supplemented (fortified) with the nutrients in short supply, particularly with protein, calcium, and phosphate to meet the high requirements of this group of babies. In this paper the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) Working Group on HM Fortification discusses the existing evidence in this field, gives an overview of different fortification approaches and definitions, outlines the gaps in knowledge and gives recommendations for practice and suggestions for future research. EMBA recognizes that "Standard Fortification," which is currently the most utilized regimen in neonatal intensive care units, still falls short in supplying sufficient protein for some VLBW infants. EMBA encourages the use of "Individualized Fortification" to optimize nutrient intake. "Adjustable Fortification" and "Targeted Fortification" are 2 methods of individualized fortification. The quality and source of human milk fortifiers constitute another important topic. There is work looking at human milk derived fortifiers, but it is still too early to draw precise conclusions about their use. The pros and cons are discussed in this Commentary in addition to the evidence around use of fortifiers post discharge.

Effects of Maternal Supplementation With Omega-3 Precursors on Human Milk Composition.

BACKGROUND: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are important for newborn neurosensory development. Supplementation of breastfeeding mothers' diets with omega-3 PUFAs, such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), may increase their concentration in human milk. Research aim: This study aimed to assess human milk composition after 15-day supplementation regimens containing either omega-3 PUFAs or olive oil, which does not provide ALA. METHODS: A multicenter factorial randomized trial was conducted with four groups of breastfeeding women, with each group containing 19 to 22 women. After a 15-day ALA washout period, three groups received supplementation with omega-3 precursors for 15 days: an enriched margarine (M), a rapeseed oil (R), and a margarine and rapeseed oil (MR). The fourth was unexposed to omega-3 precursors (olive oil control diet, O). After 15 days, blind determination of human milk fatty acid (FA) composition was assessed by gas chromatography, and the FA composition was compared among groups using variance analyses. RESULTS: Alpha-linolenic acid content, expressed as the mean (standard deviation) total human milk FA percentage, was significantly higher after diet supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs, with values of 2.2% (0.7%) (MR), 1.3% (0.5%) (R), 1.1% (0.4%) (M), and 0.8% (0.3%) (O at D30) ( p < .003 for each comparison). The lowest LA-ALA ratio (5.5) was found in the MR group ( p < .001). Docosahexaenoic acid and trans FA concentrations did not differ among groups. CONCLUSION: In lactating women, omega-3 supplementation via the combination of enriched margarine and rapeseed oil increased the ALA content of human milk and generated the most favorable LA-ALA ratio for LC-PUFA synthesis.

Fluxomic evidence for impaired contribution of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase to mitochondrial palmitate ß-oxidation in symptomatic patients with ACADS gene susceptibility variants.

BACKGROUND: Despite ACADS (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short-chain) gene susceptibility variants (c.511C>T and c.625G>A) are considered to be non-pathogenic, encoded proteins are known to exhibit altered kinetics. Whether or not, they might affect overall fatty acid ß-oxidation still remains, however, unclear. METHODS: De novo biosynthesis of acylcarnitines by whole blood samples incubated with deuterated palmitate (16-2H3,15-2H2-palmitate) is suitable as a fluxomic exploration to distinguish between normal and disrupted ß-oxidation, abnormal profiles and ratios of acylcarnitines with different chain-lengths being indicative of the site for enzymatic blockade. Determinations in 301 control subjects of ratios between deuterated butyrylcarnitine and sum of deuterated C2 to C14 acylcarnitines served here as reference values to state specifically functional SCAD impairment in patients addressed for clinical and/or biological suspicion of a ß-oxidation disorder. RESULTS: Functional SCAD impairment was found in 39 patients. The 27 patients accepting subsequent gene studies were all positive for ACADS mutations. Twenty-six of 27 patients were positive for c.625G>A variant. Twenty-three of 27 patients harbored susceptibility variants as sole ACADS alterations (18 homozygous and 3 heterozygous for c.625G>A, 2 compound heterozygous for c.625G>A/c.511C>T). CONCLUSION: Our present fluxomic assessment of SCAD suggests a link between ACADS susceptibility variants and abnormal ß-oxidation consistent with known altered kinetics of these variants.