The Degradation and Migration of Cyclanilide in Soil and Sediment in China.

The environmental fate of a plant growth regulator cyclanilide was studied in this paper. The degradation, adsorption, and migration behaviors of cyclanilide were detailly measured in the laboratory. The results showed that the DT50 of cyclanilide degradation in the Jiangxi red, Taihu paddy, Changshu wushan, Shaanxi tide, and Dongbei black soils was 42.3 d, 31.9 d, 14.4 d, 30.4 d as well as 27.4 d under aerobic conditions and 32.3 d, 37.4 d, 29.3 d, 48.9 d as well as 27.0 d under water anaerobic conditions, respectively, with the main metabolite being 2,4-dichloroaniline (2,4-D). The DT50 of 2,4-D ranged from 5.26 to 27.1 days under aerobic conditions, and from 10.6 to 54.1 days under anaerobic conditions. The adsorption of cyclanilide by the soils was well fitted by the empirical linear adsorption isotherm, and the adsorption constant (Kd, H) values in the Jiangxi red, Taihu paddy, Changshu wushan, Shaanxi tide, and Dongbei black soils were 7.08, 4.49, 4.05, 3.20, and 1.41, respectively. The results of a mobility test showed that cyclanilide had strong mobility in the most test soils. Furthermore, soil pH is the dominant element affecting the adsorption of cyclanilide in the soils. Under aerobic environment, the DT50 of total cyclanilide in river and lake water-sediment systems were 30.7 d and 34.0 d, respectively; under anaerobic environment, their DT50 were 30.8 d and 31.4 d, respectively. In water-sediment systems, 2,4-D mainly exists in aqueous phase and the DT50 ranged from 5.23 to 8.76 days. This work demonstrated that cyclanilide has the potential risk to contaminate environment and attention should be paid to its application.

Levels, Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of PBDEs in Soils and Plants Around the Engineering Plastics Factory.

This study systematically investigated the pollution levels and migration trends of PBDEs in soils and plants around engineering plastics factory, and identified the ecological risks of PBDEs in the environment around typical pollution sources.The results showed that 13 kinds of PBDEs were widely detected in the surrounding areas, and the concentration level was higher than the general environmental pollution level. The total PBDE concentrations (∑13PBDEs) in soils ranged from 14.6 to 278.4 ng/g dry weight (dw), and in plants ranged from 11.5 to 176 ng/g dw. Both soil and plant samples showed that BDE-209 was the most important congener, the pollution level in soil and plant was similar, and the composition of PBDEs congener was similar. In the soil column (50 cm), the radial migration of PBDEs was mainly concentrated in the 0-30 cm section. Except for BDE-66, which was mainly located in the 20-30 cm soil layer, the concentration of PBDEs was the highest in the 0-10 cm region. Furthermore, the environmental risks of PBDEs in soil and plants were evaluated by hazard quotient method, and the HQ values were all < 1, which did not exhibit any ecological risk. The evaluation results also showed that the ecological risk of PBDEs in soil was higher than that of plants, especially penta-BDE, which should be paid more attention.

Adsorption-desorption of Atrazine with 9 Agricultural Soils in China.

In this work, the characteristics and mechanisms for atrazine adsorption-desorption with 9 types of soils were investigated with batch equilibrium studies, elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and UV‒visible spectroscopy. The atrazine sorption data for the 9 soils showed better fits with the Freundlich model than the Langmuir model, except with Red earth in Jiangxi (REJ) The results showed that the adsorption capacity was positively correlated with the organic matter (OM) content and negatively correlated with cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and pH. UV‒visible spectroscopy showed that dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the soil enhanced atrazine adsorption, but the adsorption on different DOM fractions was quite different. In addition, the infrared spectra revealed differences in the functional groups of soils and these functional groups may drive the adsorption process via hydrogen bonding and coordination with the -NH2 groups in atrazine.

Development of novel MOF-mixed matrix three-dimensional membrane capsules for eradicating potentially toxic metals from water and real electroplating wastewater.

The stability and applicability of UiO-66-(NH2)2 metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully improved in this study by incorporating them into alginate biopolymer during the manifestation of crosslinking agents-calcium chloride and glutaraldehyde-via a simple, environment-friendly, and facile approach to eradicate potentially toxic metals (PTMs) such as Cr6+, Cr3+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ from water and real electroplating wastewater. Hydrophilic functional groups (i.e., -OH, -COOH, and -NH2) are imperative in the smooth loading of UiO-66-(NH2)2 MOF- NPs into three-dimensional (3-D) membrane capsules (MCs). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results suggested that UiO-66-(NH2)2 MOF was effectively bonded in/on the capsule via electrostatic crosslinking between -H3N+ and -COO-. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed a porous honeycomb configuration of the 3-D SGMMCs (S: sodium alginate, G: glutaraldehyde, M: MOF NPs, and MCs: membrane capsules). The maximum monolayer absorption capacities for Cr6+, Cr3+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ were 495, 975, 1295, and 1350 mg/g, respectively. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and XPS analyses showed that electrostatic attraction and ion exchange were the main processes for PTM removal used by the as-developed 3-D SGMMCs. The as-developed 3-D SGMMCs exhibited outstanding selectivity for removing the targeted PTMs under the specified pH/conditions and maintained >80% removal efficiency for up to six consecutive treatment cycles. Notably, > 60% removal efficiencies for Cr6+ and Cu2+ were observed when treating real electroplating wastewater. Therefore, the as-developed 3-D SGMMCs can be used as an exceptional multifunctional sorbent to remove and recover PTMs from real electroplating wastewater.

Occurrence, Spatial Distribution and Health Risk of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in Source Water in the Lower Yangtze River, China.

The occurrence and health risk of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a brominated flame retardant with its three diastereoisomers, in drinking water sources in the lower Yangtze River in China was investigated. Its concentration ranged from 0.58 to 3.71 ng/L and averaged at 1.18 ng/L. Among the three diastereoisomers of α-, ß- and γ-HBCD, γ-HBCD was the dominant one accounting for 44% (ranging 27-82%) to the total concentration. Source of HBCD in the contaminated site was discussed according to its spatial distribution and diastereoisomer profile. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to evaluate the health risk of HBCD through drinking water by estimated exposure and derived reference dose. The MOE was 17 for adults and 12 for children in the worst-case scenario, suggesting a trivial health concern.

Triglyceride-Glukose Index Predicts Adverse Events in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.

The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a recently proposed indicator for insulin resistance, has been related with cardiovascular risks. We aimed to summarize the association between TyG index and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cohort studies demonstrating the association between TyG index and incidence of MACEs in ACS patients with multivariate adjusted analyses were identified by search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. A random-effekt model incorporating the heterogeneity was applied to pool the results. Eight cohort studies with 19 611 participants were included. Results showed that compared to those with the lowest category of TyG index, ACS patients with the highest category of TyG index were independently associated with higher risk of MACEs [risk ratio (RR): 1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47-2.56, I2=85%, p <0.001). Subgroup analyses showed consistent results in patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction or non-ST segment elevated ACS, in patients with or without diabetes, and in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention. Results were consistent in studies with TyG index analyzed as continuous variable (RR for per standard deviation increment of TyG index: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.38-1.83, I2=24%, p <0.001). In conclusion, higher TyG index may be independently associated with higher incidence of MACEs in patients with ACS.

Toxic effect of fluorene-9-bisphenol to green algae Chlorella vulgaris and its metabolic fate.

Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF), a bisphenol A (BPA) alternative, has recently attracted attention due to its wide use and potential toxicity. However, the toxic effects and fate of BHPF in freshwater algae remains to be elucidated. In this study, the impact of BHPF on Chlorella vulgaris was explored and the removal and bioaccumulation of BHPF by Chlorella vulgaris were investigated. Results showed that C. vulgaris was sensitive to BHPF at the concentration of >1 mg L-1, and lipid peroxidation was significantly increased under the exposure of >0.1 mg BHPF L-1. An oxidative stress was caused by BHPF, as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly decreased in algal cells by >0.5 mg BHPF L-1. The removal rate of BHPF was significantly enhanced by the addition of algae. In addition, the increasing accumulation of BHPF in algae at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5 mg L-1 was observed and may contribute for the increased toxicity of BHPF to C. vulgaris. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) results demonstrated that three metabolites of BHPF were identified in algal cells, which may pose an unexpected effect in aquatic environment.

Perfluoroalkyl substances in drinking water sources along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China: Human health and ecological risk assessment.

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in source water is of growing concern for its adverse effects on human health and wildlife as well. The Yangtze River is the vital drinking water source in Jiangsu Province of China, but little attention has been paid on PFASs. The occurrence, spatial distribution and temporal trend of PFASs in 21 water sources along the Jiangsu section of the Yangtze River was investigated with sampling from 2018 to 2020. Moreover, health risk of PFASs was assessed by estimated intake dose and derived tolerable intake dose, while ecological risk was assessed by selected effect concentration and environmental exposure. PFASs concentrations in source water ranged from 12.0 to 128 ng/L, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as the dominated congener. Fluorine chemical industry lead to a great increase of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in its nearest water source. The estimated daily intake of PFASs through drinking was 0.54 and 0.82 ng/kg bw/day for adults and children. The major health risk was from perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOA for their toxicity on liver, reproduction, development and immunity, with the maximum hazard quotient of 0.029 and 0.043 for adults and children in the worst scenario. The ecological risks from PFASs on nine species groups ranged from 2.7 × 10-10 to 5.2. PFOA and Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were causing significant risk on wildlife, particularly on worms, mussels, and fish, which may further influence the structure and processes in the foodweb. Overall, PFASs, especially PFOS, PFOA and PFBS, induced considerable risk on human health and aquatic species in some hotspot area. It would be necessary to include them into monitoring in China and develop standards for different protection purposes.

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in Soil of the Pearl River Delta, China: Spatial Distribution, Sources, and Ecological Risk Assessment.

This study investigated the levels, spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risks of 16 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in 68 surface soil samples (0-20 cm) from 7 cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. Sixteen target PFCs, including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs, C5-C14, C16, and C18) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs, C4, C6, C8, and C10), were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS). Concentrations of total PFCs (∑PFCs) ranged from 2.19 to 98.5 µg kg-1 (dry weight, dw), with an average of 5.97 µg kg-1 dw. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFC, accounting for 23.9% of ∑PFCs. The highest ∑PFCs was found in the soil sample collected from Dongguan with a large number of manufacturing industries. There were no significant differences of ∑PFCs among unban, industrial, and agricultural soils, indicating similar pollution sources in soil of the PRD. More than 70% of ∑PFCs in soil of the PRD could be attributed to the four principal components, represented by PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA). Ecological risk assessment indicated that PFOA had low risk to soil plants and animals. However, the risk of PFOS to soil plants was relatively high in some studied regions.

The Role of Biochar in Reducing the Bioavailability and Migration of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Soil-Plant Systems: A Review.

The amendment of biochar in soils contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is an environmentally friendly in situ remediation measure. Numerous studies focused on the application of biochars to reduce the uptake of POPs by plants in soils. In this review, we summarized the role of biochar in reducing the migration of POPs in soil-plant systems. The mechanisms of biochar reducing the bioavailability of POPs in the soil, i.e. immobilization and promoted biodegradation, and the influencing factors are fully discussed. Especially in rhizosphere amended with biochar, the synergistic effect of POPs-root exudates-microorganisms on the reduced bioavailability of POPs is analyzed. This paper suggests that future researches should focus on the long-term environmental fate of POPs sorbed on high-temperature biochars and the long-term impacts of low-temperature biochars on the interaction of POPs-root exudates-rhizosphere microorganisms. All the above are necessary for efficient and safe use of biochar for remediating POP-contaminated farmland soils.

Identification, Formation, and Predicted Toxicity of Halogenated DBPs Derived from Tannic Acid and Its Biodegradation Products.

Humic substances are commonly known disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. Tannic acid is one precursor of humic substances in organic degradation, and it occurs ubiquitously in both source water and wastewater. In this study, the biological degradation process was simulated under laboratory conditions, and the characteristics of DBP formation generated from the chlorination of tannic acid samples with different biodegradation times were explored. Twenty-six emerging halogenated DBPs were identified, and the formation pathways of the tannic acid-derived DBPs were tentatively proposed. Moreover, results demonstrated that the profile of the chlorinated DBP formation was significantly different from its brominated counterpart during biodegradation, and a general increasing trend of the ratio of TOBr/TOX or TIIPIS79/(TIIPIS79+TIIPIS35) as biodegradation time increasing was noticeable. The observed trend could be mainly ascribed to the reactive sites of tannic acid shifting from relatively fast to slow sites during biodegradation. In addition, the comparative toxicity of the detected DBPs derived from tannic acid was predicted by using two quantitative structure-activity relationship models established previously. On the basis of both the two toxicity metrics (involving developmental toxicity and growth inhibition potency), the predicted toxicity data indicated that the emerging DBP group trihalo-(di)hydroxycyclopentane-1,3-diones may possess extremely high toxic potencies.

Spatial Distribution of Perfluorinated Compounds in Atmosphere of the Pearl River Delta, China.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are of special concern due to their environmental persistence and biotoxicity. In the present study, spatial distribution of PFCs in atmosphere of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of Southern China was investigated from November 2013 to January 2014. Forty-two air samples were collected using passive air samplers to determine the 13 target analytes, including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs, C5-14) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs, C4, C6, and C8). Results showed that the total concentrations of PFCs (ΣPFCs) ranged from 53.7 to 225 pg m-3 with an average level of 122 ± 41.5 pg m-3, indicating a wide variation on ΣPFCs in atmosphere of the PRD. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most abundant PFCs, followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA). PFOS, PFOA, PFPeA, and PFHpA accounted for 26%, 22%, 21%, and 19% of ΣPFCs, respectively. A general decline in ΣPFCs was observed in the atmosphere from south PRD to north PRD. It was likely related to the industrial distribution, population density, and wind direction. In addition, the same order of magnitude of PFOS and lower level of PFOA were observed in this study compared with those in atmosphere sampled in other regions. The lifetime risk indexes on the PFOS and PFOA concentrations were much less than unity, suggesting a lower nononcogenic risk to residents in the PRD.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil and dust from plastic production and surrounding areas in eastern of China.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of organic pollutants. They are used as flame retardants that caused worldwide environmental concern. This study investigated the occurrence of PBDEs in soils and dusts from three plastic manufacture plants and surrounding areas in Eastern China. A total of 13 PBDE congeners were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (electron impact ionization). The total concentrations of PBDEs range from 2.21 to 558, 19.7-4916, and 8.70-18,451 ng/g dry weight in the soils of three sampling areas, with mean of 1004 ng/g d w; in dusts, the concentrations range from 7240 to 10,469, 684-4482, and 193-3989 ng/g d w, with an overall mean of 3619 ng/g d w. The most abundant congener is the BDE-209, followed by BDE-153 and BDE-85. This indicates that the brominated flame retardant added in the plastic manufacture is mainly the commodity decabromodiphenyl ether. In comparison with other polluted areas around the world, the PBDE concentrations in the soils of the plastic manufacture plants are similar to those in soils of waste plastic disposal areas and PBDEs production sites, but orders of magnitude higher than those in agricultural soils, mountain soils and rural soils. Daily exposure was estimated using the average concentrations of the pollution sites. The hazard quotient shows that the PBDEs pose considerable human health risks, especially to children, to which attention should be paid.

Negative regulation of Vps34 by Cdk mediated phosphorylation.

Vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34) complexes, the class III PtdIns3 kinase, specifically phosphorylate the D3 position of PtdIns to produce PtdIns3P. Vps34 is involved in the control of multiple key intracellular membrane trafficking pathways including endocytic sorting and autophagy. In mammalian cells, Vps34 interacts with Beclin 1, an ortholog of Atg6 in yeast, to regulate the production of PtdIns3P and autophagy. We show that Vps34 is phosphorylated on Thr159 by Cdk1, which negatively regulates its interaction with Beclin 1 during mitosis. Cdk5/p25, a neuronal Cdk shown to play a role in Alzheimer's disease, can also phosphorylate Thr159 of Vps34. Phosphorylation of Vps34 on Thr159 inhibits its interaction with Beclin 1. We propose that phosphorylation of Thr159 in Vps34 is a key regulatory mechanism that controls the class III PtdIns3 kinase activity in cell-cycle progression, development, and human diseases including neurodegeneration and cancers.

Occurrence and Partition of Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in Water and Sediment from the Songhua River, China.

This study provided the first evidence that perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were widely detected in the Songhua River, China. Seventeen surface water and sediment samples were collected and analyzed for the determination of 14 PFCs. The total concentrations of PFCs (Σ PFCs) ranged from 0.143 to 1.41 ng L-1 in water samples. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was detected with the highest detection frequency (%) ranging from below LOQ to 0.678 ng L-1. Σ PFCs were relatively low in sediments, and only four individual homologues were detected. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOA were detected with the lowest levels in this study compared with other PFCs detected in all the rivers of China in previous studies. The concentrations of PFCs were highly influenced by distribution of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The effluents from WWTPs, which are discharged into the Songhua River, are regarded as the main contamination sources of PFCs in this study. Even though low risk for the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA to aquatic ecosystem of the Songhua River was found in the analysis of potential adverse effect, further experimental studies on occurrence of PFCs and their potential adverse effects to wildlife and humans should be conducted continuously in the Songhua River basin because of the increasing discharge. The mean partition coefficients (log K oc) of PFOS between sediment and water was 4.49 cm3 g-1, which was probably influenced by the sediment characteristics and hydrodynamic parameters. PFCs tend to accumulate in water compared with other persistent organic pollutants.

Combined toxicity of arsenite and dimethylarsenic acid on the freshwater diatom Nitzschia palea.

The toxicity and bioavailability of single arsenic species have been widely investigated, however, the biological effects of mixed arsenic species co-existing in natural waters still remain unknown. The objective of this work was to discern the adverse effects of combined arsenite (As(III)) and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) on diatom Nitzschia palea. The combined ecotoxicity of As(III) and DMA on N. palea was observed to be time-dependent and showed dose-effect relation. The toxicity of DMA and As(III) mixture was higher than individual DMA or As(III) when the As(III) concentration was in the range of 0.085-0.316 mg L-1. As the As(III) concentration increased from 0.487 to 0.858 mg L-1, the antagonistic effect was found, which could be due to the higher thiols contents in the thiol-containing proteins (e.g., frustulins, silaffins and other glycoproteins). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the treatment of mixed arsenic species was found to be at the same level compared to the As-free control after 72 h of exposure, indicating that the co-toxicity of As(III) and DMA on diatom frustules was not significant. Furthermore, the increase of frustule formation rate in the mixture of EC50 As(III)-EC10 DMA at 72 h exposure time indicated that the damaged diatom cell walls was likely repaired gradually. The results from this study suggested that the effects of co-existed arsenic species were concentration-specific and should be considered in the risk assessment of arsenic and development of water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic ecosystems.

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in sediments from rivers of the Pearl River Delta, southern China.

Having been largely used in industrial and household products, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) appear in environmental and biological systems with prevalence and persistence and have raised great concern in recent years. The present study is aimed at studying concentrations and composition profiles of 16 PFAAs in surface sediments collected from 51 sampling locations in 4 main rivers of the Pearl River Delta, one of the economy-developed areas in China. The total PFAA concentrations (∑ PFAAs) were determined in a wide range of 1.89-15.1 ng g-1 dw (dry weight) with an average concentration to be 3.54 ng g-1 dw. Higher ∑ PFAAs were observed in the downstream of Dongjiang River and the Pearl River, possibly due to the discharge of industrial wastewater. Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were the dominant PFAAs, accounting for 51 to 85% of ∑ PFAAs in 27% of the samples. High PFPeA concentrations in sediments of urban river were scarcely observed in previous studies worldwide. The sources of short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were significantly different from those of other PFAAs. Preliminary hazard assessment proved negligible for PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFPeA, and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) concentrations in sediments from rivers of the Pearl River Delta.

Occurrence, Distribution, and Accumulation of Pesticides in Exterior Residential Areas.

Pesticides are commonly applied around residential homes, but their occurrence on exterior surfaces (e.g., pavement) has not been thoroughly evaluated. We collected 360 dust samples from curbside gutters, sidewalks, and street surfaces at 40 houses in southern California to evaluate pesticide occurrence on urban paved surfaces as well as their spatial and temporal distributions. Pesticides and select degradates were ubiquitously detected in dust, with the median concentration of total target analytes at 85 µg kg-1. A total of 75% of samples contained at least five pesticides. As a result of recurring pesticide applications, concentrations increased throughout the summer. The pyrethroids bifenthrin and permethrin accounted for 55% of total pesticides detected in the dust. The highest concentrations in dust were found on the sidewalk and in the gutter. Relative to indoor environments, human exposure risk to pesticides on paved surfaces was estimated to be lower, with the highest potential oral and dermal exposure predicted to be 38 ng day-1 for permethrin. The ubiquitous detection of pesticides on residential outdoor surfaces and the fact that the exterior concentrations did not correlate to the indoor areas highlight the necessity to measure pesticides in both indoor and outdoor areas for complete residential pesticide risk assessment.

YY1 regulates melanocyte development and function by cooperating with MITF.

Studies of coat color mutants have greatly contributed to the discovery of genes that regulate melanocyte development and function. Here, we generated Yy1 conditional knockout mice in the melanocyte-lineage and observed profound melanocyte deficiency and premature gray hair, similar to the loss of melanocytes in human piebaldism and Waardenburg syndrome. Although YY1 is a ubiquitous transcription factor, YY1 interacts with M-MITF, the Waardenburg Syndrome IIA gene and a master transcriptional regulator of melanocytes. YY1 cooperates with M-MITF in regulating the expression of piebaldism gene KIT and multiple additional pigmentation genes. Moreover, ChIP-seq identified genome-wide YY1 targets in the melanocyte lineage. These studies mechanistically link genes implicated in human conditions of melanocyte deficiency and reveal how a ubiquitous factor (YY1) gains lineage-specific functions by co-regulating gene expression with a lineage-restricted factor (M-MITF)-a general mechanism which may confer tissue-specific gene expression in multiple lineages.