RESUMO
Temperature dependencies of the static initial magnetic susceptibility for ferrofluids at various concentrations are studied using experiment and statistical-mechanical theories. Magnetic susceptibility measurements are carried out for twelve samples of magnetite-based fluids stabilized with oleic acid over a wide range of temperatures (210 K â²T â² 390 K); all samples have the same granulometric composition but different volume ferroparticle concentrations (0.2 â² φ â² 0.5). Experimental results are analyzed using three theories: the second-order modified mean-field theory (MMF2) [A. O. Ivanov and O. B. Kuznetsova, Phys. Rev. E 64, 41405 (2001)]; its correction for polydisperse ferrofluids arising from Mayer-type cluster expansion and taking into account the first terms of the polydisperse second virial coefficient [A. O. Ivanov and E. A. Elfimova, J. Magn. Magn. Mater 374, 327 (2015)]; and a new theory based on MMF2 combined with the first terms of the polydisperse second and third virial contributions to susceptibility. It turns out that the applicability of each theory depends on the experimental sample density. If twelve ferrofluid samples are split into three groups of strong, moderate, and low concentrated fluids, the temperature dependences of the initial magnetic susceptibility in each group are very precisely described by one of the three theories mentioned above. The determination of a universal formula predicting a ferrofluid susceptibility over a broad range of concentrations and temperatures remains as a challenge.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The "Flora of Russia" project on iNaturalist brought together professional scientists and amateur naturalists from all over the country. Over 10,000 people were involved in the data collection. NEW INFORMATION: Within 20 months, the participants accumulated 750,143 photo observations of 6,857 species of the Russian flora. This constitutes the largest dataset of open spatial data on the country's biodiversity and a leading source of data on the current state of the national flora. About 87% of all project data, i.e. 652,285 observations, are available under free licences (CC0, CC-BY, CC-BY-NC) and can be freely used in scientific, educational and environmental activities.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Health authorities of Kazakhstan are seeking for effective measures to interrupt the untoward trend, projected to increase the current number of gastric cancer (GC) cases (n=3,316) by 50% until the year 2030. OBJECTIVE: Use of a non-invasive blood test with four stomach-specific biomarkers [Pepsinogen-I (PG-I) and -II (PG-II), amidated gastrin-17 (G-17), and Helicobacter pylori (HP) IgG antibodies], to assess for the prevalence of stomach conditions: Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and atrophic gastritis (AG), both known to increase GC risk of in Kazakhstan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 835 (symptomatic and asymptomatic) cases (473 women and 362 men)(median age 46.8 years; range 13.6-74.8) was examined with a panel of biomarkers. Results were assigned in five categories: 1) Healthy stomach, 2) HP infection, 3) atrophic gastritis (AG) of the antrum, 4) AG of the corpus, and 5) AG of both antrum and corpus (pangastritis). RESULTS: The distribution in these five categories was identical in both sexes (p=0.259). Healthy stomach was detected only in 196 (23.5%) subjects, whereas the vast majority, 62.3% (n=519) had HP infection (with no AG). In 118 (14.1%) subjects, results were consistent with AG; in antrum (n=72), corpus (n=42) or pangastritis (n=4). Prevalence of AG increased with patient's age in both sexes. There was no age-related pattern in biomarker levels, and only slight differences between the genders. CONCLUSION: While capable of detecting the subjects at risk for GC (HP or AG), GP seems to be a cost-effective means to intervene the current ominous trend in GC incidence in Kazakhstan.