Complementary and Alternative Medicines in the Management of Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) are commonly used across the world by diverse populations and ethnicities but remain largely unregulated. Although many CAM agents are purported to be efficacious and safe by the public, clinical evidence supporting the use of CAM in heart failure remains limited and controversial. Furthermore, health care professionals rarely inquire or document use of CAM as part of the medical record, and patients infrequently disclose their use without further prompting. The goal of this scientific statement is to summarize published efficacy and safety data for CAM and adjunctive interventional wellness approaches in heart failure. Furthermore, other important considerations such as adverse effects and drug interactions that could influence the safety of patients with heart failure are reviewed and discussed.

Causality assessment of adverse drug reaction: A narrative review to find the most exhaustive and easy-to-use tool in post-authorization settings.

BACKGROUND: The core motive of pharmacovigilance is the detection and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), to improve the risk-benefit balance of the drug. However, the causality assessment of ADRs remains a major challenge among clinicians, and none of the available tools of causality assessment used for assessing ADRs have been universally accepted. OBJECTIVE: To provide an up-to-date overview of the different causality assessment tools. METHODS: We conducted electronic searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database. The eligibility of each tool was screened by three reviewers. Each eligible tool was then scrutinized for its domains (the reported specific set of questions/areas used for calculating the likelihood of cause-and-effect relation of an ADR) to discover the most comprehensive tool. Finally, we subjectively assessed the tool's ease-of-use in a Canadian, Indian, Hungarian, and Brazilian clinical context. RESULTS: Twenty-one eligible causality assessment tools were retrieved. Naranjo's tool and De Boer's tool appeared the most comprehensive among all the tools, covering 10 domains each. Regarding "ease-of-use" in a clinical setting, we judged that many tools were hard to implement in a clinical context because of their complexity and/or lengthiness. Naranjo's tool, Jones's tool, Danan and Benichou's tool, and Hsu and Stoll's tool appeared to be the easiest to implement into various clinical contexts. CONCLUSION: Among the many tools identified, 1981 Naranjo's scale remains the most comprehensive and easy to use for performing causality assessment of ADRs. Upcoming analysis should compare the performance of each ADR tool in clinical settings.

Drug-Induced Arrhythmias: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Many widely used medications may cause or exacerbate a variety of arrhythmias. Numerous antiarrhythmic agents, antimicrobial drugs, psychotropic medications, and methadone, as well as a growing list of drugs from other therapeutic classes (neurological drugs, anticancer agents, and many others), can prolong the QT interval and provoke torsades de pointes. Perhaps less familiar to clinicians is the fact that drugs can also trigger other arrhythmias, including bradyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, and Brugada syndrome. Some drug-induced arrhythmias (bradyarrhythmias, atrial tachycardia, atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia) are significant predominantly because of their symptoms; others (monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, Brugada syndrome, torsades de pointes) may result in serious consequences, including sudden cardiac death. Mechanisms of arrhythmias are well known for some medications but, in other instances, remain poorly understood. For some drug-induced arrhythmias, particularly torsades de pointes, risk factors are well defined. Modification of risk factors, when possible, is important for prevention and risk reduction. In patients with nonmodifiable risk factors who require a potentially arrhythmia-inducing drug, enhanced electrocardiographic and other monitoring strategies may be beneficial for early detection and treatment. Management of drug-induced arrhythmias includes discontinuation of the offending medication and following treatment guidelines for the specific arrhythmia. In overdose situations, targeted detoxification strategies may be needed. Awareness of drugs that may cause arrhythmias and knowledge of distinct arrhythmias that may be drug-induced are essential for clinicians. Consideration of the possibility that a patient's arrythmia could be drug-induced is important.

Relationship Between Diet Quality and Statin Use Among Adults With Metabolic Syndrome From the CARTaGENE Cohort.

Background: In metabolic syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction relies on the complementary use of diet and lipid-lowering medication. Evidence suggests that initiating such medication may impede diet quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between diet quality and statin use among adults with MetS and free of CVD from the Province of Québec. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 2481 adults with MetS (40-69 years of age) from the CARTaGENE Québec population-based cohort, of whom 463 self-reported using statin monotherapy. Diet was assessed using the Canadian Dietary History Questionnaire II, a food- frequency questionnaire, and diet quality was assessed using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI). Results: In multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, statin users had lower AHEI (%) compared with nonusers (users: 40.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 38.9, 41.2 vs nonusers: 41.2; 95% CI, 40.4, 42.0; P = 0.03] because of a lower consumption of vegetables and whole grains. Stratified interaction analyses showed that the lower diet quality among statin users was mostly prevalent among men aged ≥ 50 years and women aged ≥ 60 years, among individuals with annual household incomes of < $50,000 and persons who self-reported history of high blood pressure. Conclusions: In this cohort of adults with MetS from Quebéc, the use of statin monotherapy in primary prevention of CVD was associated with a slightly lower diet quality. These data suggest suboptimal complementarity between diet quality and use of cholesterol-lowering medication in primary prevention of CVD in MetS.

Contexte: Dans le syndrome métabolique, la réduction du risque de maladie cardiovasculaire repose sur la complémentarité entre une saine alimentation et l'utilisation d'hypolipidémiants. Des évidences suggèrent que l'initiation d'un traitement médicamenteux hypolipémiant influencerait négativement la qualité de l'alimentation. Cette étude avait pour objectif de déterminer la relation entre la qualité de l'alimentation et l'utilisation de statines chez des adultes avec un syndrome métabolique, mais sans maladie cardiovasculaire, au Québec. Méthodologie: Cette étude transversale comptait 2481 adultes avec un syndrome métabolique (âgés de 40 à 69 ans) provenant de la cohorte CARTaGENE, représentative de la population du Québec, dont 463 sujets ayant autodéclaré qu'ils prenaient une statine en monothérapie. L'alimentation des sujets a été évaluée à l'aide du Canadian Dietary History Questionnaire II, un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire, et la qualité de l'alimentation a été évaluée à l'aide de l'Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI). Résultats: Dans des modèles de régression linéaire multivariée, les utilisateurs de statines ont présenté un indice AHEI (%) plus faible en comparaison aux non-utilisateurs (utilisateurs : 40,0; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : 38,9-41,2 vs non-utilisateurs : 41,2; IC à 95 % : 40,4-42,0; p = 0,03), en raison d'une plus faible consommation de légumes et de grains entiers. Selon des analyses d'interaction stratifiées, la plus faible qualité nutritionnelle chez les utilisateurs de statines était particulièrement prévalente chez les hommes de ≥ 50 ans et les femmes de ≥ 60 ans, chez les personnes dont le revenu annuel du ménage était < 50 000 dollars et chez les personnes ayant autodéclaré des antécédents d'hypertension. Conclusions: Dans cette cohorte d'adultes du Québec avec un syndrome métabolique, l'utilisation de statines en monothérapie dans la prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires était associée à une alimentation dont la qualité était légèrement plus faible. Ces données suggèrent une complémentarité sous-optimale entre la qualité de l'alimentation et l'utilisation d'hypocholestérolémiants en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires chez les personnes avec un syndrome métabolique.

Relationship Between Diet Quality and Glucose-Lowering Medication Intensity Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the CARTaGENE Cohort.

Background: In real-world settings, whether diet and medication are used as complements for glycemic management in type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. This study assessed the relationship between diet quality and intensity of glucose-lowering medication among adults with T2D. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 352 adults with T2D from the CARTaGENE Québec population-based cohort. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthful Plant-Based Diet Index (hPDI). Glucose-lowering medication intensity was graded according to self-reported information on the type and number of drugs: no medication; oral monotherapy; oral polytherapy; and insulin with and without oral medication. In the subsample of 239 individuals who reported the medication dosages, intensity was also graded using the Medication Effect Score (MES). Results: In multivariable-adjusted models, we found no evidence of a relationship between the hPDI and medication intensity, assessed using the categorical approach (Pbetween-group = 0.25) or the MES (P = 0.43). However, the hPDI was inversely associated with the MES among men < 50 years of age and women < 60 years (ß1-point MES = -2.24 [95% confidence interval, -4.46, -0.02] hPDI points), but not among older individuals (ß = -0.03 [-1.28, 1.21] hPDI points). Evidence of a nonsignificant inverse relationship between the hPDI and HbA1c was observed (ß10-point hPDI = -0.23% [-0.63, 0.17]), whereas a positive and significant association between the MES and hemoglobin (Hb)A1c was found (ß1-point MES = 0.30% [0.10, 0.51]). Conclusions: In this cohort of adults with T2D, there was an overall lack of complementarity between diet quality and intensity of glucose-lowering medication. The issue was particularly important among younger adults for whom diet quality was inversely associated with intensity of medication.

Introduction: Il n'a jamais été étudié, en contexte réel, si la qualité de l'alimentation et la médication sont utilisées de façon complémentaire dans la gestion de la glycémie chez des personnes avec le diabète de type 2 (DT2). La présente a évalué la relation entre la qualité de l'alimentation et l'intensité de la médication hypoglycémiante chez des adultes avec DT2. Méthodes: Cette étude transversale portait sur 352 adultes avec DT2 participant à la cohorte populationnelle québécoise CARTaGENE. Nous avons évalué la qualité du régime à l'aide du Healthful Plant-based Diet Index (hPDI, soit l'indice d'un régime alimentaire à base de plantes). Nous avons évalué l'intensité des médicaments hypoglycémiants à partir des renseignements fournis sur le type et le nombre de médicaments : aucun médicament, monothérapie orale, polythérapie orale, insuline avec ou sans médicaments par voie orale. Dans le sous-échantillon de 239 individus qui ont mentionné les posologies de médicaments, nous avons aussi évalué l'intensité au moyen du Medication Effect Score (MES). Résultats: Dans les modèles multivariés, nous n'avons observé aucune évidence de relation entre le hPDI et l'intensité des médicaments au moyen de l'approche catégorielle (Pentre les groupes = 0,25) ou du MES (P = 0,43). Toutefois, le hPDI était inversement associé au MES chez les hommes < 50 ans et chez les femmes < 60 ans (ßMES 1 point = ­2,24 [intervalle de confiance à 95 %, ­4,46, ­0,02] points hPDI), mais non chez les personnes plus âgées (ß = ­0,03 [­1,28, 1,21] point hPDI). Nous avons observé une relation inverse non significative entre le hPDI et l'hémoglobine (Hb)A1c (ßhPDI 10 points = ­0,23 % [­0,63, 0,17]) et une association positive et significative entre le MES et l'HbA1c (ßMES 1 point = 0,30 % [0,10, 0,51]). Conclusions: Au sein de cette cohorte d'adultes avec DT2, nous avons constaté une absence globale de complémentarité entre la qualité de l'alimentation et l'intensité des médicaments hypoglycémiants. Cet enjeu était d'autant plus important chez les personnes plus jeunes pour lesquels la qualité du régime était inversement associée à l'intensité des médicaments.

Clinical Heart fAilure Management Program: Changing the practice by partnering primary care and specialists (CHAMP-HF).

Background: While significant gains were made in the management of heart failure (HF), most patients are still diagnosed when they are acutely ill in hospital, often with advanced disease. Earlier diagnosis in the community could lead to improved outcomes. Whether a partnership and an educational program for primary care providers (PCP) increase HF awareness and management is unknown. Methods: We conducted an observational study between March 2019 and June 2020 during which HF specialists gave monthly HF conferences to PCP. Using a pre-post design, medical charts and administrative databases were reviewed and a questionnaire was completed by participating PCP. Primary and secondary endpoints included: 1) the number of patients diagnosed with HF, 2) implementation of GDMT for patients with HFrEF; 3) PCPs' experience and confidence. Results: Six PCP agreed to participate. Amongst the 11,909 patients of the clinic, 70 (0.59 %) patients met the criteria for HF. This number increased by 28.6 % (n = 90) after intervention. Increased use of GDMT for HFrEF patients at baseline (n = 35) was observed for all class of agents, with doubling of patients on triple therapies, from 8 (22.9 %) to 16 (45.7 %), p = 0.0047. Self-confidence on HF management was low (1, 16.7 %) but increased after the educational intervention of physicians (3, 50 %). Conclusion: An educational and collaborative approach between HF specialists and community PCP increased the number of new HF cases diagnosed, enhanced implementation of GDMT in patients with HFrEF and increase PCPs' confidence in treating HF, despite being conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Polypharmacy and high-alert medications in patients with nasally placed feeding tube on admission and at hospital discharge: Multicenter cross-sectional study.

Background: Polypharmacy and the use of high-alert medications in patients with nasally placed feeding tube (NPFT) increase the risks of drug related problems. Objective: Characterize drugs prescribed to patients with NPFT and compare the rates of polypharmacy and high-alert medication use at admission and hospital discharge. Design and setting: Multicenter cross-sectional study with 327 participants. Methods: Data of patients with NPFT were obtained from the medical records and recorded in an electronic data collection tool. Mean number of drugs, polypharmacy and number of high-alert medications prescribed on admission and at discharge were compared using Wilcoxon or McNemar's tests. Generalized Estimating Equations analyzed the relationship between polypharmacy and high-alert medications according to age and time point. Primary reason for hospital admission, level of consciousness, severity of comorbid diseases and patient care complexity were also assessed. Results: Most patients were male, older people, hospitalized for circulatory system diseases and had at least one comorbidity. On admission, a significant number of patients were alert (59.9%), at high risk for death (43.1%) and high dependent on nursing care (35.4%). Additionally, 92% patients were on polypharmacy on admission, versus 84.7% at hospital discharge (p = 0,0011). The occurrence of polypharmacy was independent of age (p = 0.2377). >17% of all drugs prescribed were high-alert medications, with no statistically significant difference between admission and discharge (p = 0,3957). There was no statistical evidence that the use of high-alert medications increases with age (n = 0,5426). Conclusions: These results support the planning of multidisciplinary qualified actions for patients using NPFT.

Antipsychotic-Induced Metabolic Syndrome: A Review.

Schizophrenia, a serious psychiatric disorder, is among the top 10 global causes of disability and affects nearly 1% of the world population. Antipsychotics constitute the best treatment for patients with schizophrenia, however, this treatment class carries a high risk of metabolic syndrome, including lipid abnormalities. Indeed, the risk of metabolic syndrome would be increased in the population with schizophrenia compared to the general population. The objective is to summarize the prevalence, the mechanisms, and the potential treatments of antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome. This is a narrative review of the literature. We searched the electronic database Medline, accessed through PubMed, to find studies that investigated the prevalence and treatments of metabolic syndrome in the adult population using antipsychotics. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients treated with antipsychotics ranges from 37% to 63%. Antipsychotic iatrogenic effects include weight gain/increased waist circumference, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Clozapine and olanzapine are reported to precipitate the onset of metabolic syndrome features. In patients with metabolic syndrome, an antipsychotic with less metabolic side effects such as lurasidone, lumateperone, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole should be prioritized. Unlike medications, aerobic exercise and dietetic counseling were found to be efficient as the nonpharmacologic treatment of antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome. Few pharmacological treatments were proven effective against weight gain in this patient population. The risk of metabolic syndrome induced by antipsychotics should be early recognized and closely monitored. Primary and secondary prevention of metabolic syndrome or onset of its feature might help reduce the risk of death for patients using antipsychotics.

Are Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications Used as Complements to Heart-Healthy Diets? A Scoping Review.

In cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, whether antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications are used as complements to heart-healthy diets has not been thoroughly assessed. This scoping review aimed to 1) analyze observational studies that assessed the relationship between diet and antihypertensive/lipid-lowering medication use and 2) evaluate whether medication was used as a complement to heart-healthy dietary intakes. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL through 14 January, 2023, for studies that assessed either 1) intraindividual changes in diet associated with lipid-lowering/antihypertensive medication initiation or use or 2) interindividual differences in diet between users and nonusers of these medications. A total of 17 studies were included. Of those, 3 prospectively assessed the intraindividual changes in diet associated with medication initiation or use, but none documented potential changes in diet prior to medication initiation. The 14 other studies compared dietary intakes of medication users and nonusers, most of which also relied on an incomplete assessment of the temporal dynamics between diet and medication use as they employed cross-sectional (n = 12) or repeated cross-sectional (n = 2) designs. Data from 8 studies, including 4 of the 5 studies from Europe, suggested that medication was used as a complement to heart-healthy diets, whereas data from the 9 other studies, including the 4 conducted in the United States, provided no such evidence, indicating potential between-country differences in this relationship. Finally, no studies investigated how the dynamics between diet and medication use influenced the long-term CVD risk. This scoping review suggests that the current literature on the relationship between lipid-lowering/antihypertensive medication use and diet provides an incomplete perspective on how medication may influence diet in CVD prevention. Prospective studies assessing intraindividual changes in diet associated with medication initiation and use and how these dynamics influence the CVD risk are thus needed.

Evolution in Trends of Primary Lower-Extremity Amputations Associated With Diabetes or Peripheral Artery Disease From 2006 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: Given the importance in prevention of lower extremity amputations (LEAs) associated with diabetes or peripheral artery disease (PAD), we sought to document the trends of primary LEA in Québec, Canada, from years 2006 to 2019. METHODS: Using the Québec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System, we calculated crude and age-standardized annual incidence rates of primary LEA associated with diabetes and PAD among adults ≥ 40 years (99% confidence intervals [CI]), and all-cause 1-year mortality proportion trends following a primary LEA (95% CI), stratified by minor or major as the highest level of LEA during the same hospital stay and age groups. Trends were assessed using multivariate regression models. RESULTS: In 2019, the crude rate of primary LEA was 116.0 per 100,000 (n = 825) with 93.7 and 21.9 per 100,000 of minor (n = 665) and major (n = 160) LEA, respectively. A tendency of decrease by 8% (-15.0 to 0.4%) of age-standardized incidence of primary LEA was observed between 2006 and 2019, while the absolute number of primary LEA increased from 610 to 825 cases. Minor LEA increased by 14.2% (3.7 to 25.9%) and major LEA decreased by 49.5% (-57.1 to -40.5%). Incidence trends remained stable among the 40 to 64 years, and declined by 14.6% and 20.1% for the 65 to 79 and ≥ 80 years of age groups, respectively. Major LEA decreased in all age groups, whereas minor LEA increased by 26.2% among the patients 40 to 64 years of age only. Age-standardized 1-year mortality decreased by 35.1% (95% CI, -43.4 to -25.7%) between 2006 and 2019, with a crude 1-year mortality of 11.3% in 2019. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of major LEA and 1-year mortality are encouraging, although increased minor LEA, especially in younger age groups, emphasizes the importance to improve preventive care further.

Optimization of pharmacotherapies for ambulatory patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction is associated with improved outcomes.

BACKGROUND: In heart failure, specific target doses for each drug are recommended, but some patients receive suboptimal dosing, others are undertreated or remain chronically in a titration phase, despite having no apparent contraindication or intolerance. We assessed the association of different levels of adherence to guidelines with outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). METHODS: Medical records of patients with HFrEF followed at our heart failure (HF) clinic for at least 6 months (n = 511) were reviewed and patients categorized as: 1) optimized (25.4%); 2) in-titration (29.0%); 3) undertreated (32.7%); and 4) intolerant/contraindicated (12.9%). Risk of mortality or HF events (hospitalization, emergency visit or ambulatory administration of intravenous diuretics) within one year was assessed using Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Compared to optimized patients, those intolerant (HR: 4.60 [95%CI: 2.23-9.48]; p < 0.0001) had the highest risk of outcomes, followed by those undertreated (3.45 [1.78-6.67]; p = 0.0002) and in-titration (1.99 [0.97-4.06]; p = 0.0588). Overall predictors of outcomes included loop diuretics' use (4.54 [2.39-8.60]), undertreatment (2.38 [1.22-4.67]), intolerance/ contraindication to triple therapy (3.08 [1.47-6.42]), peripheral vascular disease (2.13 [1.29-3.50]) and NYHA class III-IV (1.89 [1.25-2.85]); all p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: Level of adherence to guidelines is associated with outcomes, with intolerant/contraindicated patients having the worst prognosis and those undertreated and in-titration at intermediate risk compared to those optimized. Up-titration of therapy should be attempted whenever possible, considering patients' limitations, to potentially improve outcomes.

Great diversity in the utilization and reporting of latent growth modeling approaches in type 2 diabetes: A literature review.

Introduction: The progression of complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is unique to each patient and can be depicted through individual temporal trajectories. Latent growth modeling approaches (latent growth mixture models [LGMM] or latent class growth analysis [LCGA]) can be used to classify similar individual trajectories in a priori non-observed groups (latent groups), sharing common characteristics. Although increasingly used in the field of T2D, many questions remain regarding the utilization of these methods. Objective: To review the literature of longitudinal studies using latent growth modeling approaches to study T2D. Methods: MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, CINAHL and Wb of Science were searched through August 25th, 2021. Data was collected on the type of latent growth modeling approaches (LGMM or LCGA), characteristics of studies and quality of reporting using the GRoLTS-Checklist and presented as frequencies. Results: From the 4,694 citations screened, a total of 38 studies were included. The studies were published beetween 2011 and 2021 and the length of follow-up ranged from 8 weeks to 14 years. Six studies used LGMM, while 32 studies used LCGA. The fields of research varied from clinical research, psychological science, healthcare utilization research and drug usage/pharmaco-epidemiology. Data sources included primary data (clinical trials, prospective/retrospective cohorts, surveys), or secondary data (health records/registries, medico-administrative). Fifty percent of studies evaluated trajectory groups as exposures for a subsequent clinical outcome, while 24% used predictive models of group membership and 5% used both. Regarding the quality of reporting, trajectory groups were adequately presented, however many studies failed to report important decisions made for the trajectory group identification. Conclusion: Although LCGA were preferred, the contexts of utilization were diverse and unrelated to the type of methods. We recommend future authors to clearly report the decisions made regarding trajectory groups identification.

Gaps in Prehospital Care for Patients Exposed to a Chemical Attack - A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: The survivability of mass casualties exposed to a chemical attack is dependent on clinical knowledge, evidence-based practice, as well as protection and decontamination capabilities. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the knowledge gaps that relate to an efficient extraction and care of mass casualties caused by exposure to chemicals. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted from November 2018 through September 2020 in compliance with Cochrane guidelines. Five databases were used (MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL) to retrieve studies describing interventions performed to treat victims of chemical attacks (protection, decontamination, and treatment). The outcomes were patient's health condition leading to his/her stabilization (primary) and death (secondary) due to interventions applied (medical, protection, and decontamination). RESULTS: Of the 2,301 papers found through the search strategy, only four publications met the eligibility criteria. According to these studies, the confirmed chemical poisoning cases in acute settings resulting from the attacks in Matsumoto (1994), Tokyo (1995), and Damascus (2014) accounted for 1,333 casualties including 11 deaths. No study reported comprehensive prehospital clinical data in acute settings. No mention was made of the integration of specialized capabilities in medical interventions such as personal protective equipment (PPE) and decontamination to prevent a secondary exposure. Unfortunately, it was not possible to perform the planned meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated gaps in clinical knowledge application regarding the medical extraction of casualties exposed during a chemical attack. Further research is required to optimize clinical practice integrating mixed capabilities (protection and decontamination) for the patient and medical staff.

Issue with Evaluating Costs Over Time in a Context of Medical Guideline Changes: An Example in Myocardial Infarction Care Based on a Longitudinal Study from 1997 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Cost studies appear sporadically in the scientific literature and are rarely revised unless drastic technological advancements occur. However, health technologies and medical guidelines evolve over time. It is unclear if these changes render obsolete prior estimates. We examined this issue in a cost study in the context of patients' first myocardial infarction (MI), a clinical area prone to such continuous evolution in care. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal cost analysis based on a Quebec cohort. Quebec health administrative databases were used to identify incident MI cases using diagnostic codes from the international classification of diseases (ICD-9 and ICD-10). Physician fees and hospitalization costs (ie, costs incurred by the hospital center) were derived from administrative databases and a university hospital's finance department. All costs were converted to 2019 Canadian dollars. Nonparametric bootstraps were used to estimate 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the average costs of an episode of care. Generalized linear regressions were used to examine temporal trends of cost. RESULTS: Our study sample consists of 261 patients hospitalized for a first MI. The average total cost for this first event was estimated at $5782 (95% CI: $5293 - $6373). Though total costs remained stable over time, physician fees increased by 123% ($1240 vs $2761) whereas total hospital length of stay dropped by 17% (6.6 vs 5.5 days) over the 21-year period. CONCLUSION: Patients' first MI hospitalization impose an economic burden on the healthcare system. Though overall costs remained stable, our results suggest that some cost components varied over time.

Acute care for patients exposed to a chemical attack: protocol for an international multicentric observational study.

INTRODUCTION: The use of weapons of mass destruction against civilian populations is of serious concern to public health authorities. Chemical weapons are of particular concern. A few studies have investigated medical responses in prehospital settings in the immediate aftermath of a chemical attack, and they were limited by the paucity of clinical data. This study aims to describe the acute management of patients exposed to a chemical attack from the incident site until their transfer to a medical facility. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This international multicentric observational study addresses the period from 1970 to 2036. An online electronic case report form was created to collect data; it will be hosted on the Biomedical Telematics Laboratory Platform of the Quebec Respiratory Health Research Network. Participating medical centres and their clinicians are being asked to provide contextual and clinical information, including the use of protective equipment and decontamination capabilities for the medical evacuation of the patient from the incident site of the chemical attack to the moment of admission at the medical facility. In brief, variables are categorised as follows: (1) chemical exposure (threat); (2) prehospital and hospital/medical facility capabilities (staffing, first aid, protection, decontamination, disaster plans and medical guidelines); (3) clinical interventions before hospital admission, including the use of protection and decontamination and (4) outcomes (survivability vs mortality rates). Judgement criteria focus on decontamination drills applied to any of the patient's conditions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Sainte-Justine Research Centre Ethics Committee approved this multicentric study and is acting as the main evaluating centre. Study results will be disseminated through various means, including conferences, indexed publications in medical databases and social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05026645.