miR-491-5p regulates the susceptibility of glioblastoma to ferroptosis through TP53.

BACKGROUND: Ferroptosis has excellent potential in glioblastoma (GBM) therapy. In this study, we attempted to explore the effect of miR 491-5p on ferroptosis in GBM. METHODS: In this study, publicly available ferroptosis-related genome maps were used to screen genes upregulated in GBM and their target genes. The Spearman correlation coefficient was applied to analyze the correlation between the tumor protein p53 gene (TP53) and miR-491-5p. The expressions of miR-491-5p and TP53 were determined. The protein abundances of the TP53-encoded factors p53 and p21 were measured. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were assessed. We pretreated U251MG cells and GBM mice with a ferroptosis inducer (erastin). The mitochondrial state was observed. The contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), total Fe and Fe2+ were calculated. RESULTS: The level of TP53 was significantly increased in GBM and negatively correlated with miR-491-5p. miR-491-5p overexpression promoted U251MG cell proliferation, migration and invasion and interfered with the p53/p21 pathway. TP53 supplement reversed the effects of miR-491-5p. U251MG cells and GBM mice exhibited significant accumulations of ROS and iron. Erastin promoted the expression of TP53. Inhibition of TP53 reversed erastin-induced physiological phenotypes. Moreover, miR-491-5p overexpression caused a decrease in the number of damaged mitochondria and the contents of ROS, total Fe and Fe2+. TP53 supplement disrupted miR-491-5p-repressed ferroptosis. Erastin could inhibit GBM growth, and miR-491-5p overexpression impeded the therapeutic effect of erastin. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal the functional diversity of miR-491-5p in GBM and suggest that miR-491-5p/TP53 signaling hinders the sensitivity of GBM to ferroptosis through the p53/p21 pathway.

Analysis of Fusarium graminearum Species Complex from Freshly Harvested Rice in Jiangsu Province (China).

Members of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) are the major pathogens that cause Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals worldwide. Symptoms of FHB on rice, including dark staining or browning of rice glumes, were recently observed in Jiangsu Province, China. To improve our understanding of the pathogens involved, 201 FGSC isolates were obtained from freshly harvested rice samples and identified by phylogenetic analyses. Among the 201 FGSC isolates, 196 were F. asiaticum and the remaining 5 were F. graminearum. Trichothecene chemotype and chemical analyses showed that 68.4% of the F. asiaticum isolates were the 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) chemotype and the remainder were the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype. All of the F. graminearum isolates were the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype. Pathogenicity assays showed that both the 3ADON and NIV chemotypes of F. asiaticum could infect wheat and rice spikes. FHB severity and trichothecene toxin analysis revealed that F. asiaticum with the NIV chemotype was less aggressive than that with the 3ADON chemotype in wheat, while the NIV-producing strains were more virulent than the 3ADON-producing strains in rice. F. asiaticum isolates with different chemotypes did not show significant differences in mycelial growth, sporulation, conidial dimensions, or perithecial production. These findings would provide useful information for developing management strategies for the control of FHB in China.

Non-prescription cold and flu medication-induced transient myopia with uveal effusion: case report.

BACKGROUND: To report a case of non-prescription cold and flu medication-induced transient myopia with uveal effusion. CASE PRESENTATION: Bilateral high intraocular pressure, shallow anterior chambers, uveal effusion, and a myopic shift were encountered in a 39-year-old Chinese male 1 night after taking a non-prescription flu medicine three times than the recommended dose. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) showed bilateral ciliochoroidal effusions, disappearance of the ciliary sulcus, closure of the angle of the anterior chamber, and anterior displacement of the lens-iris diaphragm. Treatment with aqueous suppressants was given. Within a week, the uncorrected vision restored, and the myopia had disappeared. UBM revealed major resolution of the ciliochoroidal effusions in both eyes, deepening of the anterior chamber, return of the lens-iris diaphragm to a more posterior position. CONCLUSIONS: Overdose of non-prescription cold and flu medication may cause bilateral uveal effusions inducing acute angle-closure glaucoma and acute myopia.

Curcumin ameliorates cisplatin-induced cystopathy via activating NRF2 pathway.

OBJECTIVES: The present work evaluated preventive effect of curcumin on cisplatin-induced bladder cystopathy. METHODS: Fifteen female rats were divided into (i) Control group administered with physiological saline solution for 5 days; (ii) Cis-P group injected with cisplatin (6 mg/kg); and (iii) Cis-Cur group given cisplatin (6 mg/kg) with curcumin for 5 consecutive days. The function of bladder was measured by means of urodynamic analysis. Furthermore, hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson trichrome staining were performed for morphological analysis. The cell apoptosis was evaluated through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and flow cytometry. The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), NF-E2-related factor 2, and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels were measured through Western blotting. RESULTS: Urodynamic assay and histopathological manifestations revealed that curcumin ameliorated the bladder dysfunction induced by cisplatin. The level of cisplatin-induced apoptosis in the bladder decreased following curcumin treatment. Also, the increased protein expression of NGF indicated that the curcumin could offer neuroprotection for bladder against cisplatin. Curcumin also activated NRF2, and elevated the expression of HO-1, but curcumin could not rescue cisplatin-induced apoptosis in the cell lines with knockdown of NRF2. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the results of this paper showed that curcumin could ameliorate cisplatin-induced cystopathy and inhibit the apoptosis of bladder cell in cisplatin-treated rats. This may be attributed to curcumin's broad biological functions, particularly antioxidant effect, and to its ability to activate the NRF2 protein.

Sulforaphane prevents rat cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in vitro via activating SIRT1 and subsequently inhibiting ER stress.

AIM: Sulforaphane (SFN), a natural dietary isothiocyanate, is found to exert beneficial effects for cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of SFN in a model of myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in vitro. METHODS: Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes pretreated with SFN were subjected to 3-h hypoxia followed by 3-h reoxygenation. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected. Caspase-3 activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was measured. The expression of ER stress-related apoptotic proteins were analyzed with Western blot analyses. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) activity was determined with SIRT1 deacetylase fluorometric assay kit. RESULTS: SFN (0.1-5 µmol/L) dose-dependently improved the viability of cardiomyocytes, diminished apoptotic cells and suppressed caspase-3 activity. Meanwhile, SFN significantly alleviated the damage of ΔΨm and decreased the expression of ER stress-related apoptosis proteins (GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12), elevating the expression of SIRT1 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the cardiomyocytes. Co-treatment of the cardiomyocytes with the SIRT1-specific inhibitor Ex-527 (1 µmol/L) blocked the SFN-induced cardioprotective effects. CONCLUSION: SFN prevents cardiomyocytes from H/R injury in vitro most likely via activating SIRT1 pathway and subsequently inhibiting the ER stress-dependent apoptosis.

[Combined Transmission Laser Spectrum of Core-Offset Fiber and BP Neural Network for Temperature Sensing Research].

When studying the wavelength response to the temperature of the single mode fiber interference laser spectrum, a three layer BP neural network model is built to solve the problem of high complexity and low accuracy of temperature measurement system. With the Discussion of the parameters of network model, we obtain the optimal network structure by comparing the data acquisition which is the laser wavelength corresponding to its temperature trained by BP neural network. With network training completed and the wavelength of input laser reached the specified value, the corresponding temperature prediction can be obtained from the output layer. In conclusion, it shows a clear correlation between the predictive value and the actual value, i.e. the former is approximately equal to the latter. The correlation coefficients of the calibration and prediction are 0.999 61 and 0.979 27, respectively; while the standard errors of the calibration and prediction are 0.017 5 and 0.144 0, respectively, and the average relative error of prediction set is 0.17%. The residual predictive deviation (RPD), obtained theoretically, is 5.258 3. RPD>3. It indicates that the calibration effect is good, and the model can be used for practical testing. In addition, the algorithm is also applied to the system of double coupled structure with single-mode core-offset fiber and correction for the temperature measurement. The results show that BP neural network method can deal with the nonlinear relationship between the laser spectral data and the temperature in the optical fiber temperature measurement system. The correlation and the average relative error between the predicted temperature and the true temperature are 0.996 58 and 0.63%, respectively. The precision and stability of the fiber optic temperature sensor are significantly improved. At the same time, the feasibility of the proposed algorithm is verified in the fiber optical sensor system. It also provides a new way for the accurate measurement of pressure, curvature and other physical quantities of the core-offset fiber.

Hydrogen sulfide protects spinal cord and induces autophagy via miR-30c in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a novel gaseous mediator, has been recognized as an important neuromodulator and neuroprotective agent in the nervous system. The present study was undertaken to study the effects of exogenous H2S on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of spinal cord and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: The effects of exogenous H2S on I/R injury were examined by using assessment of hind motor function, spinal cord infarct zone by Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Autophagy was evaluated by expressions of Microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin-1 which were determined by using Quantitative Real-Time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS: Compared to I/R injury groups, H2S pretreatment had reduced spinal cord infarct zone, improved hind motor function in rats. Quantitative Real-Time PCR or Western blotting results showed that H2S pretreatment also downregulated miR-30c expression and upregulated Beclin-1 and LC3II expression in spinal cord. In vitro, miR-30c was showed to exert negative effect on Beclin-1 expression by targeting its 3'UTR in SY-SH-5Y cells treated with Oxygen, Glucose Deprivation (OGD). In rat model of I/R injury, pretreatment of pre-miR-30c or 3-MA (an inhibitor for autophagy) can abrogated spinal cord protective effect of H2S. CONCLUSION: H2S protects spinal cord and induces autophagy via miR-30c in a rat model of spinal cord hemia-reperfusion injury.

Co4+ in porous ZIF-67-derives intercalating-bridging adsorption of 2-reaction sites for simultaneous 2-electron transfer toward sensitive detection of uric acid.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been used to detect uric acid (UA), but still very challenging to achieve a low detection limit due to the low inferior conductivity of MOFs. Herein, three different N-doped ZIF-67-derived carbons were synthesized for the first time by one-step co-pyrolysis of 2-methylimidazole with cobalt nitrate (CN), cobalt acetate (CA) or cobalt chloride (CC) toward UA sensing. Afterwards, the cobalt nitrate-derived Co particle (Co/CN) supported by N-doped ZIF-67-derived carbon displays extremely low detection limit and high sensitivity for UA, outperformed all reported MOFs-based UA sensors. More interestingly, it was discovered that the high valence Co4+ within the Co/CN sample produced in high-acidic environment can intercalate in the frame for a bridge adsorption between two reaction sites, which boosted simultaneous 2-electron transfer, while Co3+ only allows an end-adsorption structure for one-electron transfer being the rate determining step. Furthermore, the bridge adsorption mode of UA on Co4+ -based catalyst was also verified by theoretical DFT calculations and XPS experiment. This work holds great promise for a selective and sensitive UA sensor for practical bioscience and clinic diagnostic applications while shedding lights in fundamental research for innovative designs and developments of high-sensitive electrochemical sensors.

Treatment of malignant triton tumor in zygomatic region.

Malignant triton tumor (MTT) is extremely rare and supposed to be highly aggressive because of high propensity for local recurrence and metastasis. To date, only about 170 cases were reported in various body locations including trunks, maxillary sinus, neck, extremities, retroperitoneal, and so on. We present a case of MTT in the zygoma with good outcome. A 27-year-old male patient with progressive swelling and pain in the right zygoma was proved to have an MTT by biopsy. Radical resection accompanying postoperative radiotherapy was adopted, and then the soft and hard tissue defects were repaired by prosthesis. The patient recovered well and was satisfied with the facial contour. At 45-month follow-up, there was no recurrence or metastasis that occurred. According to literature review, one third of MTTs appeared in the head and neck regions and seem to have a better prognosis. Radical resection is the most important remedy, and adjuvant radiotherapy could be helpful. With early finding and effective treatments, satisfactory outcome could be achieved.

Surgical resection of a huge cemento-ossifying fibroma in skull base by intraoral approach.

Cemento-ossifying fibroma, also known as ossifying fibroma, usually occurs in the mandible and less commonly in the maxilla. The huge example in the skull base is even rare. We present a case of a huge cemento-ossifying fibroma arising below the skull base of a 30-year-old woman patient. Radiologic investigations showed a giant, lobulated, heterogeneous calcified hard tissue mass, which is well circumscribed and is a mixture of radiolucent and radiopaque, situated at the rear of the right maxilla to the middle skull base. The tumor expands into the right maxillary sinus and the orbital cavity, fusing with the right maxilla at the maxillary tuberosity and blocking the bilateral choanas, which caused marked proptosis and blurred vision. The tumor was resected successfully by intraoral approach, and pathologic examination confirmed the lesion to be a cemento-ossifying fibroma. This case demonstrates that cemento-ossifying fibroma in the maxilla, not like in the mandible, may appear more aggressive because the extensive growth is unimpeded by anatomic obstacles and that the intraoral approach can be used to excise the tumor in the skull base.

Surgical treatment of a giant neurofibroma.

Neurofibromatosis type 1, an autosomal dominant inherited disease, presents pathologic symptoms of multiple systems, including neurofibromatosis, skeletal dysplasia, café-au-lait spots in skins, and so on. A 45-year-old man with neurofibromatosis type 1 was reported in this article. The patient presented a giant neurofibroma in his head and neck, dysplasia of skull, facial bones and spinal columns, and multiple café-au-lait spots in systematic skins. Satisfactory curative effects were obtained in this case after tumor resection and prosthesis implantation.

[Autogeneous bone graft in the treatment of total knee arthroplasty for severe genu varus with tibial plateau bone defect].

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the method and experience of autogeneous bone graft for tibial plateau reconstruction during the procedure of total knee arthroplasty for severe varus knees with bone defect in the medial tibial plateau. METHODS: From April 2007 to March 2011, 19 knees of 16 osteoarthritic patients who had serious genu varus with bone defect in medial tibial plateau underwent primary total knee arthroplasty, their mean varus degree being 32° (25°to 45°), and average age 66±8 years (52 to 77 years). Their preoperative knee functions are as follows: the average range of motion (ROM) was 62°(37° to 90°); average knee society scure(KSS) knee score was 18 points (-24 to 41 points); average function score was 13 points (-21 to 43 points). During operation, the slope bone defect of the medial tibial plateau was dressed into step-shape horizontal bone defect by osteotomy, and then the defect was restored with the resected tibial plateau autograft whose thickness and shape were matched in advance; and the high-intensity cortical part of the autograft was placed on the rim, to sustain the tibial prosthesis; and a lateral pressure from the rim had to be maintained to the autograft until the cement under tibial prosthesis solidified. The long-stem tibial prostheses were used in 3 patients ( 3 knees ). All knee prostheses were fixed using antibiotic bone cements. RESULTS: The average follow-up after TKR was 25 months (3 to 50 months), the average ROM was 112° (95° to 125°); average KSS score 86 points (71 to 93 points), and knee function score 88 points ( 74 to 96 points). The nonunion, shift, fracture of the autologous graft bone were not found; no tibial prosthesis became loose, either; no knee was revised for delayed infection or recurrent varus due to autologous graft bone absorption. CONCLUSION: In TKA for severe varus osteoarthritic patients with bone defect in the tibial plateau, there are various ways to regain its stability, and reconstruction is adopted by using step-shape allograft in this paper. This method can not only restore the integrity of the tibial plateau, providing good initial stability of the prostheses, and exempting from internal fixations, but also offer more reliable compatibility than other methods, reducing postoperative infection rates, and obtaining satisfied initial curative effect.

Bis(4-methyl-morpholin-4-ium) tetra-bromidozincate(II).

The title compound, (C(5)H(12)NO)(2)[ZnBr(4)], was synthesized by hydro-thermal reaction of ZnBr(2) with 4-methyl-morpholine in a HBr/distilled water solution. Each of the two independent cations exhibits a chair conformation; the anion deviates slightly from an tetrahedral configuration. The Zn-Br distances in the anion are in the range of 2.3996 (9)-2.4247 (9) Å. All of the amine H atoms are involved in bifurcated inter-molecular N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, building up a trimer.

Piperine protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Piperine (PIP) exerts numerous pharmacological effects and its involvement in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS)-led apoptosis has garnered attention. The present study focused on whether PIP played protective effects on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiomyocytes by repressing ERS-led apoptosis. The potential molecular mechanisms in association with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were investigated. Primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) were isolated and randomized into four groups: Control + vehicle group, control + PIP group, H/R + vehicle group and H/R + PIP group. The H/R injury model was constructed by 4 h of hypoxia induction followed by 6 h of reoxygenation. A total of 10 µM PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 was supplemented to the cells during the experiments. Cell viability and myocardial enzymes were detected to evaluate myocardial damage. A flow cytometry assay was performed to assess apoptotic response. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of related proteins including PI3K, AKT, CHOP, GRP78 and cleaved caspase-12. The results showed that H/R markedly promoted myocardial damage as shown by the increased release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase levels, but a reduction in cell viability. In addition, ERS-induced apoptosis was markedly promoted by H/R in NRCMs, as shown by the increased apoptotic rates and expression of C/EBP-homologous protein, endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP and caspase-12. PIP administration reversed cell injury and ERS-induced apoptosis in H/R. Mechanistic studies concluded that the apoptosis-inhibitory contributions and cardio-favorable effects of PIP were caused partly by the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which was verified by LY294002 administration. To conclude, PIP can reduce ERS-induced apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway during the process of H/R injury, which could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Relationship between tumor viability during treatment and the clinical outcomes of patients with bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the relationship between tumor viability in specimens retrieved at second-look procedures (SLPs) and clinical outcomes in patients with bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma (BP RMS). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients` characteristics, times between diagnoses and SLPs, types of SLPs, the pathological findings, and clinical outcomes between January 2003 and May 2014. RESULTS: A total of 29 patients underwent at least one SLP before completing chemotherapy, including 24 boys and 5 girls. The mean age was 36 months. No patients with clinical/radiographic complete responses (CRs) had viable tumor cells and 7/18 patients (38.9%) without CR had no viable tumor cells. Seven patients experienced tumor relapse, progression, and metastasis, and three of these survived. Five-year event-free survival (EFS) rates were 88.5% in 18 patients without viable tumor at SLPs and 54.5% in 11 patients with viable tumor (Cox proportional hazards adjusted P=0.045). The respective five-year overall survival (OS) rates were 94.1% and 72.7% (Cox proportional hazards adjusted P=0.175). CONCLUSIONS: EFS was increased in patients with BP RMS having no viable tumor cells; however, OS was comparable in patients with and without viable tumor cells. Patients who achieved CR during the treatment generally had no viable tumor cells.

Dexpramipexole attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through upregulation of mitophagy.

Reperfusion causes undesirable damage to the ischemic myocardium while restoring the blood flow. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dexpramipexole (DPX) on myocardial injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in-vivo and the hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) in-vitro and examined the functional mechanisms of DPX. DPX protected cells against H/R-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and prevented H/R damage. Both myocardial infarct size and tissue damage due to I/R was reduced upon DPX treatment. We discovered that DPX enhanced mitophagy in-vivo and in-vitro, which was accompanied by enhanced expression of PINK1 and Parkin. Knock-down of PINK1 and Parkin by specific siRNAs reversed DPX-induced inhibition of myocardial I/R injury. These findings suggest that DPX might protect against myocardial injury via PINK1 and Parkin.

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor After Treatment of Wilms Tumor in a 6-Year-Old Boy: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare tumor with an indolent course. It is less often reported as a second tumor that occurs after treatment of malignant tumors in pediatric patients. Here, we report a case of IMT following Wilms tumor (WT), and conduct a literature review concerning IMTs and WT to evaluate the diagnostic possibility of IMT as a second tumor. The coexistence of the 2 tumors may cause confusion as to whether they share genetic links or that IMTs may appear as late effects of the treatment of WT.

Drop tower tests of Taiji-1 inertial sensor substitute.

Taiji-1, which is the first technical verification satellite of China's Space Gravitational Wave Detection Program, was successfully launched on August 31, 2019. The mission aimed to investigate the key technologies used in space gravitational wave detection. The inertial sensor, which was one of the main payloads, measured the residual acceleration of the satellite, and verified the drag-free control technology. Its performance was crucial to the success of the Taiji-1 mission. To ensure its performance in orbit, the inertial sensor was fully evaluated prior to launch. Owing to the gravitational acceleration on the ground, it is impossible to verify all the properties of the inertial sensor in a routine laboratory. A feasible method to conduct such tests is to use a drop tower. To guarantee the safety of the inertial sensor, a substitute was used with similar structure and circuit design. A total of 20 falls in three groups were completed, a set of research methods was established, and the importance of conducting simulations before the drop tests was verified. For the first time, the switch of different circuit gains in a drop tower test has been achieved and the National Microgravity Laboratory of China (NMLC) drop tower's residual accelerations in three dimensions were measured. The results demonstrated that the microgravity level of the drop tower can reach about 58 µg0 in the fall direction and 13 µg0 along the horizontal axes.

(R)-2-Methyl-piperazine-1,4-diium diaqua-tetra-chloridoferrate(II).

In the title salt, (C(5)H(14)N(2))[FeCl(4)(H(2)O)(2)], the Fe(II) cation is coordinated by four Cl(-) anions and two water mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The piperazine ring adopts a normal chair conformation. Inter-molecular N-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯(Cl,Cl) and O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure.

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Urinary Bladder and Ureter in Children: Experience of a Tertiary Referral Center.

PURPOSE: To present the clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of children with bladder and ureteral inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) in our center. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients with bladder and ureteral IMTs from 2010 to 2018. We recorded patients' demographic data, presentation, hemoglobin level, presence of hydronephrosis, tumor size, treatment, and outcomes. RESULTS: Eight patients with bladder IMTs and 3 with ureteral IMTs were treated at our center during this period. The mean age was 7.1 years. Four patients presented with anemia at diagnosis with the mean hemoglobin level 84.5 g/L. Among patients with bladder IMTs, 5 were male and 3 were female. The most common symptom was lower urinary symptoms in 6 patients, followed by hematuria in 4 patients. 2 patients had complications of hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Among patients with ureteral IMTs, 2 were male and one was female. The most common symptom was abdominal pain, and 3 patients presented with upper urinary tract dilation. All patients underwent surgery. A total of 81.8% were positive for anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Cytokeratin (CK) expression was present in all patients with bladder IMTs, while it was negative in 2 patients with ureteral IMTs. During mean follow-up of 43.4 months, all patients survived event-free. CONCLUSION: The presence of hydronephrosis and hydroureter is rare in patients with bladder IMTs. Anemia caused by hematuria should be raised the index of suspicion for IMTs. Children with bladder and ureteral IMTs had excellent prognosis. The expression pattern of CK varied between bladder and ureteral IMTs.