Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Everolimus in Patients Who Have Undergone Liver Transplant.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of everolimus is required to prevent organ rejection in patients who have undergone transplant. Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) is a minimally invasive method for accurately collecting a small amount of blood from a patient's fingers. This study aimed to assess the applicability of VAMS for TDM of everolimus. METHODS: VAMS and venous blood samples were collected from 45 liver transplant recipients who had been receiving stable everolimus doses for at least 7 days. Whole blood everolimus concentrations were measured using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Deming regression and Bland-Altman analysis were performed to compare everolimus concentrations measured using VAMS (C VAMS ) and venous blood samples (C IV ). The regression coefficient (r 2 ) between C VAMS and C IV was calculated using a linear regression. The effects of the hematocrit and blood sampling time on the difference between C VAMS and C IV were investigated. RESULTS: Thirty-two participants were included in the final analysis. The Deming regression line was C IV = 1.04 × C VAMS + 0.55 [95% confidence interval (CI) of slope, 0.91-1.18; 95% CI of intercept, -0.05 to 1.16]. C VAMS and C IV were strongly correlated (r 2 = 0.92), with no proportional or constant bias. The mean difference between C VAMS and C IV was -0.79 ng/mL, with the 95% limit of agreement ranging from -2.55 to 0.97 ng/mL in a Bland-Altman plot. No effect of the hematocrit or blood sampling time was observed. CONCLUSIONS: VAMS and venous blood sampling showed good agreement for the measurement of whole blood everolimus concentrations. Less invasive VAMS can substitute for more invasive venous blood sampling in the TDM of everolimus in liver transplant patients.

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of vactosertib, a new activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors in a first-in-human phase 1 study.

Purposes Vactosertib is a new investigational inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase 5. The objective of this study was to characterize vactosertib pharmacokinetics that are to be applied for subsequent clinical studies. Methods Vactosertib plasma concentration-time data were obtained from a multicenter, dose-escalation, first-in-human phase 1 study conducted in patients with advanced solid tumors. Each patient orally received a fixed dose of vactosertib with the range of 30 mg to 340 mg once daily under fasted condition. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a non-compartmental method. Results Pharmacokinetic data were evaluable in 29 patients. Vactosertib was rapidly absorbed after the first dose with a median time to maximum concentration (tmax) of 1.2 h (interquartile range, 0.8-1.8 h) and quickly eliminated with a median terminal half-life (t1/2) of 3.2 h (2.2-4.2 h) over the dose range studied. Such trend was also observed after repeated doses for five days (median tmax, 1.5 h; median t1/2, 3.0 h). The area under the concentration-time curve within a dosing interval increased in proportion to dose. The median values of apparent clearance and volume of distribution were 29 L/h (21-44 L/h) and 133 L (77-222 L), respectively. The median accumulation ratio after repeated once-daily doses for five days was 0.87 (0.69-1.07). Conclusions Vactosertib pharmacokinetics were dose-proportional within tested dose range with negligible accumulation when administered once daily for five days. Considering the short half-life, it seems necessary to administer vactosertib twice- or thrice-daily to maintain its concentrations above minimum effective level over a dosing interval.

Development of a dried blood spot sampling method towards therapeutic monitoring of radotinib in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling is a minimally invasive method of blood sampling that enables monitoring of drug concentrations to be more convenient. This study aimed at developing a DBS sampling method for an accurate and precise prediction of radotinib plasma concentrations (Cp ) in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). METHODS: Dried blood spot and venous blood samples were simultaneously collected from fifty CML patients who had been receiving radotinib for at least a week. Radotinib concentrations were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Unmeasured Cp was predicted directly based on a Deming regression between DBS concentrations (CDBS ) and Cp . Unmeasured Cp was also predicted from CDBS corrected by each patient's haematocrit (Hct). Both prediction methods were evaluated for their accuracy and precision using Deming regression and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The Deming regression equation between CDBS and Cp was obtained as follows: Cp  = 1.34∙CDBS  + 4.26 (r2  = .97). Cp was directly predictable using Cp,pred1  = 1.34∙CDBS  + 4.26. With Hct correction, Cp was alternatively predictable using Cp,pred2  = CDBS / (1-Hct + Hct2 ). The slopes of Deming regression line between predicted and measured Cp were 0.99 and 1.02 for the direct and Hct-corrected method, respectively. The mean biases (accuracy) were -0.44% and 1.6% with the 95% limits of agreement (precision) of -22.4% to 21.5% and -20.5% to 23.7%, respectively. More than 93% of predicted and measured Cp pairs had their differences within 20% of the mean of each pair in both methods. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS: Radotinib CDBS are highly correlated with radotinib Cp. Radotinib Cp can be accurately and precisely predicted from CDBS using direct or Hct-corrected prediction methods. Both appear to be appropriate for the therapeutic monitoring of radotinib in patients with CML.

Antimicrobials for the treatment of drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia in critically ill patients: a systemic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: An optimal therapy for the treatment of pneumonia caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii remains unclear. This study aims to compare various antimicrobial strategies and to determine the most effective therapy for pneumonia using a network meta-analysis. METHODS: Systematic search and quality assessment were performed to select eligible studies reporting one of the following outcomes: all-cause mortality, clinical cure, and microbiological eradication. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. A network meta-analysis was conducted with a Bayesian approach. Antimicrobial treatments were ranked based on surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) value along with estimated median outcome rate and corresponding 95% credible intervals (CrIs). Two treatments were considered significantly different if a posterior probability of superiority (P) was greater than 97.5%. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies evaluating 15 antimicrobial treatments were included. Intravenous colistin monotherapy (IV COL) was selected as a common comparator, serving as a bridge for developing the network. Five treatments ranked higher than IV COL (SUCRA, 57.1%; median all-cause mortality 0.45, 95% CrI 0.41-0.48) for reducing all-cause mortality: sulbactam monotherapy (SUL, 100.0%; 0.18, 0.04-0.42), high-dose SUL (HD SUL, 85.7%; 0.31, 0.07-0.71), fosfomycin plus IV COL (FOS + IV COL, 78.6%; 0.34, 0.19-0.54), inhaled COL plus IV COL (IH COL + IV COL, 71.4%; 0.39, 0.32-0.46), and high-dose tigecycline (HD TIG, 71.4%; 0.39, 0.16-0.67). Those five treatments also ranked higher than IV COL (SUCRA, 45.5%) for improving clinical cure (72.7%, 72.7%, 63.6%, 81.8%, and 90.9%, respectively). Among the five treatments, SUL (P = 98.1%) and IH COL + IV COL (P = 99.9%) were significantly superior to IV COL for patient survival and clinical cure, respectively. In terms of microbiological eradication, FOS + IV COL (P = 99.8%) and SUL (P = 98.9%) were significantly superior to IV COL. CONCLUSIONS: This Bayesian network meta-analysis demonstrated the comparative effectiveness of fifteen antimicrobial treatments for drug-resistant A. baumannii pneumonia in critically ill patients. For survival benefit, SUL appears to be the best treatment followed by HD SUL, FOS + IV COL, IH COL + IV COL, HD TIG, and IV COL therapy, in numerical order.

Discovery of thienopyrimidine-based FLT3 inhibitors from the structural modification of known IKKß inhibitors.

Inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibition of IKKß is a well-known approach to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Thienopyrimidine-based analogues were designed through modification of the known IKKß inhibitor, SPC-839, and then biologically evaluated. The resulting analogues had good inhibitory activity against both nitric oxide and TNF-α, which are well-known inflammatory responses generated by activated NF-κB. However, no inhibitory activity against IKKß was observed with these compounds. The thienopyrimidine-based analogues were subsequently screened for a target kinase, and FLT3, which is a potential target for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), was identified. Thienopyrimidine-based FLT3 inhibitors showed good inhibition profiles against FLT3 under 1µM. Overall, these compounds represent a promising family of inhibitors for future development of a treatment for AML.

Amniotic membrane extract-loaded double-layered wound dressing: evaluation of gel properties and wound healing.

The conservative single-layered wound dressing system is decomposed when mixed in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, which means it cannot be used with a temperature-sensitive drug. The goal of this investigation was to make an amniotic membrane extract (AME)-loaded double-layered wound dressing with an improved healing result compared to the conservative single-layered wound dressing systems. The double-layered wound dressing was developed with PVA/sodium alginate using a freeze-melting technique; one layer was PVA layer and the other was the drug-loaded sodium alginate layer. Its gel properties were assessed compared to single-layered wound dressings. Moreover, in vivo wound-healing effects and histopathology were calculated compared to commercial products. The double-layered wound dressing gave a similar gel fraction and Young's module as single-layered wound bandages developed with only PVA, and a similar inflammation ability and WVTR as single-layered wound dressings developed with PVA and sodium alginate. Our data indicate that these double-layered wound bandages were just as swellable, but more elastic and stronger than single-layered wound dressings comprised of the same polymers and quantities, possibly giving an acceptable level of moisture and accumulation of exudates in the wound zone. Compared to the commercial product, the double-layered wound dressing comprising 6.7% PVA, 0.5% sodium alginate and 0.01% AME significantly enhanced the wound-healing effect in the wound-healing test. Histological investigations showed that superior full-thickness wound-healing effects compared to the commercial product. Therefore, the double-layered wound dressing would be an outstanding wound-dressing system with improved wound healing and good gel property.

Effect of phosphatidylcholine in bentonite-quetiapine complex on enhancing drug release and oral bioavailability.

Bentonite (BT) is a biocompatible clay mineral that has advantageous properties as a pharmaceutical excipient. However, the application of BT in controlled-release oral formulations has been challenging due to incomplete drug release from BT-drug complexes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of modifying BT with zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC) to enhance the dissolution of drugs, thereby increasing their oral bioavailability. Quetiapine (QTP) was chosen as a model drug, and the composition of the complex (BT-PC-QTP) was optimized to have the maximum QTP content and increase the total amount of QTP released. The in vitro release study showed that the incorporation of an appropriate amount of PC into BT improved the low release rate of the BT-QTP complex at pH 7.4, while the pH-dependent release property of BT was maintained. In an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats, the oral administration of the BT-PC-QTP complex showed significantly higher Cmax and AUC values than the BT-QTP complex. Moreover, BT-PC-QTP showed a 2.4-fold enhancement of oral bioavailability compared to the QTP powder group. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies confirmed that the intercalation of PC and QTP into BT resulted in the adsorption of QTP in an amorphous state. The characterization of the nanoparticles generated from the BT-PC-QTP complex supported that PC enhanced the dissolution of QTP by forming nanosized PC particles. Taken together, the modification of BT with PC can be applied in pharmaceutical industry as a platform strategy to control the release of the BT-drug complex and enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Appropriate Starting Dose of Dasatinib Based on Analyses of Dose-Limiting Toxicities and Molecular Responses in Asian Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Dasatinib is administered at a fixed starting dosage of 100 mg once daily regardless of patient-specific factors. However, such fixed dosing may not be optimal for the treatment of Asian patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CP-CML). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and molecular responses (MRs) of dasatinib therapy were evaluated using clinical data obtained from 102 patients newly diagnosed with CP-CML at 17 hospitals in South Korea. RESULTS: By 36 months after the initiation of a fixed dose regimen of dasatinib 100 mg once daily as the first-line therapy, 55.9% of patients experienced at least one type of DLT. The 3 most frequent DLTs were thrombocytopenia (45.5%), pericardial or pleural effusion (30.9%), and anemia (7.3%). Patients with higher dasatinib dose adjusted for body weight (Dose/BW) had a greater rate of DLT occurrence (logit [P] = 1.58 × [Dose/BW] - 2.27, P = .03). As median Dose/BW increased from 1.23 to 2.00 mg/kg, the rate of DLT occurrence increased from 43.5% to 66.7% (P = .03). However, Dose/BW did not affect the achievement rate of major MR (60.9% to 69.6%, P = .92). CONCLUSION: The starting dosage of dasatinib may need to be reduced (eg, 80 mg once daily or lower) for Asian patients with CP-CML, especially with lighter BW, to alleviate the risk of DLT occurrence without compromising the achievement of MR.

Development of a limited sampling strategy for the estimation of isoniazid exposure considering N-acetyltransferase 2 genotypes in Korean patients with tuberculosis.

A limited sampling strategy (LSS) to estimate the exposure to isoniazid was developed considering N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genotypes in Korean patients with tuberculosis. The influence of the genotypes on the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid was also evaluated. A total of 33 participants participated in the study and received isoniazid 300 mg once daily. Evaluable participants consist of ten slow (SA), fourteen intermediate (IA) and six rapid acetylators (RA). As expected, isoniazid exposure was higher (mean AUC, 28.4 versus 7.6 mg*h/L) and systemic clearance lower (mean apparent clearance, 14.8 versus 50.6 L/h) in SAs than RAs. The formulas to estimate isoniazid exposure were constructed using one or more concentration-time points that correlate with the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). The LSS using a formula of single concentration-time point at 4 h post dose (C4) is applicable for all acetylators to the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of isoniazid in patients with tuberculosis when evaluated using the Deming regression and Bland-Altman plot (AUC = 1.53 + 10.03*C4, adjusted r2 = 0.95, p < 0.001). Considering that SAs are more prone to adverse effects, pre-dose NAT2 genotyping would be valuable for optimal isoniazid dosing in conjunction with TDM.

Development of an oral bentonite-based modified-release freeze-dried powder of vactosertib: Pharmacokinetics and anti-colitis activity in rodent models of ulcerative colitis.

Vactosertib is a novel inhibitor of transforming growth factor-ß signaling. Clinical applications of vactosertib have been challenging since conventional oral formulations such as immediate-release tablets demonstrate a rapid rise and fast decline in plasma concentrations. In this study, a novel bentonite-based, modified-release, freeze-dried powder of vactosertib was developed and evaluated to determine its potential in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. The formulation released vactosertib slowly and steadily in an in vitro drug release test. The extent of vactosertib released from the formulation was markedly low (18.0%) at pH 1.2 but considerably high (95.6%) at pH 7.4. Compared with vactosertib oral solution, the formulation demonstrated a 52.5% lower mean maximum concentration of vactosertib and three times longer median time to maximum concentration without a significant change in the extent of vactosertib absorption in a rodent colitis model. Furthermore, colitis mice administered with this formulation showed a significant reduction in the total histopathological score by 30% compared with those administered with the positive control, whereas the administration of vactosertib oral solution resulted in only a 10% reduction. Collectively, this novel formulation resolved the pharmacokinetic drawbacks of vactosertib and is expected to enhance its therapeutic effect by delivering vactosertib to the colitis lesions in the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Comprehensive analyses of safety and efficacy toward individualizing imatinib dosage in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.

Safety and efficacy outcomes of imatinib treatment were evaluated using extensive clinical data collected from a total of 1003 patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase between 2001 and 2018. By 12 months of imatinib treatment at a fixed dose of 400 mg/day, 45.4% of patients experienced at least one type of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). The DLTs that frequently occurred first were thrombocytopenia (40.0%), neutropenia/leukopenia (14.3%) and dermatological reactions (12.1%). Patients with lighter body weight (≤ 64 kg) and older age (> 43 years) experienced a markedly higher occurrence of first DLTs by 12 months than heavier and younger patients (57.9% vs. 30.1%, p < 0.001). On the other hand, 38.9% of patients achieved major molecular response (MMR) at 12 months at the fixed dose. Female patients achieved a greater rate of MMR than male patients (45.6% vs. 35.5%, p = 0.028). In conclusion, patients with light weight and old age are more vulnerable to DLTs, whereas female patients gain more efficacy benefit at the fixed dose. The authors suggest that the initial dose of imatinib should be reduced to 300 mg/day or lower for patients vulnerable to DLTs to diminish the risk of DLTs without compromising the achievement of MMR.

Population pharmacokinetics of vactosertib, a new TGF-ß receptor type Ι inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors.

PURPOSE: Vactosertib, a novel inhibitor of transforming growth factor-ß type Ι receptor, is under development for the treatment of various cancers. The objective of this study was to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of vactosertib in patients with solid tumors. METHODS: Vactosertib population pharmacokinetics was assessed by nonlinear mixed-effects modelling of plasma concentration-time data obtained from a first-in-human phase 1 trial conducted in patients with advanced solid tumors. The final population pharmacokinetic model was constructed by assessing the effect of covariates on pharmacokinetic parameters including demographic characteristics, laboratory values, hepatic and renal function, and concomitant medications. The robustness of the final model was evaluated using a bootstrap method as well as visual predictive check based on Monte Carlo simulations and goodness-of-fit plots. RESULTS: A total of 559 concentrations from 29 patients were available for pharmacokinetic analysis. A two-compartment linear model with first-order absorption and absorption lag time adequately described the population pharmacokinetics of vactosertib. The estimates of apparent clearance (CL/F) and volume of central compartment (Vc/F) were 31.9 L/h (inter-individual variability, 0.481) and 82.9 L (inter-individual variability, 0.534), respectively. The mixture model accounts for both typical absorption profile in the majority of patients and distinct profile in some patients with uncommon gastrointestinal conditions. Body mass index was significantly associated with Vc/F. CONCLUSIONS: The model developed in this study adequately describes the population pharmacokinetics of vactosertib in patients with advanced solid tumors. The pharmacokinetic characteristics assessed using the model would provide useful quantitative information to assist the future clinical development of vactosertib.

Association of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1, NAT2, GST and SLCO1B1 with the risk of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) and the risk of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ATDILI). DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Reviews databases were searched through April 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included case-control or cohort studies investigating an association between NAT2, CYP2E1, GST or SLCO1B1 polymorphisms and the ATDILI risk in patients with tuberculosis. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Three authors screened articles, extracted data and assessed study quality. The strength of association was evaluated for each gene using the pooled OR with a 95% CI based on the fixed-effects or random-effects model. Sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm the reliability and robustness of the results. RESULTS: Fifty-four studies were included in this analysis (n=26 for CYP2E1, n=35 for NAT2, n=19 for GST, n=4 for SLCO1B1). The risk of ATDILI was significantly increased with the following genotypes: CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI c1/c1 (OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.83), NAT2 slow acetylator (OR=3.30, 95% CI 2.65 to 4.11) and GSTM1 null (OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.52). No significant association with ATDILI was found for the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 DraI, GSTT1, GSTM1/GSTT1, SLCO1B1 388A>G and SLCO1B1 521T>C (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ATDILI is more likely to occur in patients with NAT2 slow acetylator genotype, CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI c1/c1 genotype and GSTM1 null genotype. Close monitoring may be warranted for patients with these genotypes.

New era in drug interaction evaluation: US Food and Drug Administration update on CYP enzymes, transporters, and the guidance process.

Predicting clinically significant drug interactions during drug development is a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. Since the publication of the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) first in vitro and in vivo drug interaction guidance documents in 1997 and 1999, researchers and clinicians have gained a better understanding of drug interactions. This knowledge has enabled the FDA and the industry to progress and begin to overcome these challenges. The FDA has continued its efforts to evaluate methodologies to study drug interactions and communicate recommendations regarding the conduct of drug interaction studies, particularly for CYP-based and transporter-based drug interactions, to the pharmaceutical industry. A drug interaction Web site was established to document the FDA's current understanding of drug interactions (http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/drugInteractions/default.htm). This report provides an overview of the evolution of the drug interaction guidances, includes a synopsis of the steps taken by the FDA to revise the original drug interaction guidance documents, and summarizes and highlights updated sections in the current guidance document, Drug Interaction Studies-Study Design, Data Analysis, and Implications for Dosing and Labeling.

Correction: Cardiovascular Effect of Incretin-Based Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153502.].

Determination of a radotinib dosage regimen based on dose-response relationships for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.

Radotinib is a second-generation BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CP-CML). Here, using the data from a Phase 3 study conducted in patients with newly diagnosed CP-CML, the dose-efficacy as well as dose-safety relationship analyses were performed to determine a safe and effective initial dosage regimen of radotinib. A significant positive association was detected between the starting dose of radotinib adjusted for body weight (Dose/BW) and the probability of dose-limiting toxicity (≥grade 3 hematologic and nonhematologic toxicity) (P = 0.003). In contrast, a significant inverse association was discovered between Dose/BW and the probability of major molecular response (BCR-ABL1/ABL1 ≤ 0.1%) when controlled for sex (P = 0.033). Moreover, frequent dose interruptions and reductions secondary to radotinib toxicities occurred in the Phase 3 study, resulting in nearly half (44%) of patients receiving a reduced dose at a 12-month follow-up. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the need for initial radotinib dose attenuation to improve the long-term efficacy and safety of radotinib. Hence, the authors suggest a new upfront radotinib dose of 400 mg once daily be tested in patients with newly diagnosed CP-CML.

BCR-ABL1 transcript levels at 4 weeks have prognostic significance for time-specific responses and for predicting survival in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with various tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

The present study aimed to assess the clinical impact of BCR-ABL1 transcript levels determined at an earlier time point than the 3-month early molecular response (EMR) in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP) patients. BCR-ABL1 transcript levels of CML-CP patients (n = 258; median age, 43 [range, 18-81] years) treated with various tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were determined at 4 weeks (28 ± 3 days) and at every 3 months of treatment initiation. At 4 weeks, receiver operating characteristic curves revealed that cutoff values of BCR-ABL1 transcripts for achieving major molecular responses (MMRs) by 12 and 60 months were 40.89% and 39.16%, respectively (95% CI, 0.658-0.772 and 95% CI, 0.643-0.758; P < 0.0001). With 40% of BCR-ABL1 transcripts at 4 weeks (very early MR; VEMR), patients with VEMR achieved higher 3-month EMR and 4-week VEMR significantly associated with higher cumulative incidences of 5-year MMR (89.1% vs 72.3%; P < 0.001) and 5-year deep molecular response (DMR) (56.5% vs 29.4%; P = 0.001). Furthermore, event-free survival (EFS)-a (93.0% vs 84.8%; P = 0.068) and EFS-b (71.1% vs 57.9%; P = 0.061) by 5 years were also marginally significant. VEMR and 3-month EMR were achieved in 89 patients, with significantly superior outcomes. In multivariate analyses, lower leukocyte count (P = 0.008) and frontline second-generation TKI therapy size (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with VEMR achievement, but not baseline BCR-ABL1 level and CML duration. In conclusion, the 4-week BCR-ABL1 transcript levels including VEMR could be important to predict long-term outcomes and may provide additional information about innate intrinsic sensitivity to CML among individuals.

Cardiovascular Effect of Incretin-Based Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: To assess the cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with the use of incretin-based therapy in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) primary prevention group with low CV risks. METHODS: The clinical studies on incretin-based therapy published in medical journals until August 2014 were comprehensively searched using MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL with no language restriction. The studies were systemically reviewed and evaluated for CV risks using a meta-analysis approach and where they meet the following criteria: clinical trial, incidence of predefined CV disease, T2DM with no comorbidities, age > 18 years old, duration of at least 12 weeks, incretin-based therapy compared with other antihyperglycaemic agents or placebo. Statistical analyses were performed using a Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) test. The odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated and displayed for comparison. RESULTS: A total of 75 studies comprising 45,648 patients with T2DM were selected. The pooled estimate demonstrated no significance in decreased CV risk with incretin-based therapy versus control (M-H OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-1.00). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that incretin-based therapy show no significant protective effect on CV events in T2DM primary prevention group with low CV risks. Prospective randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the results of this analysis.

Effects of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on Hepatic CYP2B1 and in Vivo Bupropion Disposition in Rats Fed a High-Fat or Methionine/Choline-Deficient Diet.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to hepatic pathologies, including simple fatty liver (SFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis, that may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. These liver disease states may affect the activity and expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes, potentially resulting in an alteration in the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic efficacy, and safety of drugs. This study investigated the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B1-modulating effect of a specific NAFLD state in dietary rat models. Sprague-Dawley rats were given a methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) or high-fat (HF) diet to induce NASH and SFL, respectively. The induction of these disease states was confirmed by plasma chemistry and liver histological analysis. Both the protein and mRNA levels of hepatic CYP2B1 were considerably reduced in MCD diet-fed rats; however, they were similar between the HF diet-fed and control rats. Consistently, the enzyme-kinetic and pharmacokinetic parameters for CYP2B1-mediated bupropion metabolism were considerably reduced in MCD diet-fed rats; however, they were also similar between the HF diet-fed and control rats. These results may promote a better understanding of the influence of NAFLD on CYP2B1-mediated metabolism, which could have important implications for the safety and pharmacokinetics of drug substrates for the CYP2B subfamily in patients with NAFLD.

Optimization of radotinib doses for the treatment of Asian patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia based on dose-response relationship analyses.

A fixed dose regimen for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is postulated to be responsible for variable safety outcomes in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The objective of this study was to explore an optimal dosing regimen for a TKI, radotinib, to improve its safety profile. Clinical data were obtained from a Phase 2 study of fixed-dose radotinib in 77 Asian patients with CML. The magnitude of radotinib dose adjusted for patient's body weight (Dose/BW) and the probability of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) demonstrated a positive association (Logit[P] = 0.86*[Dose/BW]-4.45, p = 0.001). There was a significant difference in the Kaplan-Meier curves for time to first DLT between the patient subgroups of Dose/BW <6 and ≥6 mg/kg (259 versus 83 days). Consequently, a two-tier weight-based dosing regimen may improve the safety of radotinib: 300 mg or 400 mg twice daily for patients weighing ≤65 or >65 kg, respectively.