RESUMO
Genome-wide association studies have identified 20 genomic regions associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), but many additional risk variants may exist. Here, we evaluated associations between common genetic variants [single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels] in DNA repair genes and EOC risk. We genotyped 2896 common variants at 143 gene loci in DNA samples from 15 397 patients with invasive EOC and controls. We found evidence of associations with EOC risk for variants at FANCA, EXO1, E2F4, E2F2, CREB5 and CHEK2 genes (P ≤ 0.001). The strongest risk association was for CHEK2 SNP rs17507066 with serous EOC (P = 4.74 x 10(-7)). Additional genotyping and imputation of genotypes from the 1000 genomes project identified a slightly more significant association for CHEK2 SNP rs6005807 (r (2) with rs17507066 = 0.84, odds ratio (OR) 1.17, 95% CI 1.11-1.24, P = 1.1×10(-7)). We identified 293 variants in the region with likelihood ratios of less than 1:100 for representing the causal variant. Functional annotation identified 25 candidate SNPs that alter transcription factor binding sites within regulatory elements active in EOC precursor tissues. In The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset, CHEK2 gene expression was significantly higher in primary EOCs compared to normal fallopian tube tissues (P = 3.72×10(-8)). We also identified an association between genotypes of the candidate causal SNP rs12166475 (r (2) = 0.99 with rs6005807) and CHEK2 expression (P = 2.70×10(-8)). These data suggest that common variants at 22q12.1 are associated with risk of serous EOC and CHEK2 as a plausible target susceptibility gene.
Assuntos
Quinase do Ponto de Checagem 2/genética , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Loci Gênicos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is still considered the most lethal gynecological malignancy and improved early detection of ovarian cancer is crucial to improving patient prognoses. To address this need, we tested whether candidate EOC biomarkers can be identified using three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models. We quantified changes in the abundance of secreted proteins in a 3D genetic model of early-stage EOC, generated by expressing CMYC and KRAS(G) (12) (V) in TERT-immortalized normal ovarian epithelial cells. Cellular proteins were labeled in live cells using stable isotopic amino acid analogues, and secreted proteins identified and quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Thirty-seven and 55 proteins were differentially expressed by CMYC and CMYC+KRAS(G) (12) (V) expressing cells respectively (p < 0.05; >2-fold). We evaluated expression of the top candidate biomarkers in â¼210 primary EOCs: CHI3L1 and FKBP4 are both expressed by >96% of primary EOCs, and FASN and API5 are expressed by 86 and 75% of cases. High expression of CHI3L1 and FKBP4 was associated with worse patient survival (p = 0.042 and p = 0.002, respectively). Expression of LGALS3BP was positively associated with recurrence (p = 0.0001) and suboptimal debulking (p = 0.018) suggesting that these proteins may be novel prognostic biomarkers. Furthermore, within early stage tumours (I/II), high expression of API5, CHI3L1 and FASN was associated with high tumour grade (p = 3 × 10(-4) , p = 0.016, p = 0.010, respectively). We show in vitro cell biology models of early-stage cancer development can be used to identify novel candidate biomarkers for disease, and report the identification of proteins that represent novel potential candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for this highly lethal disease.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/genética , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas ras/genética , Adipocinas/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteína 1 Semelhante à Quitinase-3 , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Lectinas/metabolismo , Modelos Genéticos , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/patologia , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Prognóstico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras) , Proteínas ras/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is a common condition that is associated with an increased risk of developing ovarian carcinoma. Improved in vitro models of this disease are needed to better understand how endometriosis, a benign disease, can undergo neoplastic transformation, and for the development of novel treatment strategies to prevent this progression. METHODS: We describe the generation and in vitro characterization of novel TERT immortalized ovarian endometriosis epithelial cell lines (EEC16-TERT). RESULTS: Expression of TERT alone was sufficient to immortalize endometriosis epithelial cells. TERT immortalization induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and perturbation in the expression of genes involved in the development of ovarian cancer. EEC16-TERT was non-tumorigenic when xenografted into immunocompromised mice but grew in anchorage-independent growth assays in an epidermal growth factor and hydrocortisone dependent manner. Colony formation in agar was abolished by inhibition of Src, and the Src pathway was found to be activated in human endometriosis lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This new in vitro model system mimics endometriosis and the early stages of neoplastic transformation in the development of endometriosis associated ovarian cancer. We demonstrate the potential clinical relevance of this model by identifying Src activation as a novel pathway in endometriosis that could be targeted therapeutically, perhaps as a novel strategy to manage endometriosis clinically, or to prevent the development of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer.
Assuntos
Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Endometriose/genética , Endometriose/patologia , Genes src/fisiologia , Doenças Ovarianas/genética , Doenças Ovarianas/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Endometriose/tratamento farmacológico , Células Epiteliais , Feminino , Genes src/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Camundongos , Doenças Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
We sought to identify susceptibility genes for high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) by performing a transcriptome-wide association study of gene expression and splice junction usage in HGSOC-relevant tissue types (N = 2,169) and the largest genome-wide association study available for HGSOC (N = 13,037 cases and 40,941 controls). We identified 25 transcriptome-wide association study significant genes, 7 at the junction level only, including LRRC46 at 19q21.32, (P = 1 × 10-9), CHMP4C at 8q21 (P = 2 × 10-11) and a PRC1 junction at 15q26 (P = 7 × 10-9). In vitro assays for CHMP4C showed that the associated variant induces allele-specific exon inclusion (P = 0.0024). Functional screens in HGSOC cell lines found evidence of essentiality for three of the new genes we identified: HAUS6, KANSL1 and PRC1, with the latter comparable to MYC. Our study implicates at least one target gene for 6 out of 13 distinct genome-wide association study regions, identifying 23 new candidate susceptibility genes for HGSOC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Processamento Alternativo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Complexos Endossomais de Distribuição Requeridos para Transporte/genética , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Modelos Genéticos , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of tumorigenesis, and yet their mechanistic roles remain challenging to characterize. Here, we integrate functional proteomics with lncRNA-interactome profiling to characterize Urothelial Cancer Associated 1 (UCA1), a candidate driver of ovarian cancer development. Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) analysis indicates that UCA1 activates transcription coactivator YAP and its target genes. In vivo RNA antisense purification (iRAP) of UCA1 interacting proteins identified angiomotin (AMOT), a known YAP regulator, as a direct binding partner. Loss-of-function experiments show that AMOT mediates YAP activation by UCA1, as UCA1 enhances the AMOT-YAP interaction to promote YAP dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Together, we characterize UCA1 as a lncRNA regulator of Hippo-YAP signaling and highlight the UCA1-AMOT-YAP signaling axis in ovarian cancer development.
RESUMO
Fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells (FTSECs) are likely the main precursor cell type of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs), but these tumors may also arise from ovarian surface epithelial cells (OSECs). We profiled global landscapes of gene expression and active chromatin to characterize molecular similarities between OSECs (n = 114), FTSECs (n = 74), and HGSOCs (n = 394). A one-class machine learning algorithm predicts that most HGSOCs derive from FTSECs, with particularly high FTSEC scores in mesenchymal-type HGSOCs (padj < 8 × 10-4). However, a subset of HGSOCs likely derive from OSECs, particularly HGSOCs of the proliferative type (padj < 2 × 10-4), suggesting a dualistic model for HGSOC origins. Super-enhancer (SE) landscapes were also more similar between FTSECs and HGSOCs than between OSECs and HGSOCs (p < 2.2 × 10-16). The SOX18 transcription factor (TF) coincided with a HGSOC-specific SE, and ectopic overexpression of SOX18 in FTSECs caused epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, indicating that SOX18 plays a role in establishing the mesenchymal signature of fallopian-derived HGSOCs.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Fatores de Transcrição SOXF/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Tubas Uterinas/metabolismo , Tubas Uterinas/patologia , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Ovário/metabolismo , Ovário/patologia , RNA-Seq , Fatores de Transcrição SOXF/metabolismo , Análise de Célula Única , TranscriptomaRESUMO
PAX8 is a lineage-restricted transcription factor that is expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) precursor tissues, and in the major EOC histotypes. Frequent overexpression of PAX8 in primary EOCs suggests this factor functions as an oncogene during tumorigenesis, however, the biological role of PAX8 in EOC development is poorly understood. We found that stable knockdown of PAX8 in EOC models significantly reduced cell proliferation and anchorage dependent growth in vitro, and attenuated tumorigenicity in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and transcriptional profiling were used to create genome-wide maps of PAX8 binding and putative target genes. PAX8 binding sites were significantly enriched in promoter regions (p < 0.05) and superenhancers (p < 0.05). MEME-ChIP analysis revealed that PAX8 binding sites overlapping superenhancers or enhancers, but not promoters, were enriched for JUND/B and ARNT/AHR motifs. Integrating PAX8 ChIP-seq and gene expression data identified PAX8 target genes through their associations within shared topological association domains. Across two EOC models we identified 62 direct regulatory targets based on PAX8 binding in promoters and 1,330 putative enhancer regulatory targets. SEPW1, which is involved in oxidation-reduction, was identified as a PAX8 target gene in both cell line models. While the PAX8 cistrome exhibits a high degree of cell-type specificity, analyses of PAX8 target genes and putative cofactors identified common molecular targets and partners as candidate therapeutic targets for EOC.
RESUMO
To identify common alleles associated with different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we pooled data from multiple genome-wide genotyping projects totaling 25,509 EOC cases and 40,941 controls. We identified nine new susceptibility loci for different EOC histotypes: six for serous EOC histotypes (3q28, 4q32.3, 8q21.11, 10q24.33, 18q11.2 and 22q12.1), two for mucinous EOC (3q22.3 and 9q31.1) and one for endometrioid EOC (5q12.3). We then performed meta-analysis on the results for high-grade serous ovarian cancer with the results from analysis of 31,448 BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, including 3,887 mutation carriers with EOC. This identified three additional susceptibility loci at 2q13, 8q24.1 and 12q24.31. Integrated analyses of genes and regulatory biofeatures at each locus predicted candidate susceptibility genes, including OBFC1, a new candidate susceptibility gene for low-grade and borderline serous EOC.
Assuntos
Loci Gênicos/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Alelos , Proteína BRCA1/genética , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genótipo , Humanos , Metanálise como Assunto , Mutação , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Fatores de Risco , Proteínas de Ligação a Telômeros/genéticaRESUMO
A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P=9.2 × 10(-20)), ER-negative BC (P=1.1 × 10(-13)), BRCA1-associated BC (P=7.7 × 10(-16)) and triple negative BC (P-diff=2 × 10(-5)). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P=2 × 10(-3)) and ABHD8 (P<2 × 10(-3)). Chromosome conformation capture identifies interactions between four candidate SNPs and ABHD8, and luciferase assays indicate six risk alleles increased transactivation of the ADHD8 promoter. Targeted deletion of a region containing risk SNP rs56069439 in a putative enhancer induces ANKLE1 downregulation; and mRNA stability assays indicate functional effects for an ANKLE1 3'-UTR SNP. Altogether, these data suggest that multiple SNPs at 19p13 regulate ABHD8 and perhaps ANKLE1 expression, and indicate common mechanisms underlying breast and ovarian cancer risk.
Assuntos
Alelos , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 19/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Povo Asiático/genética , População Negra/genética , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genótipo , Humanos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The molecular biology and cellular origins of mixed type endometrial carcinomas (MT-ECs) are poorly understood, and a Type II component of 10 percent or less may confer poorer prognoses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We studied 10 cases of MT-EC (containing endometrioid and serous differentiation), 5 pure low-grade endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC) and 5 pure uterine serous carcinoma (USC). Endometrioid and serous components of the MT-ECs were macrodissected and the expression of 60 candidate genes compared between MT-EC, pure USC and pure EAC. We found that four genes were differentially expressed when MT-ECs were compared to pure low-grade EAC: CDKN2A (P = 0.006), H19 (P = 0.010), HOMER2 (P = 0.009) and TNNT1 (P = 0.006). Also while we found that even though MT-ECs closely resembled the molecular profiles of pure USCs, they also exhibit lower expression of PAX8 compared to all pure cases combined (P = 0.035). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that MT-EC exhibits the closest molecular and epidemiological similarities to pure USC and supports clinical observations that suggest patients with MT-EC should receive the same treatment as patients with pure serous carcinoma. Novel specific markers of MT-EC could be of diagnostic utility and could represent novel therapeutic targets in the future.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma Endometrioide/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Endométrio/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma Endometrioide/genética , Carcinoma Endometrioide/patologia , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Endométrio/genética , Neoplasias do Endométrio/patologia , Feminino , Proteínas de Arcabouço Homer , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fator de Transcrição PAX8 , Fatores de Transcrição Box Pareados/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Box Pareados/metabolismo , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Membrana Serosa/patologia , Troponina/genética , Troponina/metabolismoRESUMO
Genome-wide association studies have identified several risk associations for ovarian carcinomas but not for mucinous ovarian carcinomas (MOCs). Our analysis of 1,644 MOC cases and 21,693 controls with imputation identified 3 new risk associations: rs752590 at 2q13 (P = 3.3 × 10(-8)), rs711830 at 2q31.1 (P = 7.5 × 10(-12)) and rs688187 at 19q13.2 (P = 6.8 × 10(-13)). We identified significant expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) associations for HOXD9 at 2q31.1 in ovarian (P = 4.95 × 10(-4), false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.003) and colorectal (P = 0.01, FDR = 0.09) tumors and for PAX8 at 2q13 in colorectal tumors (P = 0.03, FDR = 0.09). Chromosome conformation capture analysis identified interactions between the HOXD9 promoter and risk-associated SNPs at 2q31.1. Overexpressing HOXD9 in MOC cells augmented the neoplastic phenotype. These findings provide the first evidence for MOC susceptibility variants and insights into the underlying biology of the disease.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Cromossomos Humanos Par 2/genética , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Estudos de Associação Genética/métodos , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 12 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) susceptibility alleles. The pattern of association at these loci is consistent in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers who are at high risk of EOC. After imputation to 1000 Genomes Project data, we assessed associations of 11 million genetic variants with EOC risk from 15,437 cases unselected for family history and 30,845 controls and from 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 8,211 BRCA2 mutation carriers (3,096 with ovarian cancer), and we combined the results in a meta-analysis. This new study design yielded increased statistical power, leading to the discovery of six new EOC susceptibility loci. Variants at 1p36 (nearest gene, WNT4), 4q26 (SYNPO2), 9q34.2 (ABO) and 17q11.2 (ATAD5) were associated with EOC risk, and at 1p34.3 (RSPO1) and 6p22.1 (GPX6) variants were specifically associated with the serous EOC subtype, all with P < 5 × 10(-8). Incorporating these variants into risk assessment tools will improve clinical risk predictions for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.