Epidemiology of artherial hypertension in pregnants.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological data of hypertension in pregnant women, as well as to identify its possible associated events. METHODS: Data collection was performed at the high-risk prenatal outpatient clinic and in the maternity ward at a public hospital in the São Paulo city, during the morning and afternoon periods, from October 2015 to July 2016. A questionnaire with 22 questions prepared by the researchers was used. The margin of error was 5% and the confidence level was 95%. For the calculation, the two-proportion equality, Pearson correlation and ANOVA tests were used. RESULTS: Among the interviewees, 43% had chronic hypertension, 33.3% presented with up to 20 weeks of gestation, 23.7% presented after the 20th week of gestation, 62.3% were between 18 and 35 years of age, 78.1% had a family history of hypertension, and among those aged 36 to 45 years, 11.4% were in the first gestation, and 26.3% in the second gestation. Considering the associated conditions, diabetes prevailed with 50%; obesity with 22.2%, and the most selected foods for consumption among pregnant women, 47.5% had high energy content (processed/ultraprocessed). CONCLUSION: After an epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of hypertension, pregnant women with chronic hypertension, preexisting hypertension diagnosed during pregnancy, and hypertensive disease of pregnancy were identified. Regarding the possible factors associated with arterial hypertension, higher age, family history of hypertension, preexistence of hypertension, late pregnancies, diabetes, obesity and frequent consumption of processed/ultraprocessed foods were found.

Initial experience with hysteroscopic tubal occlusion (Essure®).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate results of early tubal occlusions performed by hysteroscopy (Essure®). METHODS: This prospective study included 38 patients, 73.7% of them were white, mean age 34.5 years, they have had on average 3 pregnancies and 2.7 of deliveries. A total of 86.8% of patients previously prepared the endometrium. All procedures were carried out at outpatient unit without anesthesia. RESULTS: Insertion rate of the device was 100% at a mean time of 4 minutes and 50 seconds. Based on the analogical visual scale, average pain reported was three, and 55.3% of women did not report pain after the procedure. After 3 months, 89.5% of patients were very satisfied with the method. Simple radiographs of the pelvis showed 92.1% of topical devices, and one case of unilateral expulsion had occurred. A four years follow-up did not show failure in the method. CONCLUSIONS: Tubal occlusion through hysteroscopy at outpatient unit and without anesthesia was a quickly and well-tolerated procedure. No serious complications were seen, the success rate was high, and patients were satisfied. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados das primeiras oclusões tubárias realizadas pela via histeroscópica (Essure®). MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com 38 pacientes, sendo 73,7% caucasianas, com média de idade de 34,5 anos, e com 3 gestações e 2,7 partos em média. Do total, 86,8% das pacientes fizeram preparo prévio do endométrio. Todos os procedimentos foram ambulatoriais e sem anestesia. RESULTADOS: A taxa de inserção do dispositivo foi de 100%, com tempo médio de 4 minutos e 50 segundos. Segundo a Escala Visual Analógica, a dor média obtida foi de três, e 55,3% das mulheres não referiram qualquer dor após o método. Ocorreu um caso de reflexo vagal e 89,5% das pacientes retornaram às atividades normais no mesmo dia. Após 3 meses, 89,5% das pacientes encontravam-se muito satisfeitas com o método. A radiografia simples da pelve evidenciou 92,1% de dispositivos tópicos, ocorrendo um caso de expulsão unilateral. Após 4 anos de seguimento, não houve falha do método. CONCLUSÃO: A oclusão tubária por via histeroscópica em regime ambulatorial e sem anestesia foi um procedimento rápido, bem tolerado, isento de complicações graves e com alta taxa de sucesso e satisfação das pacientes.

Perinatal outcomes in women over 40 years of age compared to those of other gestations.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify if older pregnant women were more likely to have adverse perinatal outcomes when compared to women at an ideal age to have a child. METHODS: The groups were divided according to age groups: under 20 years, ≥20 to <40 years, and ≥40 years. RESULTS: During the period from January 1st, 2008, to December 31st, 2008, there were 76 births from patients younger than 20 years and 91 births from patients aged 40 years or over. To form a third group with intermediate age, the data of 92 patients aged 20 to 40 years were obtained, totaling 259 patients. Patients aged 40 or older had a statistically greater number of cesarean sections and less use of forceps or normal deliveries (p<0.001). The use of spinal anesthesia was statistically higher among those aged 40 years or more (p<0.001). The frequency of male newborns was statistically higher in older patients, a group with statistically fewer first pregnancies (p<0.001). The frequency of premature newborns was statistically higher in patients aged 40 years or more (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: It is crucial to give priority to aged women, so that prenatal care will be appropriate, minimizing maternal complications and improving perinatal outcomes in this unique group.

Epidemiology of artherial hypertension in pregnants / Epidemiologia da hipertensão arterial em gestantes

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the epidemiological data of hypertension in pregnant women, as well as to identify its possible associated events. Methods Data collection was performed at the high-risk prenatal outpatient clinic and in the maternity ward at a public hospital in the São Paulo city, during the morning and afternoon periods, from October 2015 to July 2016. A questionnaire with 22 questions prepared by the researchers was used. The margin of error was 5% and the confidence level was 95%. For the calculation, the two-proportion equality, Pearson correlation and ANOVA tests were used. Results Among the interviewees, 43% had chronic hypertension, 33.3% presented with up to 20 weeks of gestation, 23.7% presented after the 20th week of gestation, 62.3% were between 18 and 35 years of age, 78.1% had a family history of hypertension, and among those aged 36 to 45 years, 11.4% were in the first gestation, and 26.3% in the second gestation. Considering the associated conditions, diabetes prevailed with 50%; obesity with 22.2%, and the most selected foods for consumption among pregnant women, 47.5% had high energy content (processed/ultraprocessed). Conclusion After an epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of hypertension, pregnant women with chronic hypertension, preexisting hypertension diagnosed during pregnancy, and hypertensive disease of pregnancy were identified. Regarding the possible factors associated with arterial hypertension, higher age, family history of hypertension, preexistence of hypertension, late pregnancies, diabetes, obesity and frequent consumption of processed/ultraprocessed foods were found.

RESUMO Objetivo Pesquisar os dados epidemiológicos da hipertensão arterial em gestantes, bem como identificar seus possíveis eventos associados. Métodos A coleta de dados foi realizada no ambulatório do pré-natal de alto risco e na enfermaria da maternidade em hospital público da cidade de São Paulo, nos períodos matutino e vespertino, de outubro de 2015 a julho de 2016. Foi aplicado um questionário com 22 perguntas elaborado pelos pesquisadores. A margem de erro foi de 5% e o nível de confiança, de 95%. Para o cálculo, foram usados o teste de igualdade de duas proporções, a correlação de Pearson e o teste de ANOVA. Resultados Dentre as entrevistadas, 43% tinham hipertensão crônica, 33,3% se apresentaram com até 20 semanas de gestação, 23,7% se apresentaram após a 20ª semana da gestação, 62,3% tinham idade entre 18 e 35 anos, 78,1% tinham antecedente familiar com hipertensão arterial, 11,4% com idade entre 36 a 45 anos estavam na primeira gestação, e 26,3% com a mesma idade estavam a partir da segunda gestação. Dentre as afecções associadas, prevaleceu o diabetes com 50%; 22,2% se tratavam de obesidade, e dos alimentos mais escolhidos para consumo entre as gestantes, 47,5% possuíam alto teor energético (processados/ultraprocessados). Conclusão Após análise epidemiológica no resultado da prevalência da hipertensão arterial, foram encontradas gestantes com hipertensão arterial crônica, hipertensão arterial preexistente descoberta durante a gestação e doença hipertensiva específica da gestação. Em relação aos possíveis fatores associados à hipertensão arterial, foram encontrados: idade mais elevada, antecedentes familiares de hipertensão, preexistência de hipertensão, gestações tardias, diabetes, obesidade e frequente consumo de alimentos processados/ultraprocessados.

Vulnerabilidade social e individual e a gravidez na adolescência / Social and individual vulnerability and teenage pregnancy / Vulnerabilidad social e individual y embarazo adolescente

Este estudo tem como objetivo traçar o perfil de vulnerabilidade individual e social e a susceptibilidade à gravidez na adolescência. Trata-se um estudo descritivo com amostra não probabilística realizado em cinco Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de São Paulo em novembro de 2013. Foram sujeitos de pesquisa, 50 adolescentes grávidas. Dentre os principais resultados de vulnerabilidade individual tem-se: idade variou entre 14 a 19 anos, 28% referiu ter utilizado contraceptivos para evitar a atual gestação; na vulnerabilidade social tem-se: renda per capita de meio salário mínimo, 48% tinham menos de 8 anos de estudo, 64% não estudavam e, 60% não trabalhavam. São vários os determinantes para a gravidez na adolescência, o comportamento é apenas um. Há necessidade de intervenções voltadas a adolescente, sua família e comunidade no empoderamento destes; além da consciência do que interferem no comportamento pessoal e do grupo que estão inseridas (AU).

This study aims to trace the profile of individual and social vulnerability and susceptibility to pregnancy in adolescence. This is a descriptive study with a non-probabilistic sample carried out in five Basic Health Units of the municipality of São Paulo in November 2013. Fifty pregnant adolescents were studied. Among the main results of individual vulnerability are: age ranged from 14 to 19 years, 28% reported using contraceptives to avoid the current gestation; In social vulnerability we have: per capita income of half a minimum wage, 48% had less than 8 years of study, 64% did not study and 60% did not work. There are several determinants for teenage pregnancy, behavior is just one. There is a need for interventions aimed at adolescents, their families and communities in their empowerment; Beyond the consciousness of what interferes in the personal and group behavior that are inserted (AU).

Este estudio tiene como objetivo trazar el perfil de vulnerabilidad individual y social y la susceptibilidad al embarazo en la adolescencia. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con muestra no probabilística realizado en cinco Unidades Básicas de Salud del municipio de São Paulo en noviembre de 2013. Fueron sujetos de investigación, 50 adolescentes embarazadas. Entre los principales resultados de vulnerabilidad individual se tiene: la edad varía entre 14 a 19 años, el 28% refirió haber utilizado anticonceptivos para evitar la actual gestación; En la vulnerabilidad social se tiene: ingreso per cápita de medio salario mínimo, 48% tenían menos de 8 años de estudio, el 64% no estudia y el 60% no trabajaba. Son varios los determinantes para el embarazo en la adolescencia, el comportamiento es sólo uno. Hay necesidad de intervenciones dirigidas a adolescentes, su familia y comunidad en el empoderamiento de éstos; Además de la conciencia de lo que interfieren en el comportamiento personal y del grupo que están insertadas (AU).

[Perinatal and pediatric follow up of children with increased nuchal translucency and normal karyotype]. / Evolução perinatal e pediátrica de crianças com translucência nucal aumentada e cariótipo normal.

PURPOSE: To analyze the perinatal and pediatric outcome of fetuses that showed nuchal translucency (NT) above the 95th percentile (P95) and a normal karyotype in order to obtain data allowing better maternal prenatal counseling. METHODS: fetuses from a tertiary obstetric service with an NT above P95 and a normal karyotype were analyzed between 2005 and 2011. We analyzed gestational ultrasound follow-up, fetal and postnatal echocardiography (ECHO), weight, length and Apgar score at birth, and neuropsychomotor development by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) up to July 2012. RESULTS: During this period, there were 116 cases of nuchal translucency above the 95th percentile, and the fetal karyotype was determined in 79 of them (68%). Forty-three analyses were normal (54.4%) and 36 were altered (45.6%). Among the fetuses with a normal karyotype, one was miscarried at 15 weeks of gestation with Cantrel pentalogy and one died at 24 weeks with several structural abnormalities. There was one neonatal death of unknown cause and two cases of intraventricular communication (IVC) detected by fetal ECHO. Postnatal echocardiography revealed the persistence of IVC in one case and one case of atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Of the 40 surviving children, only 1 showed delayed speech development and another presented autism. The remaining cases resulted in normal neurodevelopment. CONCLUSION: During the monitoring of fetuses with increased NT and a normal karyotype, parents can be best advised that when a 2nd trimester morphological-echocardiography ultrasound study is normal, the probability of the child being born alive and well is high (93.5%).

Hysteroscopic findings in patients with post-menstrual spotting with prior cesarean section.

OBJECTIVE: To identify uterine hysteroscopic findings among patients with prior cesarean section and whom had post-menstrual bleeding spotting type. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive and prospective study between June 2008 and December 2009 involving women admitted to our clinic in Ji-Paraná (RO), Brazil, and who complained of prolonged genital bleeding after menstrual period. A total of 20 women with the simultaneous following characteristics were selected: at least one prior cesarean section, aged between 18 and 45 years, no use of hormonal contraceptives, and no history of uterine surgery that could change the cavity anatomy. All participants underwent a hysteroscopic examination. RESULTS: During hysteroscopy, in 90% of the patients, the presence of a cesarean section scar was observed in the last third of the cervix. This scarring causes an anomaly in the uterine cavity anatomy, characterized by the viewing of an enlargement followed by a retraction of the anterior wall, which affords the presence of a pseudocavity with depth and lumen narrowing in variable degrees. Two patients did not present the pseudocavity. CONCLUSION: Pseudocavities in cesarean section scar are usually found in hysteroscopic examination of patients with prior cesarean section and abnormal uterine spotting.

Comparative study of the results from conventional cervico-vaginal oncotic cytology and liquid-based cytology.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two oncotic cervical cytology techniques, the conventional and the liquid-based cytology, in low risk patients for uterine cervical cancer. METHODS: Comparative prospective study with 100 patients who came to their annual gynecological exam, and were submitted simultaneously to both techniques. We used the McNemar test, with a significance level of p < 0.05 to compare the results obtained related to adequacy of the smear quality, descriptive diagnosis prevalence, guided biopsy confirmation and histology. RESULTS: Adequacy of the smear was similar for both methods. The quality with squamocolumnar junction in 93% of conventional cytology and in 84% of the liquid-based cytology had statistical significance. As for the diagnosis of atypical cells they were detected in 3% of conventional cytology and in 10% of liquid-based cytology (p = 0.06). Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance were the most prevalent abnormality. The liquid-based cytology performance was better when compared with colposcopy (guided biopsy), presenting sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 100%. There was no cytological and histological concordance for the conventional cytology. CONCLUSIONS: Liquid-based cytology had a better performance to diagnose atypical cells and the cytohistological concordance was higher than in the conventional cytology.

Hysteroscopic endometrial polypectomy: outpatient versus conventional treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To compare results of hysteroscopic polypectomy of the endometrium performed in an outpatient clinic, under no anesthesia, to conventional hysteroscopic polypectomy under anesthesia in the operating theatre, assessing success rate, procedure time and complications; and to measure pain referred by patients in both groups. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study of 60 patients with hysteroscopic diagnosis of endometrial polyps, divided into two groups: the Outpatient Group, comprising patients submitted to outpatient's hysteroscopic polypectomy by continuous flow vaginoscopy using endoscopic forceps under no anesthesia, and the Conventional Group with patients submitted to hysteroscopic polypectomy in the operating theater, using a monopolar resectoscope under anesthesia. RESULTS: The groups were similar as to age, parity, mode of delivery and menopausal status. Both groups presented 100% efficacy in exeresis of polyps. The mean time of procedure was 7 minutes in the Outpatient Group and 35.16 minutes in the Conventional Group. In the Outpatient Group, menopausal patients (p=0.04) and those with polyps >1cm (p=0.01) had longer procedures. Using the Verbal Analog Scale of Pain, the mean score of pain referred by patients during the procedure was 2.93 in the Outpatient Group and, after anesthetic effect, 1.42 in the Conventional Group. There were no complications in the Outpatient Group. There was one case of uterine perforation and one case of false passage in the Conventional Group. CONCLUSION: Hysteroscopic polypectomy performed in an outpatient setting under no anesthesia is a well-tolerated procedure. As compared to conventional treatment, it displays the same efficacy, but the procedure time is shorter and the complication rate is lower.

Interventional radiology to treat severe obstetric hemorrhages.

The author discusses the recent role of interventional radiology to prevent postpartum hemorrhagic complications that represent an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality all over the world. Hence, hemorrhage control is mandatory. Traditional management and recent minimally invasive radiological procedures by means of inserting occluding balloons into appropriate vessels are analyzed. It is advisable that maternity hospitals have protocols for the management of obstetric hemorrhage by means of interventional radiology, either in their own departments or in association with other large healthcare units that may have proper equipment and trained staff. However, the evidence related to its efficacy is limited to series of cases analyzed in tertiary centers. This is a promising technique that may be applied to severe obstetric hemorrhages and may bring beneficial results in the majority of cases.

Initial experience with hysteroscopic tubal occlusion (Essure®) / Experiência inicial com a oclusão tubária por via histeroscópica (Essure®)

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate results of early tubal occlusions performed by hysteroscopy (Essure®). Methods This prospective study included 38 patients, 73.7% of them were white, mean age 34.5 years, they have had on average 3 pregnancies and 2.7 of deliveries. A total of 86.8% of patients previously prepared the endometrium. All procedures were carried out at outpatient unit without anesthesia. Results Insertion rate of the device was 100% at a mean time of 4 minutes and 50 seconds. Based on the analogical visual scale, average pain reported was three, and 55.3% of women did not report pain after the procedure. After 3 months, 89.5% of patients were very satisfied with the method. Simple radiographs of the pelvis showed 92.1% of topical devices, and one case of unilateral expulsion had occurred. A four years follow-up did not show failure in the method. Conclusions Tubal occlusion through hysteroscopy at outpatient unit and without anesthesia was a quickly and well-tolerated procedure. No serious complications were seen, the success rate was high, and patients were satisfied.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os resultados das primeiras oclusões tubárias realizadas pela via histeroscópica (Essure®). Métodos Estudo prospectivo com 38 pacientes, sendo 73,7% caucasianas, com média de idade de 34,5 anos, e com 3 gestações e 2,7 partos em média. Do total, 86,8% das pacientes fizeram preparo prévio do endométrio. Todos os procedimentos foram ambulatoriais e sem anestesia. Resultados A taxa de inserção do dispositivo foi de 100%, com tempo médio de 4 minutos e 50 segundos. Segundo a Escala Visual Analógica, a dor média obtida foi de três, e 55,3% das mulheres não referiram qualquer dor após o método. Ocorreu um caso de reflexo vagal e 89,5% das pacientes retornaram às atividades normais no mesmo dia. Após 3 meses, 89,5% das pacientes encontravam-se muito satisfeitas com o método. A radiografia simples da pelve evidenciou 92,1% de dispositivos tópicos, ocorrendo um caso de expulsão unilateral. Após 4 anos de seguimento, não houve falha do método. Conclusão A oclusão tubária por via histeroscópica em regime ambulatorial e sem anestesia foi um procedimento rápido, bem tolerado, isento de complicações graves e com alta taxa de sucesso e satisfação das pacientes.

The need to include obstetric nurses in prenatal care visits in the public health system.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate, with a qualitative approach, the role of Obstetric Nurses at the primary level of care given to women's health as a vital component of the multidisciplinary team, which today is fundamental for providing care, prevention as well as health education and promotion, especially in programs whose activities are geared towards primary care of pregnant, parturient, and puerpera women. METHODS: Brazilian laws and the determinations of Nursing Councils in reference to the activities of the obstetric nurse were researched, including the nurse's responsibilities and limits. The bibliographic search was conducted in health-related journals, lay publications, and the Internet. RESULTS: The conflicts between professional physicians and nurses were discussed. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the activities of the nurse, conducting low-risk prenatal clinical visits in the basic healthcare network, has legal and ethical support and provides true benefit to the clients.

Morbidity in neonates according to the mode of delivery: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of the modes of delivery on the health of newborns in a private maternity hospital in the city of São Paulo. METHODS: Between January 1995 and December 1998, all patients consecutively admitted for deliveries were included in this cross-sectional retrospective study. A total of 8,457 medical records were analyzed, being excluded of the sample 460 multiple pregnancies and 517 pregnant women with obstetric and/or clinical disorders. The incidence of neonatal birth injury, respiratory distress and anoxia was analyzed, as well as birth weight, type of delivery and gestational age (according to Näegele and Capurro). RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 7,480 neonates, and 69.6% were born by cesarean section, 24% vaginally and 6.4% through the vagina with the aid of forceps. A significant association was found between anoxia and the three types of delivery (p < 0.001). Respiratory distress was more frequent in cesarean delivery in newborns with gestational age superior to 37 weeks and in newborns weighing more than or equal to 2,500 g. Respiratory distress was significantly associated with cesarean delivery and/or forceps delivery, as compared with vaginal delivery, in the entire sample. Neonatal birth injury was associated with the use of forceps. In neonates born by cesarean section, anoxia was associated with lower gestational age estimated by the Capurro method and with lower weight. CONCLUSIONS: The abdominal approach is associated with greater morbidity of fetuses due to respiratory distress. Vaginal delivery is safer in newborns with more than 37 weeks of gestation and in those weighing more than 2,500 g.

Endometrial hysteroscopic and histological evaluation in menopausal women in continuous use of raloxifene.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of raloxifene on endometrial histopathology of menopausal women. METHODS: Thirty-one patients under raloxifene treatment (60 mg/day) for a six-month period and submitted to diagnostic videohysteroscopy at the Climateric Outpatients Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual Francisco Morato de Oliveira, in the city of São Paulo, and at Hospital Guilherme Álvaro, in the city of Santos, from September 10th, 2003 to June 22nd, 2004, were analyzed. Guided endometrial biopsy was performed on all patients on the anterior wall, using a 3-mm or 5-mm biopsy forceps. A 3-mm or 5-mm hysteroscope was used with TV imaging by an endocamera. The results of the hysteroscopic tests were compared before and six months after the use of raloxifene. RESULTS: The comparison between both biopsies was performed by means of the McNemar's test (marginal homogeneity test), and showed a descriptive level of 0.001 that indicates difference between the estrogen effects assessed at different moments. The estrogen effect on the endometrial tissue did not increase in any of the 31 patients analyzed. Twenty-one patients (68%) showed smaller estrogen effect in the final evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed no evidence of endometrial stimulation of raloxifene and, in fact, many women presented less estrogen effect after its use.

Perinatal outcomes in women over 40 years of age compared to those of other gestations / Resultados perinatais em gestantes acima de 40 anos comparados aos das demais gestações / Resultados perinatais em gestantes acima de 40 anos comparados aos das demais gestações

Objective To clarify if older pregnant women were more likely to have adverse perinatal outcomes when compared to women at an ideal age to have a child. Methods The groups were divided according to age groups: under 20 years, ≥20 to <40 years, and ≥40 years. Results During the period from January 1st, 2008, to December 31st, 2008, there were 76 births from patients younger than 20 years and 91 births from patients aged 40 years or over. To form a third group with intermediate age, the data of 92 patients aged 20 to 40 years were obtained, totaling 259 patients. Patients aged 40 or older had a statistically greater number of cesarean sections and less use of forceps or normal deliveries (p<0.001). The use of spinal anesthesia was statistically higher among those aged 40 years or more (p<0.001). The frequency of male newborns was statistically higher in older patients, a group with statistically fewer first pregnancies (p<0.001). The frequency of premature newborns was statistically higher in patients aged 40 years or more (p=0.004). Conclusion It is crucial to give priority to aged women, so that prenatal care will be appropriate, minimizing maternal complications and improving perinatal outcomes in this unique group. .

Objetivo Esclarecer se as gestantes em idade avançada estiveram mais propensas a terem resultados perinatais adversos quando comparadas àquelas em idade reprodutiva ideal. Métodos Os grupos foram divididos segundo grupos etários: idade menor que 20 anos; idade maior ou igual a 20 anos e menor que 40 anos; e idade maior ou igual a 40 anos. Resultados No período compreendido entre 1o de janeiro de 2008 a 31 de dezembro de 2008, ocorreram 76 partos de pacientes com idade menor que 20 anos e 91 partos de pacientes com idade maior ou igual a 40 anos. Para a formação de um terceiro grupo de faixa etária intermediária, foram coletados os dados de 92 pacientes com idade maior ou igual a 20 anos e menor que 40 anos, totalizando 259 pacientes. As pacientes com 40 anos ou mais apresentaram estatisticamente maior quantidade de partos cesárea e menos parto a fórcipe ou normais (p<0,001). A aplicação de raquianestesia foi estatisticamente maior nas gestantes com 40 anos ou mais (p<0,001). A frequência de recém-nascido do sexo masculino foi estatisticamente maior nas pacientes mais velhas, que também eram estatisticamente menos primigestas (p<0,001). A frequência de recém-nascido pré-termo foi estatisticamente maior em pacientes com 40 anos ou mais (p=0,004). Conclusão A priorização no atendimento das gestantes em idade avançada é imprescindível para que o pré-natal seja realizado com segurança, minimizando as complicações maternas e melhorando os resultados perinatais deste grupo tão particular. .

Comportamento sexual de ingressantes universitários / Comportamiento sexual de ingresantes universitários / Sexual behaviour among initial academic students

Objective: Describe the sexual practices of beginner students of a Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Method: Exploratory and cross-sectional study which included 786 academics enrolled in courses of the health area. Results: 623 (79.3%) were female and the average age was 19.2 ± 3.1 years. 693 (88.2%) adolescents had started sexual life, of which 332 (47.9%) has sexual relations with regular partner and 135 (19.5%) reported regular use of condom. Conclusion: It shows the need of health education actions targeted to the teen population in the University context, especially those of health area, with a view to prevention and to the adoption of healthy habits, highlighting not only biological aspects, but also psychosocial and behavioral.

Objetivo: Descrever as práticas sexuais de ingressantes de uma universidade federal do interior de Minas Gerais. Método: Estudo exploratório, de corte tranversal, que incluiu 786 acadêmicos matriculados em cursos da área da saúde. Resultados: 623 (79,3%) eram do gênero feminino e a idade média encontrada foi de 19,2 ± 3,1 anos. 693 (88,2%) jovens tinham iniciado vida sexual, dos quais 332 (47,9%) mantinham relações sexuais com parceiro fixo e 135 (19,5%) relataram fazer uso regular de preservativo. Conclusão: Depreende-se a necessidade de ações de educação em saúde direcionadas à população adolescente no contexto universitário, sobretudo aqueles da área de saúde, com vistas à prevenção e a adoção de hábitos saudáveis, destacando não somente aspectos biológicos, mas também psicossociais e comportamentais.

Objetivo: Describir las prácticas sexuales de ingresantes en una Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Metodo: Estudio exploratorio, transversal, que incluyó 786 académicos matriculados en cursos del área de salud. Resultados: 623 (79,3%) eran mujeres y la edad mediana fue de 19,2 ± 3,1 años. 693 (88,2%) jóvenes habían iniciado su vida sexual, de los cuales 332 (47,9%) tenían relaciones sexuales con pareja estable y 135 (19,5%) hacían uso regular de condón. Conclusión: Se deprende la necesidad de acciones de Educación en Salud dirigidas a la población adolescente en el contexto universitario, especialmente aquellos del área de salud, direccionadas a la prevención y a la adopción de hábitos saludables, destacando los aspectos no sólo biológicos, pero también psicosociales y conductuales.

[Pain evaluation in office hysteroscopy: comparison of two techniques]. / Avaliação da dor em histeroscopia ambulatorial: comparação entre duas técnicas.

PURPOSE: to compare the pain reported by patients submitted to hysteroscopy by the standard technique with carbon dioxide (CO2) and to vaginal hysteroscopy with physiological saline (0.9% NaCl). METHODS: this was a prospective cohort study conducted at an ambulatory hysteroscopy service. A total of 117 patients with indication for the exam were included, being randomly assigned to one of the groups. All patients answered an epidemiological questionnaire and scored the pain expected before the exam and that felt after the end of the procedure on a verbal pain scale from 0 to 10. A speculum, traction of the cervix, insertion of a 30 masculine light source and a diagnostic shirt with a total diameter of 5 mm were used for the standard technique. The cavity was distended with CO2 under a pressure of 100 mmHg controlled with a hysteroflator, and a biopsy was obtained with a Novak curette. Vaginoscopy was performed without a touch by distention of the vagina with fluid, direct visualization of the cervix and introduction of the light source with two continuous-flow shirts, with an accessory channel with an oval profile, the whole set measuring 5 mm in diameter. The medium distention was 0.9% NaCl and the pressure used was that considered to be necessary for an adequate visualization of the canal and of the cavity with an external pneumatic pressurizer. The biopsy was obtained in a directed manner using an endoscopic clamp. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for the quantitative variables and the frequency was calculated for the qualitative variables. The Student's t-test was used to compare the means, and the chi-square or exact Fisher test was used (when n<5) for the categorical analysis using the SPSS 15.0 software. The study was designed for a 95% test power, with the level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: the groups were similar regarding age, parity, previous uterine surgeries, menopausal status, and the need for a biopsy. In comparison to the group submitted to the standard technique, the vaginoscopy group involved a lower technical difficulty (5.1 versus 17.2%, p=0.03), a higher rate of exams considered to be satisfactory (98.3 versus 89.7%, p=0.04) and a lower pain index (4.8 versus 6.1; p=0.01), as the difference were more evident when patients who never had a previous normal delivery were compared (4.9 versus 7.1; p=0.0001). When the pain scale was stratified as mild (0-4), moderate (5-7) or intense (8-10), the vaginoscopy technique was found to be associated with a 52% reduction of the frequency of intense pain (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: vaginohysteroscopy was proved to be a less painful procedure than the technique based on the use of a speculum and CO2, regardless of age, menopause or parity, with more satisfactory results and lower technical difficulty.

Evolução perinatal e pediátrica de crianças com translucência nucal aumentada e cariótipo normal / Perinatal and pediatric follow up of children with increased nuchal translucency and normal karyotype

OBJETIVOS: Analisar o desfecho perinatal e pediátrico de fetos que apresentaram translucência nucal (TN) acima do percentil 95 (P95) e cariótipo normal a fim de obter dados que permitam um melhor aconselhamento materno pré-natal. METÓDOS: Análise de fetos em um serviço terciário de obstetrícia apresentaram TN acima do P95 e cariótipo normal entre os anos 2005 e 2011. Analisamos o seguimento ultrassonográfico gestacional, ecocardiografia (ECO) fetal e pós-natal, peso, comprimento e escore de Apgar ao nascimento, além do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor por meio do Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) até julho de 2012. RESULTADOS: Durante esse período, foram 116 casos de translucência nucal acima do P95, sendo que em 79 (68%) foi realizado cariótipo fetal. Das análises, 43 foram normais (54,4%) e 36, alteradas (45,6%). Nos fetos com cariótipo normal, houve um abortamento na 15ª semana gestacional com pentalogia de Cantrel, um óbito na 24ª semana com diversas anomalias estruturais, um óbito neonatal sem causa definida e dois casos de comunicação intraventricular (CIV) detectados no ECO fetal. Na avaliação ecocardiográfica pós-natal, persistiu um caso de CIV e foi diagnosticado um caso de comunicação interatrial (CIA) e persistência do canal arterial (PCA). Entre os 40 casos sobreviventes, apenas 1 criança apresentou atraso no desenvolvimento da fala e outra apresentou quadro de autismo. Os demais casos resultaram em desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor normal. CONCLUSÃO: No acompanhamento dos fetos com TN aumentada e cariótipo normal, os pais podem ser mais bem aconselhados de que, frente a um exame morfológico-ecocardiográfico do 2º trimestre sem alterações, a probabilidade de a criança nascer viva e bem é alta (93,5%).

PURPOSE: To analyze the perinatal and pediatric outcome of fetuses that showed nuchal translucency (NT) above the 95th percentile (P95) and a normal karyotype in order to obtain data allowing better maternal prenatal counseling. METHODS: fetuses from a tertiary obstetric service with an NT above P95 and a normal karyotype were analyzed between 2005 and 2011. We analyzed gestational ultrasound follow-up, fetal and postnatal echocardiography (ECHO), weight, length and Apgar score at birth, and neuropsychomotor development by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) up to July 2012. RESULTS: During this period, there were 116 cases of nuchal translucency above the 95th percentile, and the fetal karyotype was determined in 79 of them (68%). Forty-three analyses were normal (54.4%) and 36 were altered (45.6%). Among the fetuses with a normal karyotype, one was miscarried at 15 weeks of gestation with Cantrel pentalogy and one died at 24 weeks with several structural abnormalities. There was one neonatal death of unknown cause and two cases of intraventricular communication (IVC) detected by fetal ECHO. Postnatal echocardiography revealed the persistence of IVC in one case and one case of atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Of the 40 surviving children, only 1 showed delayed speech development and another presented autism. The remaining cases resulted in normal neurodevelopment. CONCLUSION: During the monitoring of fetuses with increased NT and a normal karyotype, parents can be best advised that when a 2nd trimester morphological-echocardiography ultrasound study is normal, the probability of the child being born alive and well is high (93.5%).

Acesso aos serviços de saúde, condições de saúde e exposição aos fatores de risco: percepção dos pescadores ribeirinhos do Rio Machado de Ji-Paraná, RO / Access to health services, health conditions and exposure to risk factors: perception of riparian fishermen of the Machado River in Ji-Paraná, RO

Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre as percepções dos pescadores ribeirinhos de Ji-Paraná/RO quanto ao acesso aos serviços de saúde da rede pública local. Objetiva também identificar as percepções das condições de saúde e a exposição aos fatores de risco dessa população. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e analítico-descritiva. Para a coleta de dados, utilizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação livre, realizadas em visitas domiciliares no período de setembro a novembro de 2009, com 23 pescadores, sendo 15 homens e 8 mulheres. A população pesquisada percebe estar exposta a diversos riscos e problemas de saúde, com maior frequência no período das enchentes. No trabalho, há risco de acidentes, afogamentos e outros perigos devido à inexistência ou precariedade quanto ao uso de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual - EPI. A maioria (19) dos entrevistados relatou problemas de saúde, como dores na coluna, nas pernas, musculares, cãibras, problemas de visão, dor de cabeça, gripe e doenças de pele. Os pescadores ribeirinhos participantes da pesquisa identificam muitas dificuldades no acesso aos serviços de saúde da rede pública e a deficiência no saneamento básico. Além disso, a área pesquisada não é de abrangência da estratégia Saúde da Família. Assim, faz-se necessária a formulação de políticas que viabilizem a melhoria da infraestrutura, a redução das desigualdades no atendimento à saúde e a ampliação da estratégia Saúde da Família.

Hysteroscopic findings in patients with post-menstrual spotting with prior cesarean section / Achados histeroscópicos em pacientes com sangramento pós-menstrual tipo escape com cesárea anterior

Objective: To identify uterine hysteroscopic findings among patients with prior cesarean section and whom had post-menstrual bleeding spotting type. Methods: We conducted a descriptive and prospective study between June 2008 and December 2009 involving women admitted to our clinic in Ji-Paraná (RO), Brazil, and who complained of prolonged genital bleeding after menstrual period. A total of 20 women with the simultaneous following characteristics were selected: at least one prior cesarean section, aged between 18 and 45 years, no use of hormonal contraceptives, and no history of uterine surgery that could change the cavity anatomy. All participants underwent a hysteroscopic examination. Results: During hysteroscopy, in 90% of the patients, the presence of a cesarean section scar was observed in the last third of the cervix. This scarring causes an anomaly in the uterine cavity anatomy, characterized by the viewing of an enlargement followed by a retraction of the anterior wall, which affords the presence of a pseudocavity with depth and lumen narrowing in variable degrees. Two patients did not present the pseudocavity. Conclusion: Pseudocavities in cesarean section scar are usually found in hysteroscopic examination of patients with prior cesarean section and abnormal uterine spotting.

Objetivo: Identificar os achados histeroscópicos uterino em grupo de pacientes com operação cesariana anterior e sangramento pós-menstrual tipo escape. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e prospectivo, com mulheres que compareceram em consultório em Ji-Paraná (RO), entre junho de 2008 e dezembro de 2009, com queixa de sangramento genital prolongado tipo escape após período menstrual. Destas, foram selecionadas 20 mulheres que apresentavam, simultaneamente, as seguintes características: ao menos uma cesárea prévia; idade entre 18 e 45 anos; sem uso de método anticoncepcional hormonal; e ausência de qualquer outra cirurgia uterina capaz de alterar a anatomia da cavidade. As pacientes selecionadas foram submetidas a exame histeroscópico. Resultados: À histeroscopia, em 90% das pacientes, observou-se, no terço final do colo, a presença da cicatriz de cesárea. Essa cicatriz causa, no interior da cavidade uterina, uma anomalia em sua anatomia, caracterizada pela visualização, na parede anterior, de uma dilatação seguida de retração, que proporciona a presença de pseudocavidade com profundidade e oclusão da luz em graus variáveis. Já em duas pacientes, não foi detectada a pseudocavidade. Conclusão: A pseudocavidade na cicatriz da cesariana é o achado mais freqüente à observação histeroscópica em pacientes com cesárea prévia e sangramento uterino anormal pós-menstrual tipo escape.