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Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most lethal primary brain tumors with limited survival, even under aggressive treatments. The current therapeutics for GBMs are flawed due to the failure to accurately discriminate between normal proliferating cells and distinctive tumor cells. Mitochondria are essential to GBMs and serve as potential therapeutical targets. Here, we utilize cryo-electron tomography to quantitatively investigate nanoscale details of randomly sampled mitochondria in their native cellular context of GBM cells. Our results show that compared with cancer-free brain cells, GBM cells own more inter-mitochondrial junctions of several types for communications. Furthermore, our tomograms unveil microtubule-dependent mitochondrial nanotunnel-like bridges in the GBM cells as another inter-mitochondrial structure. These quantified inter-mitochondrial features, together with other mitochondria-organelle and intra-mitochondrial ones, are sufficient to distinguish GBM cells from cancer-free brain cells under scrutiny with predictive modeling. Our findings decipher high-resolution inter-mitochondrial structural signatures and provide clues for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions for GBM and other mitochondria-related diseases.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Humanos , Glioblastoma/patologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Tomografia com Microscopia Eletrônica , Encéfalo/patologia , Mitocôndrias/patologiaRESUMO
Studies from rodents to primates and humans indicate that individuals vary in how resilient they are to stress, and understanding the basis of these variations may help improve treatments for depression. Here we explored the potential contribution of the gut microbiome to such variation. Mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks then allowed to recover for 3 weeks, after which they were subjected to behavioral tests and categorized as showing low or high stress resilience. The two types of mouse were compared in terms of hippocampal gene expression using RNA sequencing, fecal microbiomes using 16S RNA sequencing, and extent of neurogenesis in the hippocampus using immunostaining of brain sections. Fecal microbiota were transplanted from either type of mouse into previously stress-exposed and stress-naïve animals, and the effects of the transplantation on stress-induced behaviors and neurogenesis in the hippocampus were examined. Finally, we blocked neurogenesis using temozolomide to explore the role of neurogenesis promoted by fecal microbiota transplantation in enhancing resilience to stress. Results showed that highly stress-resilient mice, but not those with low resilience, improved significantly on measures of anhedonia, behavioral despair, and anxiety after 3-week recovery from CUMS. Their feces showed greater abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Romboutsia than feces from mice with low stress resilience, as well as lower abundance of Staphylococcus, Psychrobacter and Corynebacterium. Similarly, highly stress-resilient mice showed greater neurogenesis in hippocampus than animals with low stress resilience. Transplanting fecal microbiota from mice with high stress resilience into previously CUMS-exposed recipients rescued neurogenesis in hippocampus, facilitating recovery from stress-induced depression and cognitive decline. Blockade of neurogenesis with temozolomide abolished recovery of recipients from CUMS-induced depression and cognitive decline in mice transplanted with fecal microbiota from mice with high stress resilience. In conclusion, our results suggested that remodeling of the gut microbiome after stress may reverse stress-induced impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis and thereby promote recovery from stress-induced depression.
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Depressão , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Depressão/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Temozolomida/metabolismo , Temozolomida/farmacologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Neurogênese , Estresse Psicológico/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: PDZ-binding kinase (PBK) encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase related to the dual specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) family. There is evidence that overexpression of this gene is associated with tumorigenesis. However, the role of PBK in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic role of PBK and its correlation with immune infiltrates in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: The expression of PBK in pan-cancers was studied by Onconmine and TIMER. The expression of PBK in HCC patients and its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed using The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), The human protein atlas database (HPA), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the diagnostic value of PBK in HCC patients. The relationship between PBK and prognosis of HCC was performed by GEPIA and Kaplan Meier plotter web tool. The correlations between the clinical characteristics and overall survival were analyzed by Univariate Cox regression and Multivariate Cox hazards regression to identify possible prognostic factors for HCC patients. LinkedOmics was applied to investigate co-expression associated with PBK and to analyze Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The network map of PBK and related genes is constructed by GeneMANIA. Finally, TIMER and TISIDB were used to analyze the correlations between PBK and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. RESULTS: Multiple database analysis shows that PBK was highly expressed in many types of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma, and was significantly related to tumor stage (P=0.0089), age (P=0.0131), and race (P=0.0024) of HCC patients. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that PBK had high diagnostic potential to HCC in GSE76427 (AUC=0.8799), GSE121248 (AUC=0.9224), GSE62232 (AUC=0.9975), and GSE84402 (AUC=0.9541). Multivariate Cox hazards regression showed that high expression of PBK may be an independent risk factor for overall survival in HCC patients (HR = 1.566, 95% CI=1.062-2.311, P= 0.024). The Protein-protein interaction network showed that PBK significantly interacted with LRRC47, ARAF, LGALS9B, TTK, DLG1, and other essential genes. Furthermore, enrichment analysis showed that PBK and co-expressed genes participated in many biological processes, cell composition, molecular functions, and pathways in HCC. Finally, the immune infiltration analysis by TIMER and TISIDB indicated that a significant tightly correlation between PBK and macrophages, neutrophils, as well as chemokines and receptors. CONCLUSIONS: High expression of PBK is significantly correlated with poor survival and immune infiltrates in hepatocellular carcinoma. Our study suggests that PBK can be used as a biomarker of poor prognosis and potential immune therapy target in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno , PrognósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Caring for a family member with schizophrenia is associated with a significant burden, but may also bring about positive transformation among caregivers, which were rarely studied simultaneously. AIMS: The current study aims to investigate the association between caregiver burden and positive aspects of caregiving (PAC), as well as explore and compare the correlates of each. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative urban sample of schizophrenia family caregivers in China (N = 406). Participants were interviewed individually to complete questionnaires regarding socio-demographics, caregiver burden, PAC, and psychosocial factors that included social support, coping, and family functioning. RESULTS: The caregivers reported moderate levels of both caregiver burden (mean:43.05 ± 18.26, range: 0-88) and PAC (mean: 25.88 ± 9.59, range: 0-36), which were not significantly associated with each other (r = -0.06, p = 0.25) and had different correlates. Parent caregivers, middle and high school education, additional dependents, lower level of social support, and frequent endorsement of active and passive coping were all associated with more caregiver burden. Higher levels of social support, active coping, and family functioning were associated with higher PAC. CONCLUSIONS: Caring for a family member with schizophrenia can be both burdensome and rewarding. Caregiver burden and PAC coexist yet are unrelated with different correlates. Future research and intervention programs should not only focus on mitigating caregiver burden but also enhancing PAC, which may be realized through the improvement of social support, active coping, and family functioning while paying special attention to various socio-demographics.
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Cuidadores , Esquizofrenia , Sobrecarga do Cuidador , Cuidadores/psicologia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the experiences of front-line nurses combating the coronavirus disease-2019 epidemic. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: Fifteen front-line nurses caring for COVID-19 patients were recruited from two hospitals in Wuhan, China from January 26 to February 5, 2020. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews and analyzed using standard qualitative methods. RESULTS: Four theme categories emerged from the data analysis: (a) "Facing tremendous new challenges and danger"; (b) "Strong pressure because of fear of infection, exhaustion by heavy workloads and stress of nursing seriously ill COVID-19 patients"; (c) "Strong sense of duty and identity as a healthcare provider"; (d) "Rational understanding of the epidemic-the nurses believed that the epidemic would soon be overcome and would like to receive disaster rescue training." CONCLUSIONS: Although the intensive rescue work drained front-line nurses, both physically and emotionally, they showed a spirit of dedication and felt a responsibility to overcome this epidemic. Their experiences provide useful insights into implementing a safer public health emergency rescue system in preparation for future outbreaks of infectious diseases. Specifically, psychological support and humanistic care should be provided to front-line nurses to maintain their well-being, and nationwide emergency rescue training and disaster education should be implemented.
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Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/enfermagem , Epidemias , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem Hospitalar/psicologia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/enfermagem , Adulto , COVID-19 , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem Hospitalar/estatística & dados numéricos , Pandemias , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Adulto JovemRESUMO
An efficient method for the synthesis of N-aryl carbamates from N-Boc-protected amines has been developed. The cobalt-catalyzed in situ generation of isocyanates from N-Boc-protected amines and benzyl alcohols from benzyl formates has been achieved for the first time, which in turn furnished the corresponding benzyl carbamates in moderate to high yields. The reaction was catalyzed by CoI2 with tris-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-phosphine as the ligand and zinc powder as the reductant. The developed reaction conditions were found to be compatible for aromatic amines with both electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents.
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KEY MESSAGE: Putrescine and spermidine increase the transformation efficiency of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson seedless. Accumulation of VpPR10.1 in transgenic V. vinifera Thompson seedless, likely increases its resistance to downy mildew. A more efficient method is described for facilitating Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless somatic embryogenesis using polyamines (PAs). The efficacies of putrescine, spermidine and spermine are identified at a range of concentrations (10 µM, 100 µM and 1 mM) added to the culture medium during somatic embryo growth. Putrescine (PUT) and spermidine (SPD) promote the recovery of proembryonic masses (PEM) and the development of somatic embryos (SE) after co-cultivation. Judging from the importance of the time-frame in genetic transformation, PAs added at the co-cultivation stage have a stronger effect than delayed selection treatments, which are superior to antibiotic treatments in the selection stage. Best embryogenic responses are with 1 mM PUT and 100 µM SPD added to the co-culture medium. Using the above method, a pathogenesis-related gene (VpPR10.1) from Chinese wild Vitis pseudoreticulata was transferred into Thompson Seedless for functional evaluation. The transgenic line, confirmed by western blot analysis, was inoculated with Plasmopara viticola to test for downy mildew resistance. Based on observed restrictions of hyphal growth and increases in H2O2 accumulation in the transgenic plants, the accumulation of VpPR10.1 likely enhanced the transgenic plants resistance to downy mildew.
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Resistência à Doença , Peronospora/fisiologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Transformação Genética , Vitis/genética , Vitis/microbiologia , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Genes de Plantas , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Peronospora/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Poliaminas/farmacologia , Transformação Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Vitis/efeitos dos fármacos , Vitis/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Increasing the biological effective dose (BED) of radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can increase local control rates and improve overall survival. Compared with conventional fractionated radiotherapy, accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy can yield higher BED, shorten the total treatment time, and theoretically obtain better efficacy. However, currently, there is no optimal hypofractionated radiotherapy regimen. Based on phase I trial results, we performed this phase II trial to further evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of accelerated hypofractionated three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3-DCRT) combined with concurrent chemotherapy for patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC. METHODS: Patients with previously untreated unresectable stage III NSCLC received 3-DCRT with a total dose of 69 Gy, delivered at 3 Gy per fraction, once daily, five fractions per week, completed within 4.6 weeks. At the same time, platinum doublet chemotherapy was applied. RESULTS: After 12 patients were enrolled in the group, the trial was terminated early. There were five cases of grade III radiation esophagitis, of which four cases completed the radiation doses of 51 Gy, 51 Gy, 54 Gy, and 66 Gy, and one case had 16 days of radiation interruption. The incidence of grade III acute esophagitis in patients receiving an irradiation dose per fraction ≥2.7 Gy on the esophagus was 83.3% (5/6). The incidence of symptomatic grade III radiation pneumonitis among the seven patients who completed 69 Gy according to the plan was 28.6% (2/7). The median local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) were not achieved; the 1-year LC rate was 59.3%, and the 1-year OS rate was 78.6%. CONCLUSION: For unresectable stage III NSCLC, the accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy with a total dose of 69 Gy (3 Gy/f) combined with concurrent chemotherapy might result in severe radiation esophagitis and pneumonitis to severely affect the completion of the radiotherapy. Therefore, we considered that this regimen was infeasible. During the hypofractionated radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy, the irradiation dose per fraction to esophagus should be lower than 2.7 Gy. Further studies should be performed using esophageal tolerance as a metric in dose escalation protocols. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02720614, the date of registration: March 23, 2016.
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Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/radioterapia , Terapia Combinada/efeitos adversos , Radioterapia Conformacional/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Lesões por Radiação/patologia , Dosagem RadioterapêuticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a multifaceted etiology. This case report explores the ischemic cryptogenic vascular dissection as a potential underlying cause of ASD. METHODS: A 9-year-old child presented with symptoms of ASD, including social interaction difficulties, repetitive behaviors, and cognitive challenges. Despite conventional ASD treatments, significant improvement was only observed after addressing an underlying ischemic cryptogenic vascular dissection identified through DCE-CT. RESULTS: Following a reconstructive treatment approach to the vascular dissection, the patient showed marked improvement in cognitive functions, social abilities, and a reduction in ASD-related symptoms whether during the perioperative period or during approximately 5-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: This case suggests that ischemic cryptogenic vascular dissection may contribute to the symptoms of ASD. Identifying and treating underlying vascular anomalies may offer a new avenue for mitigating ASD symptoms, emphasizing the need for comprehensive diagnostic estimations in ASD management.
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Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Humanos , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/complicações , Criança , Masculino , Microcefalia/complicações , Microcefalia/diagnósticoRESUMO
With high incidence of hepatocarcinoma and limited effective treatments, most patients suffer in pain. Antitumor drugs are single-targeted, toxicity, causing adverse side effects and resistance. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) inhibits tumor through multiple mechanisms effectively. This study explores and evaluates safety and potential mechanism of DHA towards human hepatocarcinoma based on network pharmacology in a comprehensive way. Adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties of DHA were evaluated with pkCSM, SwissADME, and ADMETlab. Potential targets of DHA were obtained from SwissTargetPrediction, Drugbank, TargetNET, and PharmMapper. Target gene of hepatocarcinoma was obtained from OMIM, GeneCards, and DisGeNET. Overlapping targets and hub genes were identified and analyzed for Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Reactome pathway. Molecular docking was utilized to investigate the interactions sites and hydrogen bonds. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), wound healing, invasion, and migration assays on HepG2 and SNU387 cell proved DHA inhibits malignant biological features of hepatocarcinoma cell. DHA is safe and desirable for clinical application. A total of 131 overlapping targets were identified. Biofunction analysis showed targets were involved in kinase activity, protein phosphorylation, intracellular reception, signal transduction, transcriptome dysregulation, PPAR pathway, and JAK-STAT signaling axis. Top 9 hub genes were obtained using MCC (Maximal Clique Centrality) algorithm, namely CDK1, CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNB2, KIF11, CHEK1, TYMS, AURKA, and TOP2A. Molecular docking suggests that all hub genes form a stable interaction with DHA for optimal binding energy were all less than - 5 kcal/mol. Dihydroartemisinin might be a potent and safe anticarcinogen based on its biological safety and effective therapeutic effect.
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BACKGROUND: Cancer-associated cachexia is a multi-organ disorder associated with progressive weight loss due to a variable combination of anorexia, systemic inflammation and excessive energy wasting. Considering the importance of immunoregulation in cachexia, it still lacks a complete understanding of the immunological mechanisms in cachectic progression. AIM OF REVIEW: Our aim here is to describe the complex immunoregulatory system in cachexia. We summarize the effects and translational potential of the immune system on the development of cancer-associated cachexia and we attempt to conclude with thoughts on precise and integrated therapeutic strategies under the complex immunological context of cachexia. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: This review is focused on three main key concepts. First, we highlight the inflammatory factors and additional mediators that have been identified to modulate this syndrome. Second, we decipher the potential role of immune checkpoints in tissue wasting. Third, we discuss the multilayered insights in cachexia through the immunometabolic axis, immune-gut axis and immune-nerve axis.
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Caquexia , Neoplasias , Humanos , Caquexia/complicações , Redução de Peso , Anorexia/complicações , InflamaçãoRESUMO
Neurodegenerative diseases are global health challenges characterized by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells, leading to cognitive and motor impairments. The brain-gut-bone axis, a complex network that modulates multiple physiological systems, has gained increasing attention owing to its profound effects on the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. No comprehensive review has been conducted to clarify the triangular relationship involving the brain-gut-bone axis and its potential for innovative therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. In light of this, a new perspective is aimed to propose on the interplay between the brain, gut, and bone systems, highlighting the potential of their dynamic communication in neurodegenerative diseases, as they modulate multiple physiological systems, including the nervous, immune, endocrine, and metabolic systems. Therapeutic strategies for maintaining the balance of the axis, including brain health regulation, intestinal microbiota regulation, and improving skeletal health, are also explored. The intricate physiological interactions within the brain-gut-bone axis pose a challenge in the development of effective treatments that can comprehensively target this system. Furthermore, the safety of these treatments requires further evaluation. This review offers a novel insights and strategies for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, which have important implications for clinical practice and patient well-being.
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Aim: This population-based analysis aimed to explore the associations among marital status, prognosis and treatment of stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Materials & methods: The propensity score matching (PSM), logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards model were used in this study. Results: A total of 13,937 patients were included. After PSM, 10579 patients were co-insured. The married were more likely to receive surgical treatment compared with the unmarried patients (OR: 1.841, p < 0.001), and patients who underwent surgery also tended to have better survival (HR: 0.293, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Compared with unmarried patients, a married group with stage I NSCLC had timely treatment and more satisfactory survival. This study highlights the importance of prompt help and care for unmarried patients.
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Emerging research into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) up until January 2024 has highlighted the critical role of cuproptosis, a unique cell death mechanism triggered by copper overload, in the disease's development. This connection offers new insights into MASLD's complex pathogenesis, pointing to copper accumulation as a key factor that disrupts lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The identification of cuproptosis as a significant contributor to MASLD underscores the potential for targeting copper-mediated pathways for novel therapeutic approaches. This promising avenue suggests that managing copper levels could mitigate MASLD progression, offering a fresh perspective on treatment strategies. Further investigations into how cuproptosis influences MASLD are essential for unraveling the detailed mechanisms at play and for identifying effective interventions. The focus on copper's role in liver health opens up the possibility of developing targeted therapies that address the underlying causes of MASLD, moving beyond symptomatic treatment to tackle the root of the problem. The exploration of cuproptosis in the context of MASLD exemplifies the importance of understanding metal homeostasis in metabolic diseases and represents a significant step forward in the quest for more effective treatments. This research direction lights path for innovative MASLD management and reversal.
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Apoptose , Cobre , Fígado Gorduroso , Animais , Humanos , Cobre/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Doenças Metabólicas/metabolismoRESUMO
Social behavior is inextricably linked to the immune system. Although IFN-γ is known to be involved in social behavior, yet whether and how it encodes social memory remains unclear. In the current study, we injected with IFN-γ into the lateral ventricle of male C57BL/6J mice, and three-chamber social test was used to examine the effects of IFN-γ on their social preference and social memory. The morphology of microglia in the hippocampus, prelimbic cortex and amygdala was examined using immunohistochemistry, and the phenotype of microglia were examined using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The IFN-γ-injected mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide, and effects of IFN-γ on behavior and microglial responses were evaluated. STAT1 pathway and microglia-neuron interactions were examined in vivo or in vitro using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Finally, we use STAT1 inhibitor or minocycline to evaluated the role of STAT1 in mediating the microglial priming and effects of primed microglia in IFN-γ-induced social dysfunction. We demonstrated that 500 ng of IFN-γ injection results in significant decrease in social index and social novelty recognition index, and induces microglial priming in hippocampus, characterized by enlarged cell bodies, shortened branches, increased expression of CD68, CD86, CD74, CD11b, CD11c, CD47, IL-33, IL-1ß, IL-6 and iNOS, and decreased expression of MCR1, Arg-1, IGF-1 and BDNF. This microglia subpopulation is more sensitive to LPS challenge, which characterized by more significant morphological changes and inflammatory responses, as well as induced increased sickness behaviors in mice. IFN-γ upregulated pSTAT1 and STAT1 and promoted the nuclear translocation of STAT1 in the hippocampal microglia and in the primary microglia. Giving minocycline or STAT1 inhibitor fludarabin blocked the priming of hippocampal microglia induced by IFN-γ, ameliorated the dysfunction in hippocampal microglia-neuron interactions and synapse pruning by microglia, thereby improving social memory deficits in IFN-γ injected mice. IFN-γ initiates STAT1 pathway to induce priming of hippocampal microglia, thereby disrupts hippocampal microglia-neuron interactions and neural circuit link to social memory. Blocking STAT1 pathway or inhibiting microglial priming may be strategies to reduce the effects of IFN-γ on social behavior.
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Hipocampo , Interferon gama , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microglia , Fator de Transcrição STAT1 , Transdução de Sinais , Comportamento Social , Animais , Microglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Microglia/imunologia , Microglia/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT1/metabolismo , Masculino , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/imunologia , Camundongos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipopolissacarídeos , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/imunologia , Neurônios/metabolismoRESUMO
Adipose tissue beiging refers to the process by which beige adipocytes emerge in classical white adipose tissue depots. Beige adipocytes dissipate chemical energy and secrete adipokines, such as classical brown adipocytes, to improve systemic metabolism, which is beneficial for people with obesity and metabolic diseases. Cold exposure and ß3-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist treatment are two commonly used stimuli for increasing beige adipocytes in mice; however, their underlying biological processes are different. Transcriptional analysis of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) has revealed that changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) pathway genes are specific to cold exposure. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a non-sulfated linear polysaccharide produced by nearly all cells, is one of the most common components of ECM. We found that cold exposure significantly increased iWAT HA levels, whereas the ß3-AR agonist CL316,243 did not. Increasing HA levels in iWAT by Has2 overexpression significantly increases cold-induced adipose tissue beiging; in contrast, decreasing HA by Spam1 overexpression, which encodes a hyaluronidase that digests HA, significantly decreases cold-induced iWAT beiging. All these data implicate a role of HA in promoting adipose tissue beiging, which is unique to cold exposure. Given the failure of ß3-AR agonists in clinical trials for obesity and metabolic diseases, increasing HA could serve as a new approach for recruiting more beige adipocytes to combat metabolic diseases.
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Tecido Adiposo Branco , Temperatura Baixa , Ácido Hialurônico , Ácido Hialurônico/metabolismo , Animais , Camundongos , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Masculino , Tecido Adiposo Bege/metabolismo , Adipócitos Bege/metabolismo , Adipócitos Bege/efeitos dos fármacos , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Dioxóis/farmacologia , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/metabolismo , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy has emerged as a novel strategy for cancer treatment following surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint blockade and Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have been successful in clinical trials. Cancer cells evade immune surveillance by hijacking inhibitory pathways via overexpression of checkpoint genes. The Cluster of Differentiation 47 (CD47) has emerged as a crucial checkpoint for cancer immunotherapy by working as a "don't eat me" signal and suppressing innate immune signaling. Furthermore, CD47 is highly expressed in many cancer types to protect cancer cells from phagocytosis via binding to SIRPα on phagocytes. Targeting CD47 by either interrupting the CD47-SIRPα axis or combing with other therapies has been demonstrated as an encouraging therapeutic strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Antibodies and small molecules that target CD47 have been explored in pre- and clinical trials. However, formidable challenges such as the anemia and palate aggregation cannot be avoided because of the wide presentation of CD47 on erythrocytes. AIM OF VIEW: This review summarizes the current knowledge on the regulation and function of CD47, and provides a new perspective for immunotherapy targeting CD47. It also highlights the clinical progress of targeting CD47 and discusses challenges and potential strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: This review provides a comprehensive understanding of targeting CD47 in cancer immunotherapy, it also augments the concept of combination immunotherapy strategies by employing both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Antígeno CD47 , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias , Antígeno CD47/metabolismo , Antígeno CD47/imunologia , Humanos , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Receptores Imunológicos/imunologia , Animais , Transdução de Sinais , Antígenos de Diferenciação/imunologia , Antígenos de Diferenciação/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata , FagocitoseRESUMO
Increasing evidence suggests that pseudogenes play crucial roles in various cancers, yet their functions and regulatory mechanisms in glioma pathogenesis remain enigmatic. In the present study, a novel pseudogene was identified, UBDP1, which is significantly upregulated in glioblastoma and positively correlated with the expression of its parent gene, UBD. Additionally, high levels of these paired genes are linked with a poor prognosis for patients. In the present study, clinical samples were collected followed by various analyses including microarray for long noncoding RNAs, reverse transcriptionquantitative PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization and western blotting. Cell lines were authenticated and cultured then subjected to various assays for proliferation, migration, and invasion to investigate the molecular mechanisms. Bioinformatic tools identified miRNA targets, and luciferase reporter assays validated these interactions. A tumor xenograft model in mice was used for in vivo studies. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that UBDP1, localized in the cytoplasm, functions as a tumorpromoting factor influencing cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor growth. Mechanistic investigations have indicated that UBDP1 exerts its oncogenic effects by decoying miR6072 from UBD mRNA, thus forming a competitive endogenous RNA network, which results in the enhanced oncogenic activity of UBD. The present findings offered new insights into the role of pseudogenes in glioma progression, suggesting that targeting the UBDP1/miR6072/UBD network may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for glioma patients.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioma , MicroRNAs , RNA Longo não Codificante , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Glioma/patologia , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Pseudogenes/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The data of the prognostic role of V-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) mutations in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients is scarce. This study aimed to investigate the proportion, clinicopathological features, and prognostic significance of patients with stage I LUAD carrying BRAF mutations. METHODS: We collected 431 patients with pathological stage I LUAD from cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics and 1604 LUAD patients tested for BRAF V600E and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations from Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital. Survival curves were drawn by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard models, propensity-score matching (PSM), and overlap weighting (OW) were performed in this study. The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS: The proportion of BRAF mutations was estimated at 5.6% in a Caucasian cohort. BRAF V600E mutations were detected in six (1.4%) patients in Caucasian populations and 16 (1.0%) patients in Chinese populations. Two BRAF V600E-mutant patients were detected to have concurrent EGFR mutations, one for 19-del and one for L858R. For pathological stage I LUAD patients, BRAF mutations were not significantly associated with worse RFS than wild-type BRAF patients (HR = 1.111; p = 0.885). After PSM and OW, similar results were presented (HR = 1.352; p = 0.742 and HR = 1.246; p = 0.764, respectively). BRAF V600E mutation status also lacked predictive significance for RFS (HR, 1.844; p = 0.226; HR = 1.144; p = 0.831 and HR = 1.466; p = 0.450, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we demonstrated that BRAF status may not be capable of predicting prognosis in stage I LUAD patients. There is a need for more data to validate our findings.
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Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Camundongos , Animais , Humanos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/genética , Prognóstico , China , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/genética , Mutação , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Receptores ErbB/genéticaRESUMO
Ferroptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death, characterized by a dysregulated iron metabolism and accumulation of lipid peroxides. It features the alteration of mitochondria and aberrant accumulation of excessive iron as well as loss of the cysteine-glutathione-GPX4 axis. Eventually, the accumulated lipid peroxides result in lethal damage to the cells. Ferroptosis is induced by the overloading of iron and the accumulation of ROS and can be inhibited by the activation of the GPX4 pathway, FS1-CoQ10 pathway, GCH1-BH4 pathway, and the DHODH pathway, it is also regulated by the oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Ferroptosis involves various physiological and pathological processes, and increasing evidence indicates that ferroptosis play a critical role in cancers and other diseases. It inhibits the proliferation of malignant cells in various types of cancers and inducing ferroptosis may become a new method of cancer treatment. Many inhibitors targeting the key factors of ferroptosis such as SLC7A11, GPX4, and iron overload have been developed. The application of ferroptosis is mainly divided into two directions, i.e. to avoid ferroptosis in healthy cells and selectively induce ferroptosis in cancers. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the concept, and regulation pathways of ferroptosis and explored its roles in various diseases, we also summarized the compounds targeting ferroptosis, aiming to promote the speed of clinical use of ferroptosis induction in cancer treatment.