Protecting-Group-Free Site-Selective Reactions in a Metal-Organic Framework Reaction Vessel.

Site-selective organic transformations are commonly required in the synthesis of complex molecules. By employing a bespoke metal-organic framework (MOF, 1·[Mn(CO)3N3]), in which coordinated azide anions are precisely positioned within 1D channels, we present a strategy for the site-selective transformation of dialkynes into alkyne-functionalized triazoles. As an illustration of this approach, 1,7-octadiyne-3,6-dione stoichiometrically furnishes the mono-"click" product N-methyl-4-hex-5'-ynl-1',4'-dione-1,2,3-triazole with only trace bis-triazole side-product. Stepwise insights into conversions of the MOF reaction vessel were obtained by X-ray crystallography, demonstrating that the reactive sites are "isolated" from one another. Single-crystal to single-crystal transformations of the Mn(I)-metalated material 1·[Mn(CO)3(H2O)]Br to the corresponding azide species 1·[Mn(CO)3N3] with sodium azide, followed by a series of [3+2] azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions, are reported. The final liberation of the "click" products from the porous material is achieved by N-alkylation with MeBr, which regenerates starting MOF 1·[Mn(CO)3(H2O)]Br and releases the organic products, as characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Once the dialkyne length exceeds the azide separation, site selectivity is lost, confirming the critical importance of isolated azide moieties for this strategy. We postulate that carefully designed MOFs can act as physical protecting groups to facilitate other site-selective and chemoselective transformations.

Toward innovative, cost-effective, and systemic solutions to improve outcomes and well-being of military families affected by autism spectrum disorder.

The burdens faced by military families who have a child with autism are unique. The usual challenges of securing diagnostic, treatment, and educational services are compounded by life circumstances that include the anxieties of war, frequent relocation and separation, and a demand structure that emphasizes mission readiness and service. Recently established military autism-specific health care benefits set the stage for community-viable and cost-effective solutions that can achieve better outcomes for children and greater well-being for families. Here we argue for implementation of evidence-based solutions focused on reducing age of diagnosis and improving access to early intervention, as well as establishment of a tiered menu of services, individualized to the child and family, that fit with the military ethos and system of health care. Absence of this new model of care could compromise the utility and sustainability of the autism-specific benefit.

Sex-based disparities in DNA methylation and gene expression in late-gestation mouse placentas.

BACKGROUND: The placenta is vital for fetal development and its contributions to various developmental issues, such as pregnancy complications, fetal growth restriction, and maternal exposure, have been extensively studied in mice. The placenta forms mainly from fetal tissue and therefore has the same biological sex as the fetus it supports. Extensive research has delved into the placenta's involvement in pregnancy complications and future offspring development, with a notable emphasis on exploring sex-specific disparities. However, despite these investigations, sex-based disparities in epigenetic (e.g., DNA methylation) and transcriptomic features of the late-gestation mouse placenta remain largely unknown. METHODS: We collected male and female mouse placentas at late gestation (E18.5, n = 3/sex) and performed next-generation sequencing to identify genome-wide sex differences in transcription and DNA methylation. RESULTS: Our comparison between male and female revealed 358 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on autosomes, which were associated with signaling pathways involved in transmembrane transport and the responses to viruses and external stimuli. X chromosome DEGs (n = 39) were associated with different pathways, including those regulating chromatin modification and small GTPase-mediated signal transduction. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were more common on the X chromosomes (n = 3756) than on autosomes (n = 1705). Interestingly, while most X chromosome DMRs had higher DNA methylation levels in female placentas and tended to be included in CpG dinucleotide-rich regions, 73% of autosomal DMRs had higher methylation levels in male placentas and were distant from CpG-rich regions. Several DEGs were correlated with DMRs. A subset of the DMRs present in late-stage placentas were already established in mid-gestation (E10.5) placentas (n = 348 DMRs on X chromosome and 19 DMRs on autosomes), while others were acquired later in placental development. CONCLUSION: Our study provides comprehensive lists of DEGs and DMRs between male and female that collectively cause profound differences in the DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of late-gestation mouse placentas. Our results demonstrate the importance of incorporating sex-specific analyses into epigenetic and transcription studies to enhance the accuracy and comprehensiveness of their conclusions and help address the significant knowledge gap regarding how sex differences influence placental function.

The placenta is a crucial organ for a healthy pregnancy and proper fetal development, and its functions are often studied in mice. The placenta stems from the developing embryo, and therefore shares its sex. Male fetuses have higher risks of pregnancy complications and neurodevelopmental disorders, and these risks are linked to placenta functions. However, how the placenta's sex influences the proteins it contains­and therefore, how it helps the fetus develop­remains largely unknown. We used cutting-edge techniques to systematically examine late-pregnancy mouse placentas, cataloging the genes being expressed (i.e., sections of DNA used to make proteins) and the patterns of a specific DNA mark (called methylation) that controls gene expression. We identified several genes with important placental functions, such as protecting the fetus from viruses and responding to environmental changes, whose expression levels were sex-specific. We also observed differences in DNA methylation between male and female placentas. Most DNA methylation differences were on the X chromosomes, and the majority had higher methylation levels in female placentas. Conversely, on other chromosomes, most differences present an increased level of DNA methylation in male placentas. As methylation affects gene expression, we found links between the changes. Additionally, we found that some sex differences in the placenta were already present earlier in pregnancy. Our findings provide important insights into the molecular differences between male and female mouse placentas during late pregnancy. Including sex-specific analyses in placenta studies will improve our understanding of how the placenta ensures the healthy development of male and female fetuses.

Computer-based intervention in HIV clinical care setting improves antiretroviral adherence: the LifeWindows Project.

We evaluated the efficacy of LifeWindows, a theory-based, computer-administered antiretroviral (ARV) therapy adherence support intervention, delivered to HIV + patients at routine clinical care visits. 594 HIV + adults receiving HIV care at five clinics were randomized to intervention or control arms. Intervention vs. control impact in the intent-to-treat sample (including participants whose ARVs had been entirely discontinued, who infrequently attended care, or infrequently used LifeWindows) did not reach significance. Intervention impact in the On Protocol sample (328 intervention and control arm participants whose ARVs were not discontinued, who attended care and were exposed to LifeWindows regularly) was significant. On Protocol intervention vs. control participants achieved significantly higher levels of perfect 3-day ACTG-assessed adherence over time, with sensitivity analyses maintaining this effect down to 70% adherence. This study supports the utility of LifeWindows and illustrates that patients on ARVs who persist in care at clinical care sites can benefit from adherence promotion software.

A music-based HIV prevention intervention for urban adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: This research examines the process of conducting and evaluating a music-based HIV prevention intervention among urban adolescents, and is informed by the information, motivation, behavioral skills (IMB) model. DESIGN: Musically talented opinion leaders were recruited to write, record, and distribute HIV prevention themed music to their peers to increase HIV prevention motivation, behavioral skills, and behaviors. In this 3-month field experiment, participants were 306 students enrolled in health classes at each of three large multiracial urban high schools (one treatment school; two control schools). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of HIV prevention information, motivation, behavioral skills, and behaviors, both pre- and postintervention. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Results indicate that the intervention influenced several aspects of HIV prevention motivation, behavioral skills, and condom use and HIV testing behaviors. This research demonstrates that the incorporation of music into HIV prevention interventions for adolescents has the potential to be effective.

Graphing the order of the sexes: constructing, recalling, interpreting, and putting the self in gender difference graphs.

Graphs seem to connote facts more than words or tables do. Consequently, they seem unlikely places to spot implicit sexism at work. Yet, in 6 studies (N = 741), women and men constructed (Study 1) and recalled (Study 2) gender difference graphs with men's data first, and graphed powerful groups (Study 3) and individuals (Study 4) ahead of weaker ones. Participants who interpreted graph order as evidence of author "bias" inferred that the author graphed his or her own gender group first (Study 5). Women's, but not men's, preferences to graph men first were mitigated when participants graphed a difference between themselves and an opposite-sex friend prior to graphing gender differences (Study 6). Graph production and comprehension are affected by beliefs and suppositions about the groups represented in graphs to a greater degree than cognitive models of graph comprehension or realist models of scientific thinking have yet acknowledged.