[Construction and acceptability of different complementary foods texture in infants and young children aged 6 to 23 months].

OBJECTIVE: To construct the complementary food texture in infants and young children aged 6 to 23 months, and observe the acceptability of complementary food of different months old infants. METHODS: Based on the domestic and foreign guidelines, consensus and literatures on complementary feeding, and combined with the characteristics of children's growth and development in China. The complementary food texture index of 6-23 months old infants and young children was constructed. One province was selected in the south and north respectively, one city and one rural area was selected as the observation point in each province. The stratified random sampling principle was adopted in each observation point, 240 infants and young children were selected for the acceptability study. According to the food type, 12 common foods were selected to make the complementary food toolkit. The parents were instructed to make complementary food at home according to the corresponding month age, observe and record the acceptability of single/mixed complementary food feeding. RESULTS: The complementary food texture index of 6 months, 7-8 months, 9-11 months, 12-17 months, 18-23 months was constructed. Caregivers could make complementary food at the corresponding month age according to the established complementary food texture index. The acceptability of single complementary food for infants and young children aged 6-23 months was 98.3%, 98.7%, 99.8%, 96.9% and 97.5%, respectively. The acceptability of mixed complementary food for children aged 7-23 months was 98.3%, 99.6%, 93.8% and 97.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The complementary food texture index of different month age can be made at home, and the acceptability of different texture is good.

[Construction of malnutrition visualization system].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a set of visualization systems suitable for displaying the transition of malnutrition status in different population across time and space in China. METHODS: Based on the data characteristics of the four monitoring systems, including the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance, the China Health and Nutrition Survey, the Project of Children Nutrition Improvement in Poor Rural Regions, and the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students, to be merged and the requirements of this project, the client/server architecture(C/S architecture) application mode was adopted, the Visual Studio 2019 development tool set, Python 3.7-10 and C # 8.0 language programming were used for data integration, and a complete set of data preprocessing, data conversion and data integration calculation processes were established. RESULTS: The malnutrition visualization system provided a visualization display system for the nutritional status of different populations under the multi database fusion index system based on the integrated malnutrition database. The system was able to not only modify, delete and update data, but query, display and analyze malnutrition conditions including growth retardation, low weight, emaciation, micronutrient deficiency, overweight, and obesity. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition visualization system dynamically presented the time series and spatial distribution of malnutrition among Chinese residents, and explored the regional characteristics and major challenges of nutrition problems in different periods.

[Conditional optimization and methodological evaluation of liquid protein microarray in detecting cystatin C].

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the detection conditions and evaluate of cystatin C(CysC) by liquid protein microarray. METHODS: CysC was detected by double antibody sandwich method using liquid protein microarray. On the basis of determining the optimal concentration combination of captured antibody and detected antibody, the detection conditions were optimized by determining the biological detection limit and lower detection limit, drawing the S-shaped curve and judging the linear range, and establishing the standard curve and regression equation. Methodsologically evaluate the accuracy, precision, reportable range and analytical specificity of the detection method. RESULTS: The optimal concentration combinations of CycC trapping-detection antibodies were 26.6 µg/mL-1∶800. The lower limits of detection and biologic limits of detection of the CysC were 0.037 and 0.237 ng/mL, respectively. Regression equation were as followes: y=-3.315x~2+283.04x+160.89, R~2=0.9921. The relative bias of CysC which was detected on the liquid protein microarry was 5.81%. The dilution recovery and recovery were 70.35%-84.91%(n=3)and 79.94%-122.41%(n=3)respectively. The correlation coefficient of method ology comparison experiment was r=0.616, P<0.05, and there was no significant difference between the two method(t=0.948, P=0.358); The within-run precision range from 3.54% to 4.03%(n=10); The between-run precision range from 12.07% to 15.05%(D=5, n=3); The reportable range was 0.26-3784.04 ng/mL. The analysis of interference test result showed that the both concentrations of hemoglobin(160.00, 71.11 g/L) had interference to the result of CysC detected on the chip. CONCLUSION: This study completed the optimization of conditions and methodological evaluation of liquid protein microarray in detecting CysC.

[Study on infant and young children complementary feeding in poor rural regions in China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze complementary feeding status and issues among 6-23 month infants and young children(IYC) in poor rural regions in China to figure out actions further IYC nutrition in China. METHODS: Using 2018 monitoring data from Project of Children Nutrition Improvement in Poor Rural Regions, 6-23 months infants were sampled with the method of a combination of provincial stratification, multi-stage stratified cluster, PPS and random equidistant. Complementary feeding practices were collected by 24 hours diet recall method and and parental knowledge on IYC feeding was collected by KAP questionnaire. Complementary diet was analyzed according to the World Health Organization& apos; s definition of infant and young child feeding indicators. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of minimum acceptable diet(MAD). RESULTS: A total of 40 910 infants(boys 21 153, girls 19 757) completed the survey. The proportion of infants 6-8 months of age who receive solid, semi-solid foods was 83.8%, the percentage of IYC who get minimum dietary diversity(MDD), minimum meal frequency(MMF), and MAD was 67.8%, 71.4% and 39.7%, respectively. The age of months, mother& apos; s educational level and parent& apos; s nutrition and feeding knowledge had significant impact on the outcome of MAD. The OR for month& apos; s age were 1.990 and 1.905(P& lt; 0.001), OR for mother education level was 1. 545(P& lt; 0.001) and OR for parent knowledge were 1.114 and 1.346(P& lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: Complementary feeding practices were poor in terms of the proportion of infants 6-8 months of age who introduced complementary foods, MDD, MMF and MAD in poor region of China.

[Optimization of platform conditions for simultaneous detection of multiple nutritional marker proteins by liquid protein microarray].

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the technical conditions for simultaneous detection of serum ferritin(SF), soluble transferrin receptor(sTfR), C-reactive protein(CRP)and retinol-binding protein four(RBP4)by liquid protein microarray. METHODS: The trapping antibodies of the four proteins were coupled to magnetic beads with different codes, and the samples were added to the 96-well plate. The antibodies were detected by double antibody sandwich method. The serum of 5 patients were diluted with commercial diluent, 1% albumin from bovine serum(BSA) and phosphate buffer saline(PBS) to detect 4 target proteins, and the results were compared. The antibody specific binding ability was tested by antibody specific validation test. The interference between proteins was verified by the paired t test of the signal values of the single reaction system and the mixed reaction system. The lower limit of detection and the limit of biological detection of each protein were found by using multiple dilution method. The standard curve and regression equation were established. RESULTS: 1%BSA and PBS were selected to replace commercial diluent as diluents for the detection of 4 proteins in this experiment. The cross-reaction rate of the four antigens with other capture antibodies and detection antibodies was less than 2%. There was no significant difference in the signal value of each protein in the single reaction system and the mixed reaction system. The limit of detection and the limit of biological detection of SF were 1.155 and 1.625 ng/mL, respectively. The lower limit of detection and the limit of biological detection of sTfR were 2.682 and 5.208 ng/mL, respectively. The detection limit and biological detection limit of CRP were 0.302 and 0.391 ng/mL, respectively. The lower limit of detection and the limit of biological detection for RBP4 were 1.814 and 3.540 ng/mL, respectively. The standard curve and regression equation of the four proteins within the common linear range were as follows: SF y=172.5x-39.65, R~2=0.9968;sTfR y=60.10x+77.38, R~2=0.9972;CRP y=-6.000x~2+210.3x+246.1, R~2=0.9063;RBP4 y=-0.6998x~2+64.31x+134.8, R~2=0.9748. CONCLUSION: The conditions of the detection platform for four proteins such as SF, sTfR, CRP and RBP4 were optimized by using liquid protein chip technology.

[Current status of nutrition work in Chinese disease control institutions].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the basic nutrition working status in Chinese CDCs. METHODS: The questionnaire of nutritional working ability of CDC was designed for investigation. The questionnaire was filled in by all disease control institutions of 31 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan). Data was inputted by each institution through a questionn aire-survey platform called 'wenjuanxing& apos; , and the quality control was carried out by the provincial CDCs according to their jurisdiction. RESULTS: A total of 3150 valid questionnaires were collected. 35.97% of the institutions surveyed had never undertaken nutrition-related work, and only 4.19% of them had set up an independent department for nutrition-related work. The average number of people engaged in nutrition work was 2.5(P50=1.0); The average number of full-time staff was 0.2(P50=0.0). The average number of full-time staff in provincial, municipal and county CDCs was 3.6, 0.4 and 0.2, respectively. In terms of the nutrition work, by 2020 the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance and the National Food Nutrition Surveillance have covered 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. Besides Shanghai, Zhejiang and Fujian, provincial CDCs implemented the Nutrition Improvemeat Program for Compulsory Education Students in Rural Area. As to the scientific research, only 9.08% of the institutions have carried out nutrition-related projects in the past five years. Particularly, there were little nutrition-related scientific research funds for municipal and county disease control institutions, while 96.57% of the institutions do not have special funds for nutrition work. From 2015 to 2019, the proportion of the institutions that published nutrition-related papers, published nutrition-related books, won nutrition-related awards, and participated in the formulation of nutrition-related standards was 3.81%, 1.27%, 5.65% and 0.70%, respectively. With regard to the implementation of the six major actions of the National Nutrition Plan(2017-2030), only 29.81% of CDCs have organized and carried out related actions. CONCLUSION: Disease control institutions are short of nutrition professional posts, professional personnel, nutrition work funds and scientific research investment, lack of regular nutrition work tasks. Therefore, the nutrition capacity of the CDCs needs to be strengthened, and more efforts will be needed to meet the requirements of the National Nutrition Plan(2017-2030) and the Healthy China Action(2019-2030)-Healthy Diet Campaign.

Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trends of Dietary Niacin Intake in Chinese Residents ≥ 5 Years of Age between 1991 and 2018.

Limited knowledge exists on trends in niacin consumption and the prevalence of inadequate intakes in China. Understanding trends and the spatial distribution of the prevalence of inadequate niacin intake is crucial to identifying high-risk areas and sub-populations. The dietary intakes of niacin between 1991 and 2018 were analyzed using the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data. The estimated average requirement cut point was applied to estimate inadequacy. The geographic information system's ordinary kriging method was used to estimate the spatial distribution of the prevalence of inadequate niacin intakes. However, between 1991 and 2018, the prevalence of inadequate niacin intake increased from 13.00% to 28.40% in females and from 17.75% to 29.46% in males. Additionally, the geographically significant clusters of high and low prevalence were identified and remained stable over almost three decades. The high prevalence of insufficient niacin intake was more pronounced in Henan and Shandong over 27 years. Further, effective and tailored nutrition interventions are required to address inadequate niacin intake in China.

Optimization and Application of A Bionic System of Dynamic Co-Culture with Hepatocytes and Renal Cells Based on Microfluidic Chip Technique in Evaluating Materials of Health Food.

We aimed to explore the optimization and application of a bionic system of dynamic co-culture with hepatocytes and renal cells based on the microfluidic chip technique in evaluating emodin, which might replace the conventionally cytological evaluation technique of health food. After optimal experiments, the improved bionic system was composed of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2), human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs), rat tail collagen type I, and gelatin with optimized concentrations (1.3 mg/mL + 7.5%). The applicability of the bionic system indicated that the growth stability was appropriate (CV: 7.36%), and the cell viability of that gradually decreased with the increasing of emodin concentration from 0−100 µM, which statistic significances were at 50 and 100 µM (p < 0.05), and the stained results of dead/live cells also showed the same trend. The LDH level appeared rising trend after decline between 0 µM and 100 µM emodi, and the level of that at 100 µM emodin was significantly higher than that at 25 µM and 50 µM emodin, respectively. The BUN level continuously and significantly declined with the increasing of emodin concentration (p < 0.05). Our research realized the application of this optimized bionic system in evaluating emodin, and provided a useful platform and reference for further in vitro alternative research with regard to evaluating the efficacies of health food in the future.