Inflammatory Cytokine Patterns Associated with Neurological Diseases in Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can present with distinct neurological manifestations. This study shows that inflammatory neurological diseases were associated with increased levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), and CXCL10 in the cerebrospinal fluid. Conversely, encephalopathy was associated with high serum levels of IL-6, CXCL8, and active tumor growth factor ß1. Inflammatory syndromes of the central nervous system in COVID-19 can appear early, as a parainfectious process without significant systemic involvement, or without direct evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 neuroinvasion. At the same time, encephalopathy is mainly influenced by peripheral events, including inflammatory cytokines. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1041-1045.

Latin American Consensus Statement for the Use of Contrast-Enhanced Transcranial Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Test for Detection of Right-to-Left Shunt.

BACKGROUND: The role of patent foramen ovale is a field of debate and current publications have increasing controversies about the patients' management in young undetermined stroke. Work up with echocardiography and transcranial Doppler (TCD) can aid the decision with better anatomical and functional characterization of right-to-left shunt (RLS). Medical and interventional strategy may benefit from this information. SUMMARY: a group of experts from the Latin American participants of the Neurosonology Research Group (NSRG) of World Federation of Neurology created a task force to review literature and describe the better methodology of contrast TCD (c-TCD). All signatories of the present consensus statement have published at least one study on TCD as an author or co-author in an indexed journal. Two meetings were held while the consensus statement was being drafted, during which controversial issues were discussed and voted on by the statement signatories. The statement paper was reviewed and approved by the Executive Committee of the NSRG of the World Federation of Neurology. The main objective of this consensus statement is to establish a standardization of the c-TCD technique and its interpretation, in order to improve the informative quality of the method, resulting in expanding the application of TCD in the clinical setting. These recommendations optimize the comparison of different diagnostic methods and encourage the use of c-TCD for RLS screening and complementary diagnosis in multicenter studies.

High IFN-γ/IL-10 expression ratio and increased frequency of persistent human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-infected clones are associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis development.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes a persistent infection, and only 0.5-5% of infected individuals will develop HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Therefore, we investigated parameters to discriminate HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (ACs) with an increased chance to develop HAM/TSP. METHODS: We evaluated integration patterns of HTLV-1 provirus, the relative expression of HTLV-1 tax and HBZ mRNAs and of IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNAs, in addition to proviral load (PVL) levels. RESULTS: HAM/TSP patients presented a higher number of large persistent HTLV-1-carrying clones compared to ACs, and the expression of the HTLV-1 tax and HBZ genes by infected cells was detected at low levels and correlated positively with PVL. In addition, HAM/TSP patients and ACs with high PVL expressed higher levels of IFN-γ mRNA in comparison to IL-10, while ACs with low PVL presented an equilibrate IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of large persistent HTLV-1-infected clones in association with viral gene expression, even at small levels, could stimulate the intense inflammatory response in HTLV-1-infected individuals. This was supported by a high ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 relative expression in HAM/TSP patients and ACs with high PVL, indicating that these parameters could aid the identification of ACs with a high risk to develop HAM/TSP.

High frequencies of functionally competent circulating Tax-specific CD8+ T cells in human T lymphotropic virus type 2 infection.

Human T lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is characterized by a clinically asymptomatic persistent infection in the vast majority of infected individuals. In this study, we have characterized for the first time ex vivo specific CTL responses against the HTLV-2 Tax protein. We could detect CTL responses only against a single HLA-A*0201-restricted Tax2 epitope, comprising residues 11-19 (LLYGYPVYV), among three alleles screened. Virus-specific CTLs could be detected in most evaluated subjects, with frequencies as high as 24% of circulating CD8(+) T cells. The frequency of specific CTLs had a statistically significant positive correlation with proviral load levels. The majority of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells exhibited an effector memory/terminally differentiated phenotype, expressed high levels of cytotoxicity mediators, including perforin and granzyme B, and lysed in vitro target cells pulsed with Tax2((11-19)) synthetic peptide in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that a strong, effective CTL response may control HTLV-2 viral burden and that this may be a significant factor in maintaining persistent infection and in the prevention of disease in infected individuals.

Neurological aspects of HIV/human T lymphotropic virus coinfection.

Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 is associated with some neurologic diseases, mainly human T lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Human T lymphotropic virus type 2 has also been associated with similar cases of human T lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, but evidences for a definitive relationship are less clear. On the other hand, neurologic manifestations of HIV infection are quite common, affecting more than one third of patients in HIV clinics. Seroepidemiologic studies show that HIV-infected individuals are at an increased risk for human T lymphotropic virus infection and vice versa in comparison with the general population. Furthermore, HIV/human T lymphotropic virus coinfection has been associated with distinctive immunophenotypes and an increased risk for development of neurodegenerative conditions. Thus, studies on HIV/human T lymphotropic virus coinfection have a practice clinical importance. In this review, we aim to discuss clinical and laboratorial data focusing on neurologic diseases in HIV/human T lymphotropic virus coinfection.

Home-based exercise program in TSP/HAM individuals: a feasibility and effectiveness study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of a home-based exercise program in TSP/HAM individuals. METHODS: Twenty-three TSP/HAM individuals divided in two groups according to Timed Up and Go (TUG) score (<20s vs ≥20s) performed a 20-week home-based exercise program. The primary outcomes were exercise adherence, maximum voluntary isometric contraction of lower limbs (MVIC), Barthel Index and SF-36. Secondary outcomes were adverse effects and barriers to exercise practice. RESULTS: MVIC and the social functioning domain in SF-36 improved significantly in TUG <20s group. The individuals in the TUG ≥20s group improved significantly their physical functioning domain in SF-36. The total adherence to the 20-week home-based exercise program was 90%. There were mild to moderate adverse events related to exercise program. There were no adverse events related to MVIC test. CONCLUSIONS: The home-based exercise program was feasible and effective in improving disability and quality of life in individuals with TSP/HAM.

Hepatitis C virus and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 co-infection: impact on liver disease, virological markers, and neurological outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with neurological abnormalities, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and peripheral neuropathy (PN). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and causes PN in approximately 9% of patients. Because the interplay between these potentially neuropathogenic viruses in the same individual is still poorly understood, the clinical and laboratory outcomes of co-infected patients were evaluated and compared with those of controls. METHODS: The prevalence rates of neurological and laboratory abnormalities were evaluated in HCV/HTLV-1 co-infected patients (n=50), and in subjects with single HCV (n=46) or HTLV-1 (n=150) infection. RESULTS: A higher frequency of isolated PN was present in HCV-infected patients; this was not associated with cryoglobulinemia. No difference was found in the frequency of PN or HAM/TSP when co-infected subjects were compared to singly infected subjects. Hepatic involvement was present in HCV-infected subjects, as shown by increased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and bilirubin, in addition to thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, HCV/HTLV-1 co-infected individuals presented a better prognosis for hepatic involvement when compared with singly HCV-infected subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that HCV/HTLV-1 co-infection does not mutualistically alter the outcome with regard to neurological manifestations. Nonetheless, changes in the immunological environment induced by HTLV-1 infection could lead to a reduction in hepatic damage, even without significant HCV clearance.

Home-based exercise program in TSP/HAM individuals: a feasibility and effectiveness study / Programa de exercícios domiciliares em indivíduos com PET/MAH: um estudo de viabilidade e efetividade

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of a home-based exercise program in TSP/HAM individuals. Methods Twenty-three TSP/HAM individuals divided in two groups according to Timed Up and Go (TUG) score (<20s vs ≥20s) performed a 20-week home-based exercise program. The primary outcomes were exercise adherence, maximum voluntary isometric contraction of lower limbs (MVIC), Barthel Index and SF-36. Secondary outcomes were adverse effects and barriers to exercise practice. Results MVIC and the social functioning domain in SF-36 improved significantly in TUG <20s group. The individuals in the TUG ≥20s group improved significantly their physical functioning domain in SF-36. The total adherence to the 20-week home-based exercise program was 90%. There were mild to moderate adverse events related to exercise program. There were no adverse events related to MVIC test. Conclusions The home-based exercise program was feasible and effective in improving disability and quality of life in individuals with TSP/HAM.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a viabilidade e eficácia de um programa de exercícios domiciliares (PED) em indivíduos com PET/MAH. Métodos 23 indivíduos com PET/MAH divididos em dois grupos conforme teste Timed Up and Go - TUG (<20s vs ≥20s) realizaram o PED durante 20 semanas. Desfechos primários – adesão aos exercícios, contração isométrica voluntária máxima dos membros inferiores (CIVM), Índice de Barthel e SF-36. Desfechos secundários – ocorrência de eventos adversos e presença de barreiras à prática de exercícios. Resultados CIVM e componente “Aspectos Sociais” da SF-36 aumentaram significativamente no grupo TUG <20s. Os indivíduos do grupo TUG ≥20s aumentaram significativamente componente “Capacidade Funcional” da SF-36. A adesão ao PED foi de 90%. Foram observados eventos adversos de intensidade leve a moderada relacionados ao PED. Não foram encontrados eventos adversos relacionados à CIVM. Conclusões O PED é viável e eficaz em melhorar a incapacidade e a qualidade de vida de indivíduos com PET/MAH.

Home-based exercise program in TSP/HAM individuals: a feasibility and effectiveness study / Programa de exercícios domiciliares em indivíduos com PET/MAH: um estudo de viabilidade e efetividade

Objetivo: Investigar a viabilidade e eficácia de um programa de exercícios domiciliares (PED) em indivíduos com PET/MAH. Métodos: 23 indivíduos com PET/MAH divididos em dois grupos conforme teste Timed Up and Go - TUG (<20s vs ≥20s) realizaram o PED durante 20 semanas. Desfechos primários ­ adesão aos exercícios, contração isométrica voluntária máxima dos membros inferiores (CIVM), Índice de Barthel e SF-36. Desfechos secundários ­ ocorrência de eventos adversos e presença de barreiras à prática de exercícios. Resultados: CIVM e componente "Aspectos Sociais" da SF-36 aumentaram significativamente no grupo TUG <20s. Os indivíduos do grupo TUG ≥20s aumentaram significativamente componente "Capacidade Funcional" da SF-36. A adesão ao PED foi de 90%. Foram observados eventos adversos de intensidade leve a moderada relacionados ao PED. Não foram encontrados eventos adversos relacionados à CIVM. Conclusões: O PED é viável e eficaz em melhorar a incapacidade e a qualidade de vida de indivíduos com PET/MAH.

HTLV-1 and neurological conditions: when to suspect and when to order a diagnostic test for HTLV-1 infection?

HTLV-1 is a retrovirus associated with a myriad of clinical conditions, especially hematological and neurological ones. Regarding nervous system diseases, it is of utmost importance to select those cases in which HTLV-1 infection could really be associated. This is particularly true for patients from endemic areas and for HIV-infected patients and drug users, since that these groups are at a higher risk for HTLV infection. This caution in selecting neurological patients for HTLV diagnostic tests is justified by the fact that in some circumstances the seropositivity may merely represent an epiphenomenon. In this paper we enroll some neurological conditions that have been associated with HTLV-1/2 infection in the literature and discuss the real need for HTLV-1/2 diagnostic tests in each one. Because HIV/HTLV-co-infected patients seem to be at an increased risk for neurological diseases development, a special consideration about this matter is also made.

Neuroimaging in Parkinsonism: a study with magnetic resonance and spectroscopy as tools in the differential diagnosis.

The differential diagnosis of Parkinsonism based on clinical features, sometimes may be difficult. Diagnostic tests in these cases might be useful, especially magnetic resonance imaging, a noninvasive exam, not as expensive as positron emission tomography, and provides a good basis for anatomical analysis. The magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyzes cerebral metabolism, yielding inconsistent results in parkinsonian disorders. We selected 40 individuals for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy analysis, 12 with Parkinson's disease, 11 with progressive supranuclear palsy, 7 with multiple system atrophy (parkinsonian type), and 10 individuals without any psychiatric or neurological disorders (controls). Clinical scales included Hoenh and Yahr, unified Parkinson's disease rating scale and mini mental status examination. The results showed that patients with Parkinson's disease and controls presented the same aspects on neuroimaging, with few or absence of abnormalities, and supranuclear progressive palsy and multiple system atrophy showed abnormalities, some of which statistically significant. Thus, magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy could be useful as a tool in differential diagnosis of Parkinsonism.

Contribuição da Neuroimagem para o Diagnóstico de Secreção Inapropriada do Hormônio Antidiurético (SIADH) / Contribution of neuroimage to the diagnosis of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)

O diagnóstico diferencial entre SIADH e síndrome perdedora de sal pode ser difícil. A fisiopatologia da síndrome perdedora de sal ainda é obscura, sendo postulado que ocorra aumento do peptídeo natriurético atrial. A determinação precoce do diagnóstico é fundamental, pois o tratamento da hiponatremia nas 2 condições é diferente. Relatamos caso de paciente com história de TCE que evoluiu 6 dias após com hiponatremia aguda por SIADH. A neuroimagem foi importante no diagnóstico diferencial.

Mielopatia sinalizando o diagnóstico tardio da infecçãopor HtlV: um relato de caso / Myelopathy signaling the late diagnosis of HIV infection: a case report

A infecção pelo vírus T-linfotrópico humano (HTLV) caracteriza-se como uma doença sexualmente transmissível (DST), que pode também ser adquirida pelas vias parenteral e vertical. Subdivide-se em dois tipos: o HTLV-I, relacionado com doenças como mielopatia associada a HTLV/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP) e a leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATL). Já o HTLV-II ainda não foi correlacionado cientificamente com nenhuma patologia na atualidade. Seu diagnóstico é realizado pela triagem sorológica para a detecção de anticorpo anti-HTLV-I/II, sendo o exame confirmatório o western blot. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever um relato de caso em que a mielopatia foi a manifestação clínica sinalizadora da infecção pelo HTLV, em consequência do diagnóstico tardio da infecção por este patógeno, na qual a paciente apresentou os sintomas, progrediu lentamente e recebeu o diagnóstico apenas no último estágio da patologia (HAM/TSP), quando se tornou cadeirante. Embora a paciente realize na atualidade a terapêutica proposta e o acompanhamento ambulatorial segundo o protocolo estabelecido para o manejo desta infecção viral, membros de sua família também foram avaliados e diagnosticados e apenas um se apresentou positivo para a infecção. Este estudo visa demonstrar a importância do rastreio laboratorial para a infecção pelo HTLV, na mesma dimensão do diagnóstico da sífilis e do HIV, de modo que o mesmo não ocorra de forma tardia, quando associado a suas manifestações clínicas nos pacientes ou a infecções oportunistas relacionadas.

The human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is characterized as a sexually transmitted disease (STD), it can also be transmitted by parenteral and vertical routes. It is subdivided into two types: the HTLV-I related diseases such as myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV-II has not been scientifically correlated with pathology yet. This diagnosis is made by serological screening for detection of HTLV antibody, and the western blot confirmatory test. In this context, the objective of this study was to describe a case in which myelopathy was signaling to the clinical manifestation of HTLV, as a result of delayed diagnosis of infection by this pathogen in which the patient had symptoms progressed slowly and received diagnosis only in the last stage of pathology (HAM/TSP), becoming a wheelchair user. Although nowadays the patient performs the therapeutic proposed and outpatient treatment according to the established protocol for the management of this viral infection, members of her family were also diagnosed and only one had a positive diagnosis of infection. This study aims to demonstrate the importance of laboratory screening for HTLV infection, in the same dimension of the diagnosis of syphilis and HIV, so that it does not occur so late, when it is associated to clinical manifestations in patients or related opportunistic infections

HTLV-1 and neurological conditions: when to suspect and when to order a diagnostic test for HTLV-1 infection? / Doenças neurológicas e infecção pelo HTLV-1: quando suspeitar e quando solicitar testes diagnósticos para a infecção pelo HTLV-1

HTLV-1 is a retrovirus associated with a myriad of clinical conditions, especially hematological and neurological ones. Regarding nervous system diseases, it is of utmost importance to select those cases in which HTLV-1 infection could really be associated. This is particularly true for patients from endemic areas and for HIV-infected patients and drug users, since that these groups are at a higher risk for HTLV infection. This caution in selecting neurological patients for HTLV diagnostic tests is justified by the fact that in some circumstances the seropositivity may merely represent an epiphenomenon. In this paper we enroll some neurological conditions that have been associated with HTLV-1/2 infection in the literature and discuss the real need for HTLV-1/2 diagnostic tests in each one. Because HIV/HTLV-co-infected patients seem to be at an increased risk for neurological diseases development, a special consideration about this matter is also made.

O HTLV-1 é um retrovírus associado tanto a doenças hematológicas quanto a doenças neurológicas. Em relação às doenças neurológicas, é fundamental que selecionemos aquelas em que de fato a infecção pelo HTLV-1 possa ser a causa. Isto é particularmente verdadeiro nos pacientes oriundos de áreas endêmicas e nos pacientes infectados pelo HIV e usuários de drogas, haja vista que estes grupos são de risco para infecção pelo HTLV. Este cuidado ao selecionarmos aquelas condições neurológicas que merecem ser investigadas com sorologia para o HTLV se justifica pelo fato de que nem sempre podemos afastar uma associação fortuita entre a infecção e a referida doença. Neste artigo, comentaremos sobre algumas condições neurológicas que podem estar associadas com a infecção pelo HTLV-1/2, discutindo a real necessidade de solicitar testes para o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HTLV-1/2 frente a elas. Uma breve consideração sobre a co-infecção HIV/HTLV será feita no final deste artigo tendo em vista que estes pacientes apresentam um risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de doenças neurológicas.

HTLV-1 and neurological conditions: when to suspect and when to order a diagnostic test for HTLV-1 infection? / Doenças neurológicas e infecção pelo HTLV-1: quando suspeitar e quando solicitar testes diagnósticos para a infecção pelo HTLV-1

O HTLV-1 é um retrovírus associado tanto a doenças hematológicas quanto a doenças neurológicas. Em relação às doenças neurológicas, é fundamental que selecionemos aquelas em que de fato a infecção pelo HTLV-1 possa ser a causa. Isto é particularmente verdadeiro nos pacientes oriundos de áreas endêmicas e nos pacientes infectados pelo HIV e usuários de drogas, haja vista que estes grupos são de risco para infecção pelo HTLV. Este cuidado ao selecionarmos aquelas condições neurológicas que merecem ser investigadas com sorologia para o HTLV se justifica pelo fato de que nem sempre podemos afastar uma associação fortuita entre a infecção e a referida doença. Neste artigo, comentaremos sobre algumas condições neurológicas que podem estar associadas com a infecção pelo HTLV-1/2, discutindo a real necessidade de solicitar testes parao diagnóstico da infecção pelo HTLV-1/2 frente a elas. Uma breve consideração sobre a co-infecção HIV/HTLV será feita no final deste artigo tendo em vista que estes pacientes apresentam um risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de doenças neurológicas.