Correlations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I): effects of exercise and abuse by athletes.

The importance of hormones on body metabolism when physical exercise is carried out has been established for a long time. Growth hormone (GH) is crucial in energy metabolism as well as in body anabolism. Recent studies have increased our knowledge of GH's mechanisms of action. In particular, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), the main hormone mediating the principal GH effects and other protein structures (i.e. the binding proteins related to these two hormones), has been recognized as playing a crucial role. The biochemical aspects relating to the molecules of the GH/IGF-I axis have been described here. Furthermore, the belief that GH and IGF-I enhance performance has induced an 'abuse' of GH (and possibly of IGF-I) by competitive sports athletes and amateurs. The present study outlines the best methods available to uncover abuse, as well as a series of potential research projects to recognize doping. The review also underlines the principal variables measurable in the laboratory and summarizes published reference ranges of these parameters. These biochemical and laboratory profiles describe principal experimental approaches, with the hope that this will stimulate new ideas on the subject of detecting doping practices.

GH/IGF system, cirrhosis and liver transplantation.

The GH-related effects are primarily mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a peptide hormone almost completely produced by the liver. Liver cirrhosis is usually accompanied by a fall in protein turnover. Furthermore, an important consequence of chronic liver disease (CLD) is growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis modification and growth failure. Nutritional status also suffers in this condition, and IGF-I has been proposed as a marker of hepatocellular dysfunction, malnutrition and survival. CLD is characterised by alterations of various clinical biochemistry laboratory parameters. Aminotransferases, bilirubin, plasma proteins, together with prothrombin time and gamma globulins, are usually examined for laboratory diagnostic and/or monitoring purposes. These traditional parameters are also used in the perioperative liver transplantation, but an early signal of graft functioning has still not been established. The aim of the present work is a review of the possibility offered by the clinical biochemistry laboratory GH/IGF investigation in the outcome of liver transplantation.

Physiological and clinical implications of proANP(1-98) circulating levels in the perioperative phase of liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: ProANP(1-126), the prohormone synthesized and secreted by atrial myocites, generates an ANP peptide family, the main forms of which are proANP(1-30), proANP(31-67), proANP(1-98) and proANP(99-126). These molecular circulating forms are involved in hemodynamic and electrolyte homeostasis. In cirrhotic patients, volume homeostasis is almost impaired due to abnormal sodium retention, which results in ascites formation and hemodynamic changes, including high cardiac output and low systemic vascular resistance. During liver transplantation, in the anhepatic phase, hemodynamic instability may occur because of decreased venous return due to surgical manipulation of inferior vena cava, considerable blood loss or cross-clamping. Moreover, marked hemodynamic instability is often observed at the reperfusion of the graft. AIMS: The aims of present study are to investigate the changes of ANP during the perioperative phases of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation (OLTx) in end-stage cirrhotic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From July to September 1999, 11 cirrhotic patients undergoing to OLTx were included in the study: seven males and four females (average age 46+/-10.4 years) affected by post-alcoholic cirrhosis [Hypertension 15 (1990) 9], post-hepatitis cirrhosis [D.G. Gardner, M.C. Lapointe, B. Kovacic-Milivojevic, C.F. Deschepper, Molecular analisys and regulation of the atrial natriuretic factor gene, in: A.D. Struphers (Ed.), Frontiers in Farmacology and Therapeutics: Atrial Natriuretic Factor, Blackwell, Oxford, England, 1991, pp. 1-22], Wilson disease [Life Sci. 28 (1981) 89] and polycystic disease [Life Sci. 28 (1981) 89], autoimmune cirrhosis [Life Sci. 28 (1981) 89]. In each patient, a hemodynamic assessment was achieved using a Swan-Ganz catheter. Periferical venous samples were performed during and immediately after OLTx for the determination of ANP(1-98) and other biohumoral parameters. RESULTS: Mean ANP(1-98) (pmol/ml mean+/-SD) basal levels resulted higher than that recorded in the group of healthy subjects. A significant correlation between 24-h post-reperfusion ANP and intra-operative RBC and RIS requirement was found (p<0.05). The basal values resulted significantly higher than that observed at phase II degrees (p<0.04) and lower than that at phase VI degrees (p<0.05); the anesthetic induction values were significantly lower than that observed at phase VI degrees (p<0.03). CONCLUSIONS: ANP(1-98) values may represent a useful marker of hemodynamic derangements during and after OLTx. Further clinical correlations will need a larger patient basis.