The proteasome component PSMD14 drives myelomagenesis through a histone deubiquitinase activity.

While 19S proteasome regulatory particle (RP) inhibition is a promising new avenue for treating bortezomib-resistant myeloma, the anti-tumor impact of inhibiting 19S RP component PSMD14 could not be explained by a selective inhibition of proteasomal activity. Here, we report that PSMD14 interacts with NSD2 on chromatin, independent of 19S RP. Functionally, PSMD14 acts as a histone H2AK119 deubiquitinase, facilitating NSD2-directed H3K36 dimethylation. Integrative genomic and epigenomic analyses revealed the functional coordination of PSMD14 and NSD2 in transcriptional activation of target genes (e.g., RELA) linked to myelomagenesis. Reciprocally, RELA transactivates PSMD14, forming a PSMD14/NSD2-RELA positive feedback loop. Remarkably, PSMD14 inhibitors enhance bortezomib sensitivity and fosters anti-myeloma synergy. PSMD14 expression is elevated in myeloma and inversely correlated with overall survival. Our study uncovers an unappreciated function of PSMD14 as an epigenetic regulator and a myeloma driver, supporting the pursuit of PSMD14 as a therapeutic target to overcome the treatment limitation of myeloma.

Chromodomain Protein CDYL Acts as a Crotonyl-CoA Hydratase to Regulate Histone Crotonylation and Spermatogenesis.

Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a newly identified histone modification that is associated with active transcription in mammalian cells. Here we report that the chromodomain Y-like transcription corepressor CDYL negatively regulates histone Kcr by acting as a crotonyl-CoA hydratase to convert crotonyl-CoA to ß-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. We showed that the negative regulation of histone Kcr by CDYL is intrinsically linked to its transcription repression activity and functionally implemented in the reactivation of sex chromosome-linked genes in round spermatids and genome-wide histone replacement in elongating spermatids. Significantly, Cdyl transgenic mice manifest dysregulation of histone Kcr and reduction of male fertility with a decreased epididymal sperm count and sperm cell motility. Our study uncovers a biochemical pathway in the regulation of histone Kcr and implicates CDYL-regulated histone Kcr in spermatogenesis, adding to the understanding of the physiology of male reproduction and the mechanism of the spermatogenic failure in AZFc (Azoospermia Factor c)-deleted infertile men.

Functional role of Ash2l in oxLDL induced endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.

Endothelial injury and dysfunction in the artery wall fuel the process of atherosclerosis. As a key epigenetic regulator, Ash2l (Absent, small, or homeotic-Like 2) is involved in regulating vascular injury and its complications. However, the role of Ash2l in atherosclerosis has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we found increased Ash2l expression in high-cholesterol diet-fed ApoE-/- mice and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) treated endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, Ash2l promoted the scavenger receptors transcription by catalyzing histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) trimethylation at the promoter region of transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and triggered the activation of the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by enhancing interaction between CD36 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Meanwhile, enhanced expression of scavenger receptors drove more oxLDL uptake by ECs. In vivo studies revealed that ECs-specific Ash2l knockdown reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation and promoted fibrous cap stability in the aorta of ApoE-/- mice, which was partly associated with a reduced endothelial activation by suppressing scavenger receptors and the uptake of lipids by ECs. Collectively, our findings identify Ash2l as a novel regulator that mediates endothelial injury and atherosclerosis. Targeting Ash2l may provide valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic candidates for atherosclerosis.

BRD4-directed super-enhancer organization of transcription repression programs links to chemotherapeutic efficacy in breast cancer.

BRD4 is well known for its role in super-enhancer organization and transcription activation of several prominent oncogenes including c-MYC and BCL2 As such, BRD4 inhibitors are being pursued as promising therapeutics for cancer treatment. However, drug resistance also occurs for BRD4-targeted therapies. Here, we report that BRD4 unexpectedly interacts with the LSD1/NuRD complex and colocalizes with this repressive complex on super-enhancers. Integrative genomic and epigenomic analyses indicate that the BRD4/LSD1/NuRD complex restricts the hyperactivation of a cluster of genes that are functionally linked to drug resistance. Intriguingly, treatment of breast cancer cells with a small-molecule inhibitor of BRD4, JQ1, results in no immediate activation of the drug-resistant genes, but long-time treatment or destabilization of LSD1 by PELI1 decommissions the BRD4/LSD1/NuRD complex, leading to resistance to JQ1 as well as to a broad spectrum of therapeutic compounds. Consistently, PELI1 is up-regulated in breast carcinomas, its level is negatively correlated with that of LSD1, and the expression level of the BRD4/LSD1/NuRD complex-restricted genes is strongly correlated with a worse overall survival of breast cancer patients. Together, our study uncovers a functional duality of BRD4 in super-enhancer organization of transcription activation and repression linking to oncogenesis and chemoresistance, respectively, supporting the pursuit of a combined targeting of BRD4 and PELI1 in effective treatment of breast cancer.

Advances in small-molecule fluorescent probes for the study of apoptosis.

Apoptosis, as type I cell death, is an active death process strictly controlled by multiple genes, and plays a significant role in regulating various activities. Mounting research indicates that the unique modality of cell apoptosis is directly or indirectly related to different diseases including cancer, autoimmune diseases, viral diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. However, the underlying mechanisms of cell apoptosis are complicated and not fully clarified yet, possibly due to the lack of effective chemical tools for the nondestructive and real-time visualization of apoptosis in complex biological systems. In the past 15 years, various small-molecule fluorescent probes (SMFPs) for imaging apoptosis in vitro and in vivo have attracted broad interest in related disease diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we aim to highlight the recent developments of SMFPs based on enzyme activity, plasma membranes, reactive oxygen species, reactive sulfur species, microenvironments and others during cell apoptosis. In particular, we generalize the mechanisms commonly used to design SMFPs for studying apoptosis. In addition, we discuss the limitations of reported probes, and emphasize the potential challenges and prospects in the future. We believe that this review will provide a comprehensive summary and challenging direction for the development of SMFPs in apoptosis related fields.

Immunoadjuvant-Modified Rhodobacter sphaeroides Potentiate Cancer Photothermal Immunotherapy.

Photothermal immunotherapy has become a promising strategy for tumor treatment. However, the intrinsic drawbacks like light instability, poor immunoadjuvant effect, and poor accumulation of conventional inorganic or organic photothermal agents limit their further applications. Based on the superior carrying capacity and active tumor targeting property of living bacteria, an immunoadjuvant-intensified and engineered tumor-targeting bacterium was constructed to achieve effective photothermal immunotherapy. Specifically, immunoadjuvant imiquimod (R837)-loaded thermosensitive liposomes (R837@TSL) were covalently decorated onto Rhodobacter sphaeroides (R.S) to obtain nanoimmunoadjuvant-armed bacteria (R.S-R837@TSL). The intrinsic photothermal property of R.S combined R837@TSL to achieve in situ near-infrared (NIR) laser-controlled release of R837. Meanwhile, tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD) caused by photothermal effect of R.S-R837@TSL, synergizes with released immunoadjuvants to promote maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), which enhance cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) infiltration for further tumor eradication. The photosynthetic bacteria armed with immunoadjuvant-loaded liposomes provide a strategy for immunoadjuvant-enhanced cancer photothermal immunotherapy.

ADP-ribose transferase PARP16 mediated-unfolded protein response contributes to neuronal cell damage in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.

Ischemic stroke is known to cause the accumulation of misfolded proteins and loss of calcium homeostasis, leading to impairment of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function and activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). PARP16 is an active (ADP-ribosyl)transferase known tail-anchored ER transmembrane protein with a cytosolic catalytic domain. Here, we find PARP16 is highly expressed in ischemic cerebral hemisphere and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-treated immortalized hippocampal neuronal cell HT22. Using an adeno-associated virus-mediated PARP16 knockdown approach in mice, we find PARP16 knockdown decreases infarct demarcations and has a better neurological outcome after ischemic stroke. Our data indicate PARP16 knockdown decreases ER stress and neuronal death caused by OGD/R, whereas PARP16 overexpression promotes ER stress-mediated cell damage in primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, PARP16 functions mechanistically as ADP-ribosyltransferase to modulate the level of ADP-ribosylation of the corresponding PERK and IRE1α arm of the UPR, and such modifications mediate activation of PERK and IRE1α. Indeed, pharmacological stimulation of the UPR using Brefeldin A partly counteracts PARP16 knockdown-mediated neuronal protection upon OGD/R treatment. In conclusion, PARP16 plays a crucial role in post-ischemic UPR and PARP16 knockdown alleviates brain injury after ischemic stroke. This study demonstrates the potential of the PARP16-PERK/IRE1α axis as a target for neuronal survival in ischemic stroke.

ASH2L upregulation contributes to diabetic endothelial dysfunction in mice through STEAP4-mediated copper uptake.

Endothelial dysfunction is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and contributes to the high incidence and mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Aberrant epigenetic regulation under diabetic conditions, including histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play key roles in the initiation and progression of diabetic vascular complications. ASH2L, a H3K4me3 regulator, triggers genetic transcription, which is critical for physiological and pathogenic processes. In this study we investigated the role of ASH2L in mediating diabetic endothelial dysfunction. We showed that ASH2L expression was significantly elevated in vascular tissues from diabetic db/db mice and in rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) treated with high glucose medium (11 and 22 mM). Knockdown of ASH2L in RAECs markedly inhibited the deteriorating effects of high glucose, characterized by reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Deletion of endothelial ASH2L in db/db mice by injection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-endothelial specific system carrying shRNA against Ash2l (AAV-shAsh2l) restored the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations, and ameliorated DM-induced vascular dysfunction. We revealed that ASH2L expression activated reductase STEAP4 transcription in vitro and in vivo, which consequently elevated Cu(I) transportation into ECs by the copper transporter CTR1. Excess copper produced by STEAP4-mediated copper uptake triggered oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. Our results demonstrate that hyperglycemia triggered ASH2L-STEAP4 axis contributes to diabetic endothelial dysfunction by modulating copper uptake into ECs and highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking the endothelial ASH2L in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications.

Autonomously Assembled Living Capsules by Microbial Coculture for Enhanced Bacteriotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Microorganism-mediated self-assembling of living formulations holds great promise for disease therapy. Here, we constructed a prebiotic-probiotic living capsule (PPLC) by coculturing probiotics (EcN) with Gluconacetobacter xylinus (G. xylinus) in a prebiotic-containing fermentation broth. Through shaking the culture, G. xylinus secretes cellulose fibrils that can spontaneously encapsulate EcN to form microcapsules under shear forces. Additionally, the prebiotic present in the fermentation broth is incorporated into the bacterial cellulose network through van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. Afterward, the microcapsules were transferred to a selective LB medium, which facilitated the colonization of dense probiotic colonies within them. The in vivo study demonstrated that PPLC-containing dense colonies of EcN can antagonize intestinal pathogens and restore microbiota homeostasis by showing excellent therapeutic performance in treating enteritis mice. The in situ self-assembly of probiotics and prebiotics-based living materials provides a promising platform for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

One-step approach to fabricating amphoteric polymer fatliquors for chrome-free tanned leather eco-manufacturing.

The leather manufacturing industry is increasingly embracing chrome-free tanning methods to promote environmental sustainability. However, the transition to chrome-free tanning systems presents a notable obstacle: the incompatibility of traditional anionic wet finishing materials with chrome-free tanned leather due to differences in surface electrical behavior. Herein, an amphoteric polymer, referred to P(AA-co-DMAEMA-co-DA), was synthesized through a simple one-step free radical copolymerization using acrylic acid (AA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and dodecyl acrylate (DA). Notably, the isoelectric point of P(AA-co-DMAEMA-co-DA) is 7.7, which contributes to improving the leather's positive electric property and enhancing the binding between the amphoteric polymer fatliquors (APF) and collagen fiber. The APF achieves a remarkable absorption rate of 96.2% and a dyeing uptake rate of 94.3% for anionic dyes, resulting in a uniformly bright surface color of the dyed leather and further significantly reducing the dye usage. Overall, the comprehensive properties of APF align with the electrical origins of organic chrome-free tanning leather, exhibiting a pronounced fatliquoring effect while reducing the dye content in the waste liquor. This contribution holds promise for advancing chrome-free tanning technology toward greener environmental practices.

Myxobolus liuyangensis sp. n. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) from the gills of exotic mrigal carp Cirrhinus mrigala (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) in China.

A new species, Myxobolus liuyangensis sp. n., was found in the gills of the exotic mrigal carp Cirrhinus mrigala during a survey of the fauna of exotic fish myxospore in China. Plasmodia were elongated pyriform, measuring 0.42 mm long and 0.15 mm wide. The mature spores were elongated pyriform in the frontal view, tapered forward, rounded posterior end, and fusiform in the sutural view, measuring 17.3 ±0.5 (16.5-18.3) µm long, 6.2 ±0.3 (5.2-6.8) µm wide, and 4.8 ±0.2 (4.4-5.1) µm thick. The two equal polar capsules of elongated pyriform in shape measured 11.3 ±0.5 (10.6-12.3) µm long and 2.5 ±0.3 (2.0-3.1) µm wide, occupying more than half the capacity of the spores. The polar filaments were coiled with fifteen to sixteen turns. No mucous envelope and caudal appendages were found. The consensus SSU rDNA gene sequence obtained here for M. liuyangensis sp. n. did not match any sequences available in GenBank, but was most closely related to M. catlae that infects the gills of C. cirrhosis (MT003664, 97.99% similarity). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the C. mrigala-infecting Myxobolus species were not clustered together, but dispersed in different clades. The present species clustered with M. catlae and M. orissae within the clade I of elongated pyriform spore shapes, revealing spore shapes may play an important role during the evolution of Myxobolus species. This is the second myxosporean infection report in the exotic mrigal carp C. mrigala.

Facile "Synergistic Inner-Outer Activation" Strategy for Nano-Engineering of Nature-Skin-Derived Wearable Daytime Radiation Cooling Materials.

Natural skin-derived products, as traditional wearable materials are widely used in people's daily life due to the products' excellent origins. Herein, a versatile daytime-radiation cooling wearable natural skin (RC-skin) consisting of the collagen micro-nano fibers with the on-demand double-layer radiation cooling structure is nano-engineered through the proposed facile "synergistic inner-outer activation" strategy. The bottom layer (inner strategy) of the RC-skin is fabricated by filling the skin with the Mg11 (HPO3 )8 (OH)6 nanoparticles by soaking. The superstratum (outer strategy) is constituted by a composite coating with an irregular microporous structure. The RC-skin harvests the inherent advantages of natural building blocks including sufficient hydrophobicity, excellent mechanical properties, and friction resistance. Owing to the subtle double-layer structure design, the solar reflectance and the average emissivity in the mid-infrared band of RC-skin are ≈92.7% and ≈95%, respectively. Therefore, the RC-skin's temperature in the sub-ambient is reduced by ≈7.5 °C. Various outdoor practical application experiments further substantiate that RC-skin has superior radiation cooling performances. Collectively, RC-skin has broad-application prospects for intelligent wearing, low-carbon travel, building materials, and intelligent thermoelectric power generation, and this study also provides novel strategies for developing natural-skin-derived functional materials.

Engineering Self-Adaptive Multi-Response Thermochromic Hydrogel for Energy-Saving Smart Windows and Wearable Temperature-Sensing.

Buildings account for ≈40% of the total energy consumption. In addition, it is challenging to control the indoor temperature in extreme weather. Therefore, energy-saving smart windows with light regulation have gained increasing attention. However, most emerging base materials for smart windows have disadvantages, including low transparency at low temperatures, ultra-high phase transition temperature, and scarce applications. Herein, a self-adaptive multi-response thermochromic hydrogel (PHC-Gel) with dual temperature and pH response is engineered through "one-pot" integration tactics. The PHC-Gel exhibits excellent mechanical, adhesion, and electrical conductivity properties. Notably, the low critical solubility temperature (LCST) of PHC-Gel can be regulated over a wide temperature range (20-35 °C). The outdoor practical testing reveals that PHC-Gel has excellent light transmittance at low temperatures and radiation cooling performances at high temperatures, indicating that PHC-Gel can be used for developing energy-saving windows. Actually, PHC-Gel-based thermochromic windows show remarkable visible light transparency (Tlum ≈ 95.2%) and solar modulation (△Tsol ≈ 57.2%). Interestingly, PHC-Gel has superior electrical conductivity, suggesting that PHC-Gel can be utilized to fabricate wearable signal-response and temperature sensors. In summary, PHC-Gel has broad application prospects in energy-saving smart windows, smart wearable sensors, temperature monitors, infant temperature detection, and thermal management.

Monotropein Protects Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Impairments and Promotes Fracture Healing in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model.

Monotropein is one of the active ingredients in Morinda Officinalis, which has been used for the treatment in multiple bone and joint diseases. This study aimed to observe the in vitro effects of Monotropein on osteogenic differentiation of lipopolysaccharide treated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs), and the in vivo effects of local application of Monotropein on bone fracture healing in ovariectomized mice. Lipopolysaccharide was used to set up the inflammatory model in bMSCs, which were treated by Monotropein. Molecular docking analysis was performed to evaluate the potential interaction between Monotropein and p65. Transverse fractures of middle tibias were established in ovariectomized mice, and Monotropein was locally applied to the fracture site using injectable hydrogel. Monotropein enhanced the ability of primary bMSCs in chondro-osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, Monotropein rescued lipopolysaccharide-induced osteogenic differentiation impairment and inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced p65 phosphorylation in primary bMSCs. Docking analysis showed that the binding activity of Monotropein and p65/14-3-3 complex is stronger than the selective inhibitor of NF-κB (p65), DP-005. Local application of Monotropein partially rescued the decreased bone mass and biomechanical properties of callus or healed tibias in ovariectomized mice. The expressions of Runx2, Osterix and Collagen I in the 2-week callus were partially restored in Monotropein-treated ovariectomized mice. Taking together, local application of Monotropein promoted fracture healing in ovariectomized mice. Inhibition of p65 phosphorylation and enhancement in osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells could be partial of the effective mechanisms.

SCFJFK is functionally linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Dysregulation of lipid metabolism could lead to the development of metabolic disorders. We report here that the F-box protein JFK promotes excessive lipid accumulation in adipose tissue and contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome. JFK transgenic mice develop spontaneous obesity, accompanied by dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance, phenotypes that are further exacerbated under high-fat diets. In contrast, Jfk knockout mice are lean and resistant to diet-induced metabolic malfunctions. Liver-specific reconstitution of JFK expression in Jfk knockout mice leads to hepatic lipid accumulation resembling human hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We show that JFK interacts with and destabilizes ING5 through assembly of the SCF complex. Integrative transcriptomic and genomic analysis reveals that the SCFJFK -ING5 axis interferes with AMPK activity and fatty acid ß-oxidation, leading to the suppression of hepatic lipid catabolism. Significantly, JFK is upregulated and AMPKα1 is down-regulated in liver tissues from NAFLD patients. These results reveal that SCFJFK is a bona fide E3 ligase for ING5 and link the SCFJFK -ING5 axis to the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

A Scalable and Metal-Free Synthesis of Indazoles from 2-Aminophenones and In Situ Generated De-Boc-Protected O-Mesitylsulfonyl Hydroxylamine Derivatives.

A one-pot metal-free protocol to access indazoles from easily available 2-aminophenones and hydroxylamine derivatives has been achieved. The reaction is operationally simple, mild, and insensitive to air and moisture. A broad range of indazoles were prepared in good to excellent yield (up to 97% yield), and the reaction displayed a broad functional group tolerance. The reaction was performed at gram scale, and its synthetic application was exhibited through the rapid and efficient preparation of bioactive molecule YC-3 and FDA-approved drug axitinib.

Insights into CD154-mediated pathways in ocular hypertensive glaucoma: The role of Müller cells and P2X7 in retinal neuroprotection and therapeutic potential.

An elevation of pathologic intraocular pressure (IOP) is the greatest risk factor for glaucoma. CD154 has been reported to bind to CD40 expressed by orbital fibroblasts and be involved in immune and inflammatory responses. However, the function and mechanism of CD154 in ocular hypertensive glaucoma (OHG) are not fully understood. We isolated and characterized Müller cells and subsequently examined the effect of CD154 on ATP release from those cells. After being cocultured with CD154-pretreated Müller cells, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were treated with P2X7 siRNAs or a P2X7 inhibitor. Furthermore, mouse models of glaucoma (GC) were injected with P2X7 shRNA. p21, p53, and P2X7 expression were examined, and cellular senescence and apoptosis were detected by ß-Gal and TUNEL staining, retinal pathology was examined by H&E staining, and CD154 and ß-Gal expression were detected by ELISA. CD154 induced ATP release from Müller cells and accelerated the senescence and apoptosis of RGCs that had been cocultured with Müller cells. We also found that treatment with P2X7 could attenuate the senescence and apoptosis of RGCs mediated by Müller cells pretreated with CD154. In vivo studies in GC model mice verified that P2X7 silencing attenuated pathological damage and prevented the senescence and apoptosis of retinal tissue. The study demonstrates how CD154 accelerates the aging and apoptosis of RGCs by co-cultivating Müller cells pretreated with CD154 in OHG. The research implies that CD154 has the potential to become a new therapeutic target for ocular hypertension glaucoma, providing a new research direction for its treatment.

Artificial intelligence in small molecule drug discovery from 2018 to 2023: Does it really work?

Utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) in drug design represents an advanced approach for identifying targets and developing new drugs. Integrating AI techniques significantly reduces the workload involved in drug development and enhances the efficiency of early-stage drug discovery. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the utilization of AI methods in the field of small drug design, with a specific focus on four key areas: protein structure prediction, molecular virtual screening, molecular design, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction. Additionally, the role and limitations of AI in drug development are explored, and the impact of AI on decision-making processes is studied. It is important to note that while AI can bring numerous benefits to the early stage of drug development, the direction and quality of decision-making should still be emphasized, as AI should be considered as a tool rather than a decisive factor.

A novel CDK8 inhibitor with poly-substituted pyridine core: Discovery and anti-inflammatory activity evaluation in vivo.

As an ideal anti-inflammatory target, cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. CDK8 inhibition up-regulates Interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression by enhancing the transcriptional activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1), and augmenting IL-10 abundance is a viable strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this research, through structure-based drug design and dominant fragment hybridization, a series of poly-substituted pyridine derivatives were designed and synthesized as CDK8 inhibitors. Ultimately, compound CR16 was identified as the best one, which exhibited good inhibitory activity against CDK8 (IC50 = 74.4 nM). In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that CR16 could enhance the transcriptional activity of AP-1, augment the abundance of IL-10, and affect CDK8-related signaling pathways including TLR7/NF-κB/MAPK and IL-10-JAK1-STAT3 pathways. In addition, CR16 showed potent therapeutic effect in an animal model of IBD.

Discovery of pterostilbene analogs as novel NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors for potential treatment of DSS-induced colitis in mice.

The pterostilbene skeleton is a promising chemical scaffold that exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, and anti-tumor effects. In this study, we aim to reduce in vivo and in vitro toxicity of compound 32 (preliminary work) and maintain its biological activity. A series of novel pterostilbene derivatives (D1-D43) were designed and synthesized, and their anti-inflammatory activities were screened. All compounds were screened to evaluate their inhibitory effect on LPS/Nigericin-induced IL-1ß production and pyroptosis. The structure-activity relationships was deduced, and finally 1-((E)-4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)styryl)-3,5-dimethoxy-2-((E)-2-nitrovinyl)benzene (D22) was found to be a low-toxic compound with most potent inhibitory efficacy (against IL-1ß: IC50 = 2.41 µM). Preliminary mechanism studies showed that compound D22 may affect the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome by targeting NLRP3 protein, thereby inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity indicated that compound D22 had significant therapeutic effects on DSS-induced mouse acute colitis models.