Development and validation of an early mortality risk model for pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a comparison with HScore, PELOD-2, P-MODS, and pSOFA.

There has been no severity evaluation model for pediatric patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) that uses readily available parameters. This study aimed to develop a novel model for predicting the early mortality risk in pediatric patients with HLH using easily obtained parameters whatever etiologic subtype. Patients from one center were divided into training and validation sets for model derivation. The developed model was validated using an independent validation cohort from the second center. The prediction model with nomogram was developed based on logistic regression. The model performance underwent internal and external evaluation and validation using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curve with 1000 bootstrap resampling, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Model performance was compared with the most prevalent severity evaluation scores, including the PELOD-2, P-MODS, and pSOFA scores. The prediction model included nine variables: glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, albumin, globulin, myohemoglobin, creatine kinase, serum potassium, procalcitonin, serum ferritin, and interval between onset and diagnosis. The AUC of the model for predicting the 28-day mortality was 0.933 and 0.932 in the training and validation sets, respectively. The AUC values of the HScore, PELOD-2, P-MODS and pSOFA were 0.815, 0.745, 0.659 and 0.788, respectively. The DCA of the 28-day mortality prediction exhibited a greater net benefit than the HScore, PELOD-2, P-MODS and pSOFA. Subgroup analyses demonstrated good model performance across HLH subtypes. The novel mortality prediction model in this study can contribute to the rapid assessment of early mortality risk after diagnosis with readily available parameters.

A Three-Step Screening Procedure for Early Identification of Children at High Risk of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.

PURPOSE: The first step in diagnosing hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is to suspect its presence and then order the appropriate diagnostic tests. The development of screening procedures for HLH could facilitate early diagnosis. In this study, we evaluated the utility of fever, splenomegaly, and cytopenias as screening criteria for identifying pediatric HLH at an early stage, built a screening model using commonly measured laboratory parameters, and developed a step-wise screening procedure for pediatric HLH. METHODS: The medical records of 83,965 pediatric inpatients, including 160 patients with HLH, were collected retrospectively. The utility of fever, splenomegaly, hemoglobin level, and platelet and neutrophil counts at hospital admission as screening criteria for HLH was evaluated. For HLH patients who might be missed by screening based on the presence of fever, splenomegaly, and cytopenias, a screening model using common laboratory parameters was developed. Following that, a three-step screening procedure was then developed. RESULTS: The criteria of cytopenias affecting two or more lineages plus fever or splenomegaly had a sensitivity of 51.9% and a specificity of 98.4% for identifying HLH in pediatric inpatients. Our screening score model comprises six parameters: splenomegaly, platelet count, neutrophil count, albumin level, total bile acid level, and lactate dehydrogenase level. The use of the validation set had a sensitivity of 87.0% and a specificity of 90.6%. A three-step screening procedure has been developed: Step 1: Is fever or splenomegaly present? (Yes: risk for HLH should be considered, go to Step 2; No: less likely HLH); Step 2: Are cytopenias affecting at least two lineages? (Yes: consider HLH; No: go to Step 3); Step 3: Calculate the screening score. Is the sum of the score greater than 37? (Yes: consider HLH; No: less likely HLH). The overall sensitivity and specificity of the three-step screening procedure were 91.9% and 94.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of pediatric HLH patients present at the hospital without having all three symptoms: fever, splenomegaly, and cytopenias. Our three-step screening procedure, utilizing commonly available clinical and laboratory parameters, can effectively identify pediatric patients who may be at high risk for HLH.

Proteomic Analysis of Pediatric Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: a Comparative Study with Healthy Controls, Sepsis, Critical Ill, and Active Epstein-Barr virus Infection to Identify Altered Pathways and Candidate Biomarkers.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized by excessive activation of the immune system, along with uncontrolled proliferation of activated macrophages and lymphocytes. The clinical features of HLH often overlap with the clinical features of other severe inflammatory conditions such as sepsis, hindering accurate and timely diagnosis. In this study, we performed a data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry-based plasma proteomic analysis of 33 pediatric patients with HLH compared with four control groups: 39 healthy children, 43 children with sepsis, 39 children hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit without confirmed infections, and 21 children with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. Proteomic comparisons between the HLH group and each of the control groups showed that HLH was characterized by alterations in complement and coagulation cascades, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and platelet activation pathways. We identified eight differentially expressed proteins in patients with HLH, including plastin-2 (LCP1), vascular cell adhesion protein 1, fibrinogen beta chain, fibrinogen gamma chain, serum amyloid A-4 protein, extracellular matrix protein 1, apolipoprotein A-I, and albumin. LCP1 emerged as a candidate diagnostic marker for HLH with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 in the original cohort and an AUC of 0.90 (sensitivity = 0.83 and specificity = 1.0) in the validation cohort. Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B was associated with disease severity in patients with HLH. Based on comparisons with multiple control groups, this study provides a proteomic profile and candidate biomarkers of HLH, offering researchers novel information to improve the understanding of this condition.

mTORC2 acts as a gatekeeper for mTORC1 deficiency-mediated impairments in ILC3 development.

Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are mediators of intestinal immunity and barrier function. Recent studies have investigated the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTOR) in ILC3s, whereas the mTORC1-related mechanisms and crosstalk between mTORC1 and mTORC2 involved in regulating ILC3 homeostasis remain unknown. In this study, we found that mTORC1 but not mTORC2 was critical in ILC3 development, IL-22 production, and ILC3-mediated intestinal homeostasis. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that mTORC1 deficiency led to disruption of ILC3 heterogeneity, showing an increase in differentiation into ILC1-like phenotypes. Mechanistically, mTORC1 deficiency decreased the expression of NFIL3, which is a critical transcription factor responsible for ILC3 development. The activities of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 were increased in wild-type ILC3s after activation by IL-23, whereas inhibition of mTORC1 by Raptor deletion or rapamycin treatment resulted in increased mTORC2 activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that S6K, the main downstream target of mTORC1, can directly phosphorylate Rictor to dampen mTORC2 activity. Our data found that inhibition of mTORC1 activity by rapamycin reduced Rictor phosphorylation in ILC3s. Reversing the increased mTORC2 activity via heterozygous or homozygous knockout of Rictor in Raptor-deleted ILC3s resulted in severe ILC3 loss and complete susceptibility to intestinal infection in mice with mTORC1 deficiency (100% mortality). Thus, mTORC1 acts as a rheostat of ILC3 heterogeneity, and mTORC2 protects ILC3s from severe loss of cells and immune activity against intestinal infection when mTORC1 activity is diminished.

Decreased NK cells in cases of severe adenovirus pneumonia with liver dysfunction in pediatric intensive care unit: Evidence from 330 patients.

BACKGROUND: Although the human adenovirus infection is common, adenovirus infection with liver dysfunction is rare. METHODS: To retrospectively analyze and compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients diagnosed with severe adenovirus pneumonia with and without liver dysfunction, who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of Hunan Children's Hospital (South China University) between January 2018 and June 2022. RESULTS: Of the 330 severe adenovirus pneumonia cases analyzed (mean age, 19.88 ± 18.26 months), 102 were girls and 228 were boys. They were divided into two groups: those with liver dysfunction (n = 54) and without liver dysfunction (n = 276). Comparison analysis showed no significant between-group differences in body mass index and levels of white blood cells, neutrophils, platelets, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, creatine kinase, procalcitonin, creatinine, and urea nitrogen. However, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (175.99 U/L vs 30.55 U/L) and aspartate transaminase (215.96 U/L vs 74.30 U/L) were significantly higher in patients with liver dysfunction compared to those without liver dysfunction. Further analysis showed that pediatric patients with liver dysfunction had a significantly lower percentage of natural killer (NK) cells (6.93% vs 8.71%) and higher mortality rate (22% vs 9%) than those without liver dysfunction. CONCLUSION: A decrease in serum NK cell levels in pediatric patients with severe adenovirus pneumonia could serve as a marker for monitoring the onset or progression of hepatic damage.

[Clinical application of plasma exchange combined with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration dialysis in children with refractory Kawasaki disease shock syndrome]. / 血浆置换联合连续性静脉-é™è„‰è¡€æ¶²æ»¤è¿‡é€æžæ²»ç–—åœ¨å„¿ç«¥å·å´Žç— ä¼‘å ‹ç»¼åˆå¾ä¸­çš„ä¸´åºŠåº”ç”¨.

OBJECTIVES: To study the role of plasma exchange combined with continuous blood purification in the treatment of refractory Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS). METHODS: A total of 35 children with KDSS who were hospitalized in the Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, from January 2019 to August 2022 were included as subjects. According to whether plasma exchange combined with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration dialysis was performed, they were divided into a purification group with 12 patients and a conventional group with 23 patients. The two groups were compared in terms of clinical data, laboratory markers, and prognosis. RESULTS: Compared with the conventional group, the purification group had significantly shorter time to recovery from shock and length of hospital stay in the pediatric intensive care unit, as well as a significantly lower number of organs involved during the course of the disease (P<0.05). After treatment, the purification group had significant reductions in the levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, heparin-binding protein, and brain natriuretic peptide (P<0.05), while the conventional group had significant increases in these indices after treatment (P<0.05). After treatment, the children in the purification group tended to have reductions in stroke volume variation, thoracic fluid content, and systemic vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output over the time of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma exchange combined with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration dialysis for the treatment of KDSS can alleviate inflammation, maintain fluid balance inside and outside blood vessels, and shorten the course of disease, the duration of shock and the length of hospital stay in the pediatric intensive care unit.

[Value of complement component 3 in predicting the prognosis of children with sepsis]. / 补体C3å¯¹å„¿ç«¥è„“æ¯’ç—‡æ‚£è€ é¢„åŽçš„é¢„æµ‹ä»·å€¼.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in complement component 3 (C3) levels in children with sepsis and its correlation with the severity of sepsis and to explore the significance of C3 in predicting mortality in children with sepsis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 529 children with sepsis who were admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Hunan Children's Hospital between November 2019 and September 2021. The children were categorized into two groups based on their prognosis at day 28 after sepsis diagnosis: the survival group (n=471) and the death group (n=58). Additionally, the children were divided into normal C3 group (n=273) and reduced C3 group (n=256) based on the median C3 level (0.77 g/L) within 24 hours of admission. Clinical data and laboratory markers were compared between the groups, and assess the predictive value of C3 levels in relation to sepsis-related mortality. RESULTS: The death group exhibited significantly lower C3 levels compared to the survival group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that higher pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (p-SOFA) scores and lower C3 levels were closely associated with sepsis-related mortality (P<0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated that combination of p-SOFA scores and C3 levels yielded an area under the ROC curve of 0.852, which was higher than that of each indicator alone (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: C3 can serve as an indicator to assess the severity and prognosis of sepsis in children. The combination of p-SOFA scores and C3 levels holds good predictive value for mortality in children with sepsis.

[Drug treatment efficacy in 32 children with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome]. / 32ä¾‹å„¿ç«¥é“¾çƒèŒä¸­æ¯’æ€§ä¼‘å ‹ç»¼åˆå¾è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—ç–—æ•ˆåˆ†æž.

OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy of different drug treatment regimens in children with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). METHODS: Clinical data of children diagnosed with STSS confirmed by bacterial culture and treated in Hunan Children's Hospital and Chenzhou First People's Hospital from January 2009 to April 2023 were retrospectively collected. The efficacy of different drug treatment regimens was analyzed. The children were divided into four groups based on the treatment regimens: standard group (regimens containing penicillin), Group A (carbapenem + glycopeptides/linezolid), Group B (carbapenems, broad-spectrum antibiotics, glycopeptides/linezolid used alone or in combination, excluding the regimens in Group A), and Group C (macrolides/not receiving antimicrobial drugs). RESULTS: A total of 32 cases of STSS were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all strains were sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin and vancomycin, while resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. There was a statistically significant difference in the efficacy rate among the four groups (P<0.05). The standard group exhibited the highest efficacy rate (100%), while the efficacy rates for Group A, Group B, and Group C were 40%, 40%, and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of antimicrobial regimens containing penicillin can improve the therapeutic efficacy of STSS in children.

[Application of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children]. / è½¬è¿å‘¼å¸æœºåœ¨å±é‡æ‚£å„¿é™¢é™ è½¬è¿ä¸­çš„åº”ç”¨ç ”ç©¶.

OBJECTIVES: To study the application value of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children. METHODS: The critically ill children in Hunan Children's Hospital who were transported with or without a transport ventilator were included as the observation group (from January 2019 to January 2020; n=122) and the control group (from January 2018 to January 2019; n=120), respectively. The two groups were compared in terms of general data, the changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood oxygen saturation during transport, the incidence rates of adverse events, and outcomes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in sex, age, oxygenation index, pediatric critical illness score, course of disease, primary disease, heart rate, respiratory rate, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation before transport (P>0.05). During transport, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation (P>0.05). The incidence rates of tracheal catheter detachment, indwelling needle detachment, and sudden cardiac arrest in the observation group were lower than those in the control group during transport, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit and significantly higher transport success rate and cure/improvement rate (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The application of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport can improve the success rate of inter-hospital transport and the prognosis in critically ill children, and therefore, it holds promise for clinical application in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children.

Efficacy of plasma exchange in children with severe hemophagocytic syndrome: a prospective randomized controlled trial. / è¡€æµ†ç½®æ¢åœ¨å„¿ç«¥é‡ç—‡å™¬è¡€ç»†èƒžç»¼åˆå¾ä¸­åº”ç”¨çš„ç–—æ•ˆåˆ†æžï¼šå‰çž»æ€§éšæœºå¯¹ç §ç ”ç©¶.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy and application value of plasma exchange as an adjuvant therapy in children with hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled trial was designed. Forty children with severe HPS were enrolled, who were treated in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Hunan Children's Hospital from October 2018 to October 2020. The children were randomly divided into a plasma exchange group and a conventional treatment group using a random number table, with 20 children in each group. The children in the conventional treatment group received etiological treatment and conventional symptomatic supportive treatment, and those in the plasma exchange group received plasma exchange in addition to the treatment in the conventional treatment group. The two groups were compared in terms of general information, clinical symptoms and signs before and after treatment, main laboratory markers, treatment outcome, and prognosis. RESULTS: Before treatment, there were no significant differences between the two groups in gender, age, course of the disease before admission, etiological composition, pediatric critical illness score, involvement of organ or system functions, and laboratory markers (P>0.05). After 7 days of treatment, both groups had remission and improvement in clinical symptoms and signs. After treatment, the plasma exchange group had significantly lower levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and serum protein levels than the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). The plasma exchange group also had significantly lower levels of alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin than the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). The length of stay in the PICU in the plasma exchange group was significantly shorter than that in the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). The plasma exchange group had a significantly higher treatment response rate than the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the total length of hospital stay and 3-month mortality rate (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma exchange as an adjuvant therapy is effective for children with severe HPS. It can improve clinical symptoms and signs and some laboratory markers and shorten the length of stay in the PICU, and therefore, it may become an optional adjuvant therapy for children with severe HPS.

Expanding the genotypes and phenotypes for 19 rare diseases by exome sequencing performed in pediatric intensive care unit.

Phenotypes of some rare genetic diseases are atypical and it is a challenge for pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) to diagnose and manage such patients in an emergency. In this study, we investigated 58 PICU patients (39 deceased and 19 surviving) in critical ill status or died shortly without a clear etiology. Whole exome sequencing was performed of 103 DNA samples from their families. Disease-causing single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variants (CNVs) were identified to do genotype-phenotypes analysis. In total, 27 (46.6%) patients received a genetic diagnosis. We identified 34 pathogenic or likely pathogenic SNVs from 26 genes, which are related to at least 19 rare diseases. Each rare disease involved an isolated patient except two patients caused by the same gene ACAT1. The genotypic spectrum was expanded by 23 novel SNVs from gene MARS1, PRRT2, TBCK, TOR1A, ECE1, ARX, ZEB2, ACAT1, CPS1, VWF, NBAS, COG4, and INVS. We also identified two novel pathogenic CNVs. Phenotypes associated with respiratory, multiple congenital anomalies, neuromuscular, or metabolic disorders were the most common. Twenty patients (74.1%) accompanied severe infection, 19 patients (70.1%) died. In summary, our findings expanded the genotypes and phenotypes of 19 rare diseases from PICU with complex characteristics.

Clinical and genetic analysis of six Chinese children with Poirier-Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by CSNK2B mutation.

Mutations in CSNK2B lead to Poirier-Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome (POBINDS), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder. Only 14 cases of POBINDS have been reported worldwide. The main manifestations are seizures, often tonic-clonic, with or without intellectual disability, growth retardation, and developmental language retardation. We conducted a comprehensive phenotypic mining and trio-whole exome sequencing on six children with POBINDS for gene diagnosis and analyzed the different variants using bioinformatics analysis software and related experiments. This paper reviews previous literature and discusses two common missense variants that lead to structural changes. Among the six patients, four, one, and one had tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and febrile seizures, respectively. Language development disorder, motor development disorder, and developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID) are the main clinical features. All children had de novo mutations in CSNK2B, including three missense variants (c.410G > T/p.(Cys137Phe), c.494A > G/p.(His165Arg), and c.3G > A/p.(Met1Ile)), two splice variants (c.292-2A > T, c.558-3 T > G), and one frameshift variant (c.499delC/p.(Leu167Serfs*60)). Three missense variants were predicted to be harmful by various software programs, and two splicing variants were found to produce new exonic splicing enhancers by the minigene assay. Western blot analysis showed that the frameshift variant resulted in decreased protein expression. According to a literature review, c.3G > A/p.(Met1Ile), c.292-2A > T, c.558-3 T > G, and c.499delC/p.(Leu167Serfs*60) are novel variants of CSNK2B. The decrease or loss of protein function caused by CSNK2B mutations may be a pathogenic factor in this cohort. The severity of the POBINDS phenotype differs, and refractory epilepsy may be accompanied by a more serious DD/ID, language disorder, and motor retardation. At present, there is no specific treatment, and antiepileptic therapy usually requires the combination of two or more anti-epileptic drugs.

Serum Amylase and Lipase for the Prediction of Pancreatic Injury in Critically Ill Children Admitted to the PICU.

OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic injury is multifactorial and potentially devastating for critically ill children. We aimed to evaluate whether serum amylase and lipase among critically ill children could serve as an independent biomarker to predict pancreatic injury. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: PICU of a tertiary, pediatric medical center. PATIENTS: Seventy-nine autopsies. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A group of 79 children who died of different causes were investigated by autopsy. They were divided into pancreatic injury group and pancreatic noninjury group according to autopsy findings. Data based on patients' demographics, vital signs, laboratory findings, and clinical features at admission were collected and compared. Logistic regression was used to identify predictive factors for pancreatic injury. Receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed for assessing serum amylase and serum lipase to predicting pancreatic injury. Forty-one patients (51.9%) exhibited the pathologic changes of pancreatic injury. The levels of lactate, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and troponin-I in the injury group were significantly higher than that in the noninjury group, whereas the level of calcium was significantly lower than that in the noninjury group (p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that serum amylase, serum lipase, and septic shock were significantly associated with the occurrence rate of pancreatic injury. The statistically significant area under the curve results were as follows: serum amylase: area under the curve = 0.731, at a cutoff value of 97.5, sensitivity = 53.7, and specificity = 81.6; and serum lipase: area under the curve = 0.727, at a cutoff value of 61.1, sensitivity = 36.6, and specificity = 92.1. CONCLUSIONS: Serum amylase and lipase could serve as independent biomarkers to predict pancreatic injury in critically ill children.

Elevated serum myoglobin levels at hospital admission and the risk of early death among patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: evidence from 155 pediatric patients.

Patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) have high risk of early mortality. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the elevated level of serum myoglobin among patients with HLH is associated with disease severity and increased risk of mortality. We retrospectively investigated the serum myoglobin levels from 155 pediatric patients diagnosed with HLH in the Hunan Children's Hospital, China. The levels of myoglobin and creatine kinase at hospital admission among non-survivors and survivors were compared. The myoglobin level was dichotomized for the estimation of hazard ratio (HR) for mortality. Patients who died within 7 and 30 days of hospitalization had significantly higher myoglobin levels than did survivors (p < 0.05). The myoglobin level was negatively associated with the days of survival among non-survivors (Spearman correlation coefficient = - 0.29, p = 0.04). An elevated myoglobin level (> 90 ng/mL) was significantly associated with increased mortality (unadjusted HR = 2.66, 95%CI: 1.41, 5.00, p = 0.0024) and persisted after adjusting for age, Epstein-Barr virus infection, admission department, acute kidney injury, myocardial damage, and shock. In conclusion, an elevated serum myoglobin level was associated with increased risk of early death among pediatric patients with HLH, suggesting the potential of myoglobin to be used as a reference indicator for monitoring and managing of HLH.

[Clinical effect of feeding with calorie-enriched formula in children with ventricular septal defect and severe pneumonia].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of different energy feeding patterns on the nutritional status, clinical course, and outcome of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and severe pneumonia. METHODS: A total of 43 malnourished infants, aged <6 months, who were diagnosed with ventricular septal defect and severe pneumonia and underwent surgical operation from January 1 to December 30, 2017 were enrolled. They were randomly divided into an observation group with 21 infants and a control group with 22 infants. The infants in the observation group were given calorie-enriched formula milk powder (100 kcal/100 mL) after surgery, and those in the control group were given formula milk powder with normal calories (67 kcal/100 mL). The two groups were observed for 3 months to record physical measurements, laboratory markers and nutritional risk screening results. Nutritional status was evaluated for all infants. The two groups were compared in terms of prognosis and adverse events. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in physical measurements, laboratory markers, nutritional assessment and nutritional risk screening results on admission (P>0.05). At discharge and 1 and 3 months after surgery, the control group had significantly higher degree of malnutrition and level of nutritional risk than the observation group (P<0.05). The analysis of variance with repeated measures showed significant differences in body weight, upper arm circumference, weight-for-age Z-score, height-for-age Z-score, weight-for-height Z-score, and albumin level at different time points and between different groups, and there was an interaction between group factors and time factors (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group had a significantly lower average daily intake of fluid, a significantly higher average daily intake of energy, and a significantly lower incidence rate of insufficient feeding during hospitalization (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly shorter length of hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and duration of postoperative pyrexia, as well as significantly lower hospital costs (P<0.05). No significant adverse reactions were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: An appropriate increase in postoperative energy supply for children with CHD can improve the status of malnutrition and clinical outcome.

[Value of blood lactic acid in evaluating disease severity and prognosis in children with sepsis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of blood lactic acid (BLA) in evaluating disease severity and prognosis in children with sepsis. METHODS: A total of 484 children with sepsis were enrolled and divided into common sepsis group (n=310), severe sepsis group (n=105), and septic shock group (n=69). BLA level was measured before treatment, and the results of BLA re-examination after early fluid resuscitation were collected for children with septic shock and a BLA level of >2 mmol/L. RESULTS: The BLA level increased with the increasing severity of sepsis. The analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the cut-off value of BLA for the diagnosis of septic shock was 2.25 mmol/L, with a sensitivity of 82.6% and a specificity of 79.8%. The fatality rates in the BLA ≤1 mmol/L, BLA 1.1-2 mmol/L, BLA 2.1-4 mmol/L, and BLA >4 mmol/L groups were 8.5%, 9.4%, 27.2%, and 67.6%, respectively, and the risk of death in the BLA >4 mmol/L group was 22.4 times that in the BLA ≤1 mmol/L group. In children with septic shock who had a BLA level of >2 mmol/L before treatment and whose BLA levels were ≤2 mmol/L or >2 mmol/L after resuscitation, the fatality rates were 33.3% and 69.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BLA can be used to evaluate disease severity and prognosis in children with sepsis, and a BLA level of 2.25 mmol/L has a high value in diagnosing septic shock. Early resuscitation helps BLA level return to normal and can improve the prognosis of children with septic shock.

[Role of Pediatric Critical Illness Score in evaluating severity and prognosis of severe hand-foot-mouth disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of Pediatric Critical Illness Score (PCIS) in evaluating the prognosis and severity of severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). METHODS: This study included 424 children with severe HFMD, consisting of 390 survivors and 34 deceased patients. Related physiological parameters and clinical data were collected for calculating PCIS scores. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was employed to assess the performance of PCIS in evaluating the complications and outcomes. RESULTS: The median of PCIS scores for survivors was higher than that for deceased patients (P<0.01). Of the 424 children with severe HFMD, only 26 (6.1%) had critical illness according to the severity assessment using PCIS. The AUC (95%CI) of PCIS was 0.74 (0.66, 0.82) in predicting pulmonary edema, 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) in predicting pulmonary hemorrhage, and 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) in predicting death. CONCLUSIONS: PCIS can predict the complications and prognosis in children with severe HFMD. However, the existing scoring system of PCIS cannot fully assess the severity of HFMD.

[Impact of continuous blood purification on T cell subsets in children with severe sepsis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of continuous blood purification (CBP) on T-cell subsets and prognosis in children with severe sepsis. METHODS: A total of 42 children with severe sepsis were randomly divided into a control group (n=22) and a CBP group (n=20). The patients in the control group received conventional treatment, while those in the CBP group underwent continuous veno-venous hemofiltration daily 12-24 hours for 3 days besides conventional treatment. Changes in clinical variables and in peripheral blood regulatory T cell subsets were assessed 3 and 7 days after treatment. RESULTS: The pediatric intensive care unit length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation were significantly shortened and the 28-day mortality rate was significantly lower in the CPB treatment group as compared with the control group (P<0.05). In the CBP treatment group, the percentage of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) T cell populations and PCIS scores were significantly higher at 3 and 7 days after treatment than before treatment (P<0.05). At 7 days after treatment, the percentage of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) T cell populations, CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio and PCIS scores were significantly higher in the CBP group than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The CBP treatment may counteract the suppression of immune function and thus improve prognosis in children with severe sepsis.

[Disease trajectory research in critical illness: applications, examples, and prospects].

Trajectories refer to the motion paths followed by objects in space. Disease trajectories, which depict the evolution of disease processes over time, are significantly important for assessing diseases, formulating treatment strategies, and predicting prognosis. Critical illness is one of the leading causes of death. With advances in critical care medicine, there is increasing focus on the occurrence and development of critical illnesses. Understanding the development trajectory of critical illness is helpful to promote the early identification, intervention, and treatment of high-risk patients, avoid prolongation of the course of disease, reduce the risk of multiple organ failure, and provide important reference for the development of targeted prevention and intervention strategies, thereby reducing the incidence and mortality of critical illness. In recent years, various trajectory modeling methods have been applied to the study of critical illness. These include, but are not limited to, latent growth curve modeling (LGCM), growth mixture modeling (GMM), group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM), latent transition analysis (LTA), and latent class analysis (LCA). The aim of this article is to review the definition of disease trajectories, the methods used in trajectory modeling, and their applications and future prospects in critical illness research.