Impact of prior flavivirus immunity on Zika virus infection in rhesus macaques.

Studies have demonstrated cross-reactivity of anti-dengue virus (DENV) antibodies in human sera against Zika virus (ZIKV), promoting increased ZIKV infection in vitro. However, the correlation between in vitro and in vivo findings is not well characterized. Thus, we evaluated the impact of heterotypic flavivirus immunity on ZIKV titers in biofluids of rhesus macaques. Animals previously infected (≥420 days) with DENV2, DENV4, or yellow fever virus were compared to flavivirus-naïve animals following infection with a Brazilian ZIKV strain. Sera from DENV-immune macaques demonstrated cross-reactivity with ZIKV by antibody-binding and neutralization assays prior to ZIKV infection, and promoted increased ZIKV infection in cell culture assays. Despite these findings, no significant differences between flavivirus-naïve and immune animals were observed in viral titers, neutralizing antibody levels, or immune cell kinetics following ZIKV infection. These results indicate that prior infection with heterologous flaviviruses neither conferred protection nor increased observed ZIKV titers in this non-human primate ZIKV infection model.

Syrian Hamsters Model Does Not Reflect Human-like Disease after Aerosol Exposure to Encephalitic Alphaviruses.

Venezuelan (VEE), eastern (EEE), and western (WEE) equine encephalitis viruses are encephalitic New World alphaviruses that cause periodic epizootic and epidemic outbreaks in horses and humans that may cause severe morbidity and mortality. Currently there are no FDA-licensed vaccines or effective antiviral therapies. Each year, there are a limited number of human cases of encephalitic alphaviruses; thus, licensure of a vaccine or therapeutic would require approval under the FDA animal rule. Approval under the FDA animal rule requires the disease observed in the animal model to recapitulate what is observed in humans. Currently, initial testing of vaccines and therapeutics is performed in the mouse model. Unfortunately, alphavirus disease manifestations in a mouse do not faithfully recapitulate human disease; the VEEV mouse model is lethal whereas in humans VEEV is rarely lethal. In an effort to identify a more appropriate small animal model, we evaluated hamsters in an aerosol exposure model of encephalitic alphavirus infection. The pathology, lethality, and viremia observed in the infected hamsters was inconsistent with what is observed in NHP models and humans. These data suggest that hamsters are not an appropriate model for encephalitic alphaviruses to test vaccines or potential antiviral therapies.

Thymic Lymphomas in a 6-Month rasH2-Tg Mouse Carcinogenicity Study With the RORγt Inverse Agonist, BMS-986251.

BMS-986251 is a retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) inverse agonist that was in development for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. RORγt is a nuclear hormone receptor and transcription factor that is involved in the differentiation and function of T helper 17 cells. RORγt-deficient (constitutive or conditional) mice develop thymic lymphomas with >50% mortality at 4 months, whereas heterozygous mice are normal. A 6-month study was conducted in rasH2-Tg hemizygous mice to assess the potential carcinogenicity of BMS-986251. BMS-986251 was administered once daily by oral gavage to groups of 27 mice/sex at doses of 0 (water control), 0 (vehicle control), 5, 25, or 75 mg/kg. The positive control, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, was administered by a single intraperitoneal injection to 15 mice/sex at a dose of 75 mg/kg. There were no tumors attributed to BMS-986251 except for thymic lymphomas. Thymic lymphoma was observed in 1 male (3.7%) and 3 females (11.1%) at the mid dose, and 6 females (22.2%) at the high dose. No lymphomas were observed in the negative control groups whereas the incidence of lymphomas in the positive control group was 47-60%. The incidence of thymic lymphomas in the BMS-986251-treated groups was higher than published literature and test facility historical control data. Furthermore, increased thymic lymphoid cellularity (lymphoid hyperplasia) was observed at the mid dose in males and at all doses in females. Since lymphoid hyperplasia may represent a preneoplastic change, a no-effect dose for potential tumor induction was not identified in this study. These results led to the discontinuation of BMS-986251 and underscore the challenges in targeting RORγt for drug development.

Interposition grafts for rectovaginal fistula repair in the New Zealand white rabbit.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to use an animal model to study different types of interposition grafts for rectovaginal fistula repair. METHODS: Twelve New Zealand white rabbits underwent surgical creation of a rectovaginal fistula, followed by repair. Four repair techniques were studied; three with interposition grafts and one control group without a graft. Animals were euthanized at 4-week intervals and underwent gross and histologic analysis. RESULTS: The mean rectovaginal wall thickness was greatest in the control group (5.6 mm) and thinnest in the autologous rectus fascia (4.2 mm) and porcine small intestine submucosa (5.1 mm) groups. The polypropylene graft had a mean thickness of 5.4 mm and elicited a strong, protracted inflammatory response. All fistulas were successfully closed except one porcine small intestine submucosa repair. CONCLUSIONS: There is no benefit from interposition graft use for rectovaginal fistula repair in our New Zealand white rabbit model.

Protective effect of two recombinant ricin subunit vaccines in the New Zealand white rabbit subjected to a lethal aerosolized ricin challenge: survival, immunological response, and histopathological findings.

Ricin, isolated from the castor bean plant Ricinus communis, is included on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category B list of bioterrorism agents, indicating that the toxin is moderately easy to disseminate and could result in moderate morbidity rates. This study evaluated two promising recombinant ricin subunit vaccines, one made using an Escherichia coli codon-optimized gene and the other using a yeast codon-optimized gene in E. coli-based fermentations. Rabbits were vaccinated four times over a period of 6 months and challenged with ∼10 to 30 times the median lethal dose of aerosolized ricin. All unvaccinated control rabbits were either found dead or humanely euthanized within 30 h postchallenge, while the rabbits vaccinated with either vaccine survived the exposure without adverse clinical signs. When the protective antibody responses were analyzed, no significant difference was seen between the two vaccines. However, there was a significant difference in the immune response over time for both vaccines tested. Although clinical pathology was unremarkable, significant histological lesions in the control animals included fibrinonecrotic pneumonia, acute necrotizing lesions in the upper respiratory tract, and necrotizing lymphadenitis in the lymph nodes draining the upper and lower respiratory tract. Vaccine-treated rabbits exhibited resolving lesions associated with ricin exposure, namely chronic inflammation in the upper respiratory tract and lungs, fibrosis, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, and bronchiolitis obliterans. This study confirmed the safety and efficacy of two recombinant ricin subunit vaccines in rabbits, offering potential protection to warfighters and select populations.