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1.
Arch Cardiol Mex ; 79(3): 182-8, 2009.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19902664

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To study the antiarrhythmic effect of remifentanil in experimental arrhythmias in dogs. METHODS: We used dogs weighing 12 kg-18 kg anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital given intravenously. Ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation and death were induced with digoxin (9 microg/kg/min). In another model, two types of arrhythmia were induced in the right atrium, one of them with aconitine crystals placed on the right atrium and the other was induced in the basement of the right atrium by electrical stimulation. The potential antiarrhythmic action of remifentaniL was investigated in ventricular and atrial arrhythmias by the administration of an intravenous bolus after toxic signs were evident. Thus, two arrhythmias with different mechanisms were generated. Leads DII, unipolar left intraventricular and right atrial leads, and left ventricular pressure were used to record control tracings and tracings in presence of remifentanil, during ventricular arrhythmia. RESULTS: Remifentanil abolished toxic effects of digoxin, it eliminated the A-V dissociation and ventricular extrasystoles, reverting to sinus rhythm in each case. Remifentanil extended the time to reach lethal doses from 63.25 +/- 11.3 to 100 +/- 11.8 min. These effects were blocked by naloxone (0.01 microg/kg) applied before remifentanil. In the two arrhythmias model, remifentanil suppressed both, ectopic focus and atrial flutter. CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil elicits antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective effects in experimental ventricular arrhythmias induced by digoxin and in a model of two atrial arrhythmias induced by aconitine and by electrical stimulation.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Arritmias Cardíacas/prevenção & controle , Cardiopatias/prevenção & controle , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Anestesia , Animais , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Remifentanil
2.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 46(1): 46-55, ene.-mar. 2023. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1450135

RESUMO

Resumen: El fenómeno de la deuda de oxígeno (dO2) descrito hace varias décadas en el contexto del ejercicio físico se ha incorporado progresivamente al terreno de la medicina. En particular se ha utilizado durante los cambios hemodinámicos producidos por la cirugía y la anestesia en los pacientes de alto riesgo. La dO2 se definió como el aumento en la cantidad de oxígeno consumida por el organismo inmediatamente después de realizar un ejercicio físico hasta que el consumo se normaliza nuevamente. En el perioperatorio se llega a producir cuando se presenta un desbalance entre la oferta (DO2) y la demanda de oxígeno (VO2) que lleva a hipoxia tisular. El grado de la dO2 tisular se ha relacionado directamente con la falla de órganos múltiples y morbimortalidad perioperatoria. A pesar de los avances en la medicina, aún no es posible prevenir o disminuir la dO2 con la administración de líquidos o con el uso de agentes vasoactivos. Por lo que un retardo o manejo inadecuado de la hemodinámica perioperatoria producirá hipoperfusión e hipoxia tisular afectando los resultados de la cirugía. El conocimiento y la valoración de la dO2 es esencial durante la anestesia del paciente de alto riesgo. Para lograr este objetivo se requiere del uso de índices adecuados que permitan detectar y cuantificar la hipoperfusión tisular y el desbalance entre la DO2 y la VO2. En esta revisión se presentan los conceptos fundamentales de la dO2, su mecanismo, detección y cuantificación; además de las intervenciones para evitarla o disminuirla y las recomendaciones para los anestesiólogos con el fin de asegurar mejores resultados en los pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo.


Abstract: The phenomenon of oxygen debt (dO2) described several decades ago in the context of physical exercise has been incorporated into medicine, particularly during the hemodynamic changes produced by surgery and anesthesia in high-risk patients. dO2 is defined as the increase in the amount of oxygen consumed by the body immediately after physical exercise until O2 consumption returns to normal. In the perioperative period, an imbalance between oxygen supply (DO2) and demand (VO2) could generate dO2. The degree of tissue dO2 has been directly related to multiple organ failure and perioperative morbimortality. Despite advances in medicine, it is not yet possible to prevent or lower the dO2 with fluid administration or vasoactive agents. Delay or inadequate management of hemodynamics could produce tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia, affecting surgery outcomes. Knowledge and assessing dO2 during perioperative are essential during anesthesia for high-risk patients. Adequate indices are required to detect and quantify tissue hypoperfusion and the imbalance between DO2 and VO2 during anesthesia. This review presents the mechanism, detection, and quantification of dO2. In addition to interventions to avoid or reduce dO2 and recommendations for anesthesiologists to ensure better results in high-risk surgical patients.

3.
Arch Cardiol Mex ; 76 Suppl 4: S121-36, 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17469340

RESUMO

We examine [IBM1] the basic principles and clinical results of the metabolic intervention with glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solutions in the field of cardiovascular surgery. On the basis of many international publications concerning this subject, and the experience obtained in the operating room of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia "Ignacio Chávez", we conclude that the metabolic support wit GIK is a powerful system that provides very useful energy to protect the myocardium during cardiac and non-cardiac surgery. The most recent publications indicate their effects in reducing low output syndromes, due to interventions on the coronary arteries, as well as producing a significant reduction of circulating fatty acids. These effects are produced also in the field of interventional cardiology, where GIK solutions protect the myocardium against damage due to impaired microcirculation. It is evident that these solutions must be utilized in higher concentrations that the initial ones, equal to those employed in laboratory animals. On the other side, it is worthy to remember that it has been always underlined that this treatment represents only a protection for the myocardium. Therefore, its association with other drugs or treatments favoring a good myocardial performance is not contraindicated--on the contrary, it yields better results. The present review presents pharmacological approaches, such as the use of glutamato, aspartate, piruvato, trimetazidina ranolazine and taurine to optimize cardiac energy metabolism, for the management of ischemic heart disease.


Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Isquemia Miocárdica/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Circulação Coronária , Metabolismo Energético , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Glucose/administração & dosagem , Glucose/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Microcirculação , Isquemia Miocárdica/sangue , Isquemia Miocárdica/tratamento farmacológico , Potássio/administração & dosagem , Potássio/uso terapêutico
4.
Arch Cardiol Mex ; 76 Suppl 4: S144-51, 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17469342

RESUMO

In the Anesthesiology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología The medical staff uses the glucose insulin potassium i.v. for myocardial protection. The energy is dereived from lipidic beta oxidation, glucose breakdown and amino acid catabolism in mitochondria. In myocardial ischemia, from de aortic cross clamping, the metabolic myocardial substrates diminished as well as the energy produced by adenosine (ATP). During myocardial ischemia, an increase in long chain lipids emhances mitochondrial permeability, promotes depletion of citochrome C and lost of the capability of transmembrane regulation. In the hipoperfused myocardium, by coronary vasoconstriction, short chain fatty acids oxidation predominates, if fatty metabolism during reperfusion is elevated. More of them will enter [IBM1] the Krebs cycle and, as a consequence, less energy will be produced. The glucose-insulin-potassium solution provides the glucose needed by the myocardium in reperfusion conditions and protects the cellular membrane's integrity as well as pumps and ionic channels, it allows maintaining the action potential probably because ATP-depended channels block and prevent potassium loss, it reduces the cytosol calcium overload and prevent cardiac arrhythmias, preserves the sodium ATPasa pump avoiding the rise in cytosolic sodium; glucose prevents the production of free oxygen radicals. Fatty acids, during ischemia, are responsible for the metabolism and elevation of enzymes, such as acilcarnitine and acylcoenzime-A, which promote intracellular calcium overload and arrhythmias. The insulin has anti-inflammatory effects and anti-apoptoic effects. When blood glucose is controlled during the perioperative period the mortality is reduced.


Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Soluções Cardioplégicas , Complicações do Diabetes , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Insulina/farmacologia , Adulto , Glicemia/análise , Criança , Protocolos Clínicos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Circulação Coronária/efeitos dos fármacos , Complicações do Diabetes/sangue , Complicações do Diabetes/tratamento farmacológico , Circulação Extracorpórea , Glucose , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Recém-Nascido , Injeções Intravenosas , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Potássio , Fatores de Risco
5.
Arch Cardiol Mex ; 76 Suppl 4: S76-101, 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17469337

RESUMO

After prolonged periods of ischemia and energy depletion, the ischemic myocardial cell can be jeopardized by specific causes within the reperfusion period. These causes can be viewed as unwanted aspects of the recovery process itself limiting its efficiency. Three potential initial causes of immediate reperfusion injury, aside from oxygen radicals, have been experimentally investigated in detail, and are briefly discussed: 1. re-energization; 2. rapid normalization of tissue pH; and 3. rapid normalization of tissue osmolality. These potential causes are not entirely independent. Understanding of the basic causes has opened novel perspectives for specific interference with these serious pathomechanisms. The experimental results obtained in the last years encourage the development of therapeutic approaches to reduce infarct size by specific measures applied during the early phase of reperfusion. In the clinical setting, reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has shown to reduce mortality, yet it may also have deleterious effects, including myocardial necrosis and no-reflow. Almost two decades ago, great hope arose from the description of ischemic preconditioning. Unfortunately, ischemic preconditioning is not feasible in the clinical practice because the coronary artery is already occluded at the time of hospital admission of the AMI patient. Recently, in the dog model, a phenomenon called "postconditioning" has been described. It has been reported previouly that reperfusion injury can be significantly reduced by modifying the conditions and the composition of the initial reperfusate. Whereas preconditioning is triggered by brief episodes of ischemia-reperfusion performed just before a prolonged coronary artery occlusion, postconditioning is induced by a comparable sequence of reversible ischemia-reperfusion, but it is applied "just after the prolonged" ischemic insult. Protection afforded by postconditioning is as potent as that provided by preconditioning. Unlike preconditioning, the experimental design of postconditioning allows direct application in the clinical practice, especially during PTCA. It has been reported very recently, that postconditioning patients with ST segment elevation AMI, during coronary angioplasty protects the human heart in this clinical scenario. Obtaining such a beneficial effect by a simple manipulation of reperfusion is of major potential clinical interest. Now more than ever, mechanistic and pharmacological research in the field of reperfusion injury appears to be necessary and clinically relevant.


Assuntos
Eletrocardiografia , Infarto do Miocárdio/terapia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/prevenção & controle , Reperfusão Miocárdica , Angioplastia Coronária com Balão , Animais , Apoptose/fisiologia , Circulação Colateral , Circulação Coronária , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cães , Humanos , Precondicionamento Isquêmico Miocárdico , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/etiologia , Miocárdio/patologia , Necrose , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo
6.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 44(2): 123-129, abr.-jun. 2021. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1347728

RESUMO

Resumen: Estudios recientes sobre las causas de muerte en el postoperatorio de cirugía no cardíaca han identificado a la lesión miocárdica como una complicación que se asocia con eventos cardíacos adversos mayores que aumentan la mortalidad a 30 días. La lesión miocárdica se manifiesta como una elevación de las troponinas cardíacas que se produce durante o a los 30 días después de la cirugía, sin que los pacientes presenten síntomas y sin cambios en el electrocardiograma de superficie. En la actualidad, se busca mejorar el diagnóstico oportuno de esta complicación y desarrollar terapias preventivas. En esta revisión abordamos la evidencia de esta lesión, sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos y su manejo.


Abstract: Recent studies on the death causes in the postoperative period of non-cardiac surgery have identified myocardial injury as a complication that is associated with major adverse cardiac events that increase mortality at 30 days after surgery. This kind of myocardial lesion is characterized by the elevation of the cardiac troponins levels during or in the 30 days after the surgery, without symptoms ischemia or changes in the electrocardiogram. Currently, one main goal has been the timely diagnosis of this complication, besides preventive therapies development. The present review article examines the current body of knowledge of this injury, the physiopathological mechanisms and its management.

7.
Arch Cardiol Mex ; 81(1): 33-46, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21592890

RESUMO

"Recently, it has been shown that the heart can be protected against the ischemia-reperfusion injury if brief coronary occlusions are performed just at the beginning of the reperfusion. This procedure has been called postconditioning (PostC). It can also be elicited by pharmacological interventions, which are named pharmacological PostC. In general, PostC reduces the reperfusion- induced injury, blunts oxidant-mediated damages and attenuates the local inflammatory response to reperfusion, decreases infarct size, diminishes apoptosis, neutrophil activation, and endothelial dysfunction. The mechanisms that participate in PostC are still not completely understood. In this regard, adenosine, glycine, bradykinin, ciclosporin A are involved in PostC triggering. Similar to ischemic preconditioning, PostC triggers several signaling pathways and molecular components, including nitric oxide (NO), protein kinase C, adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinases (RISK) pathway, which comprises phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), and, finally, the Survivor Activating Factor Enhancement (SAFE) pathway. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of reperfusion-induced injury as well as the proposed protective pathways activated by PostC, which seem to converge in inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pores opening. On the other hand, experimental evidence indicates that volatile anesthetics and opioids are capable of exerting cardioprotective effects under certain conditions, constituting a very useful pharmacological PostC. Thus, the first minutes of reperfusion represent a window of opportunity for triggering the aforementioned mediators, which acting in concert lead to protection of the myocardium against reperfusion injury. Pharmacological, especially anesthetic, PostC may have a promising future in the clinical scenarios in the operating room."


Assuntos
Anestésicos/farmacologia , Vasos Coronários/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Pós-Condicionamento Isquêmico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/prevenção & controle , Animais , Humanos
8.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 81(1): 33-46, ene.-mar. 2011. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-631997

RESUMO

Recently, it has been shown that the heart can be protected against the ischemia-reperfusion injury if brief coronary occlusions are performed just at the beginning of the reperfusion. This procedure has been called postconditioning (PostC). It can also be elicited by pharmacologicalinterventions, which are named pharmacological PostC. In general, PostC reduces the reperfusion-induced injury, blunts oxidant-mediated damages and attenuates the local inflammatory response to reperfusion, decreases infarct size, diminishes apoptosis, neutrophil activation, and endothelial dysfunction. The mechanisms that participate in PostC are still not completely understood. In this regard, adenosine, glycine, bradykinin, ciclosporin A are involved in PostC triggering. Similar to ischemic preconditioning, PostC triggers several signaling pathways and molecular components, including nitric oxide (NO), protein kinase C, adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinases (RISK) pathway, which comprises phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), and, finally, the Survivor Activating Factor Enhancement (SAFE) pathway. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of reperfusion-induced injury as well as the proposed protective pathways activated by PostC, which seem to converge in inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pores opening. On the other hand, experimental evidence indicates that volatile anesthetics and opioids are capable of exerting cardioprotective effects under certain conditions, constituting a very useful pharmacological PostC. Thus, the first minutes of reperfusion represent a window of opportunity for triggering the aforementioned mediators, which acting in concert lead to protection of the myocardium against reperfusion injury. Pharmacological, especially anesthetic, PostC may have a promising future in the clinical scenarios in the operating room.


Recientemente, se ha demostrado que el corazón puede protegerse contra el daño por isquemia-reperfusión si se aplican breves oclusiones coronarias justo al inicio de la reperfusión. Este procedimiento ha sido llamado posacondicionamiento y puede ser producido mediante intervenciones farmacológicas, las cuales constituyen el posacondicionamiento farmacológico. En general, el posacondicionamiento reduce el daño inducido por la reperfusión, disminuyendo el daño oxidativo y atenuando la respuesta inflamatoria local durante la reperfusión, así también disminuye el tamaño del infarto, disminuyendo el proceso de apoptosis, la activación neutrofílica y la disfunción endotelial. Los mecanismos que participan en el posacondicionamiento aún no son bien entendidos, aunque se sabe que moléculas como la adenosina, la glicina, la bradicinina y la ciclosporina A están involucradas en la activación del posacondicionamiento. De manera similar al preacondicionamiento isquémico, el posacondicionamiento activa rutas de señalización en las cuales participan diversos componentes moleculares como el óxido nítrico, la proteína cinasa C, los canales sensibles a ATP, la ruta de aumento del factor de activación de sobrevivencia, así como la ruta de las cinasas de salvamento de la lesión por reperfusión las cuales comprenden la cinasa de fosfatidilinositol-3-0H y la cinasa regulada por señales extracelulares. En esta revisión describimos los mecanismos de daño inducido por la reperfusión así como las vías protectoras propuestas activadas por el posacondicionamiento, las cuales parecen converger en una inhibición de la apertura de los poros de transición de la permeabilidad mitocondrial. Por otro lado, la evidencia experimental indica que los anestésicos volátiles y los opiáceos son capaces de ejercer efectos cardioprotectores bajo ciertas condiciones, constituyendo un posacondicionamiento farmacológico muy útil. De esta manera, los primeros minutos de la reperfusión representan una ventana de oportunidad para activar los mediadores antes mencionados, los cuales actúan en concierto para llevar a la protección del miocardio contra el daño por reperfusión. El posacondicionamiento farmacológico especialmente el anestésico puede tener un futuro promisorio en los escenarios clínicos de las salas de operaciones.


Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Anestésicos/farmacologia , Vasos Coronários/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Pós-Condicionamento Isquêmico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/prevenção & controle
9.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 79(3): 182-188, jul.-sept. 2009. ilus, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-565624

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To study the antiarrhythmic effect of remifentanil in experimental arrhythmias in dogs. METHODS: We used dogs weighing 12 kg-18 kg anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital given intravenously. Ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation and death were induced with digoxin (9 microg/kg/min). In another model, two types of arrhythmia were induced in the right atrium, one of them with aconitine crystals placed on the right atrium and the other was induced in the basement of the right atrium by electrical stimulation. The potential antiarrhythmic action of remifentaniL was investigated in ventricular and atrial arrhythmias by the administration of an intravenous bolus after toxic signs were evident. Thus, two arrhythmias with different mechanisms were generated. Leads DII, unipolar left intraventricular and right atrial leads, and left ventricular pressure were used to record control tracings and tracings in presence of remifentanil, during ventricular arrhythmia. RESULTS: Remifentanil abolished toxic effects of digoxin, it eliminated the A-V dissociation and ventricular extrasystoles, reverting to sinus rhythm in each case. Remifentanil extended the time to reach lethal doses from 63.25 +/- 11.3 to 100 +/- 11.8 min. These effects were blocked by naloxone (0.01 microg/kg) applied before remifentanil. In the two arrhythmias model, remifentanil suppressed both, ectopic focus and atrial flutter. CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil elicits antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective effects in experimental ventricular arrhythmias induced by digoxin and in a model of two atrial arrhythmias induced by aconitine and by electrical stimulation.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Analgésicos Opioides , Arritmias Cardíacas , Cardiopatias , Piperidinas , Anestesia
10.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 76(supl.4): S144-S151, oct.-dic. 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-568125

RESUMO

In the Anesthesiology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología The medical staff uses the glucose insulin potassium i.v. for myocardial protection. The energy is dereived from lipidic beta oxidation, glucose breakdown and amino acid catabolism in mitochondria. In myocardial ischemia, from de aortic cross clamping, the metabolic myocardial substrates diminished as well as the energy produced by adenosine (ATP). During myocardial ischemia, an increase in long chain lipids emhances mitochondrial permeability, promotes depletion of citochrome C and lost of the capability of transmembrane regulation. In the hipoperfused myocardium, by coronary vasoconstriction, short chain fatty acids oxidation predominates, if fatty metabolism during reperfusion is elevated. More of them will enter [IBM1] the Krebs cycle and, as a consequence, less energy will be produced. The glucose-insulin-potassium solution provides the glucose needed by the myocardium in reperfusion conditions and protects the cellular membrane's integrity as well as pumps and ionic channels, it allows maintaining the action potential probably because ATP-depended channels block and prevent potassium loss, it reduces the cytosol calcium overload and prevent cardiac arrhythmias, preserves the sodium ATPasa pump avoiding the rise in cytosolic sodium; glucose prevents the production of free oxygen radicals. Fatty acids, during ischemia, are responsible for the metabolism and elevation of enzymes, such as acilcarnitine and acylcoenzime-A, which promote intracellular calcium overload and arrhythmias. The insulin has anti-inflammatory effects and anti-apoptoic effects. When blood glucose is controlled during the perioperative period the mortality is reduced.


Assuntos
Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Soluções Cardioplégicas , Complicações do Diabetes , Hipoglicemiantes , Insulina , Glicemia , Protocolos Clínicos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Circulação Coronária , Complicações do Diabetes/sangue , Complicações do Diabetes , Circulação Extracorpórea , Glucose , Hiperglicemia , Hipoglicemiantes , Hipoglicemiantes , Injeções Intravenosas , Insulina , Insulina , Potássio , Fatores de Risco
11.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 76(supl.4): S76-101, oct.-dic. 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-568130

RESUMO

After prolonged periods of ischemia and energy depletion, the ischemic myocardial cell can be jeopardized by specific causes within the reperfusion period. These causes can be viewed as unwanted aspects of the recovery process itself limiting its efficiency. Three potential initial causes of immediate reperfusion injury, aside from oxygen radicals, have been experimentally investigated in detail, and are briefly discussed: 1. re-energization; 2. rapid normalization of tissue pH; and 3. rapid normalization of tissue osmolality. These potential causes are not entirely independent. Understanding of the basic causes has opened novel perspectives for specific interference with these serious pathomechanisms. The experimental results obtained in the last years encourage the development of therapeutic approaches to reduce infarct size by specific measures applied during the early phase of reperfusion. In the clinical setting, reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has shown to reduce mortality, yet it may also have deleterious effects, including myocardial necrosis and no-reflow. Almost two decades ago, great hope arose from the description of ischemic preconditioning. Unfortunately, ischemic preconditioning is not feasible in the clinical practice because the coronary artery is already occluded at the time of hospital admission of the AMI patient. Recently, in the dog model, a phenomenon called [quot ]postconditioning[quot ] has been described. It has been reported previouly that reperfusion injury can be significantly reduced by modifying the conditions and the composition of the initial reperfusate. Whereas preconditioning is triggered by brief episodes of ischemia-reperfusion performed just before a prolonged coronary artery occlusion, postconditioning is induced by a comparable sequence of reversible ischemia-reperfusion, but it is applied [quot ]just after the prolonged[quot ] ischemic insult. Protection afforded by postconditioning is as potent as that provided by preconditioning. Unlike preconditioning, the experimental design of postconditioning allows direct application in the clinical practice, especially during PTCA. It has been reported very recently, that postconditioning patients with ST segment elevation AMI, during coronary angioplasty protects the human heart in this clinical scenario. Obtaining such a beneficial effect by a simple manipulation of reperfusion is of major potential clinical interest. Now more than ever,


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Humanos , Eletrocardiografia , Reperfusão Miocárdica , Infarto do Miocárdio , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica , Angioplastia Coronária com Balão , Apoptose/fisiologia , Circulação Colateral , Circulação Coronária , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Precondicionamento Isquêmico Miocárdico , Infarto do Miocárdio , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica , Miocárdio/patologia , Necrose , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo
12.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 17(4): 157-64, oct.-dic. 1994. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-147728

RESUMO

Se estudiaron 20 pacientes coronarios hipertensos programados para revascularización coronaria, los cuales se dividieron en dos grupos: el grupo I recibió 4.2 mg por hora de Nicardipina intravenosa y el grupo II fue el Control. Todos los pacientes recibieron tratamiento para su hipertensión e insuficiencia coronaria, el cual se continúo hasta el día de la cirugía. Se les monitorizó con electrocardiograma (osiloscopio D2-V5), línea arterial, presión venosa central, catéter de flotación en arteria pulmonar para obtener las variables hemodinámicas: frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial media, presión arterial pulmonar diastólica, presión venosa central, gasto cardiaco, índice, volumen latido, índice sistólico, resistencias vasculares sistémicas, índice de trabajo del ventrículo izquierdo, resistencia vascular pulmonar y producto presión frecuencia en las mediciones basales, a los 5, 10 min. y después de la laringoscopía, post incisión y post estertomía. Se logró disminución significativa de la frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial media, resistencias vasculares sistémicas, índice de trabajo ventricular izquierdo y producto presión frecuencia; así mismo aumento del índice cardiaco, volumen latido e índice sistólico en el grupo que recibió Nicardipina 4.2 mg hora; esto cuando se compararon dos diferentes tiempos y con el grupo control. Se concluye que la Nicardipina intravenosa en el paciente coronario hipertenso es bien tolerada y que mejora la función ventricular izquierda, asumiendo esto en forma indirecta


Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nicardipino/administração & dosagem , Nicardipino/farmacocinética , Doença das Coronárias/cirurgia , Hemodinâmica , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico
13.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 20(2): 72-6, abr.-jun. 1997. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-225072

RESUMO

Se estudia el comportamiento transanestésico en relación a cambios hemodinámicos y diuresis en un grupo de 80 pacientes, adultos con edades comprendidas entre 25 y 45 años, con estado físico 1-3 según ASA, 50 del sexo masculino y 30 del sexo femenino para nefrectomía unilateral como donador vivo para trasplante renal. Este estudio retrospectivo y actual comprendido de los años de 1987 a 1996 se llevó a cabo en los Hospitales ABC y Hospital español, ambos de la Ciudad de México. Los cambios presentados fueron consecutivos a la colocación en decúbito lateral, posición necesaria para poder realizar dicha cirugía. Todos los pacientes fueron manejados con premedicación anestésica, anestesia general inhalaratoria, hidratación pre y transanestésica así como monitoreo completo no invasivo. Con esta experiencia personal de diez años se concluye que debe de haber manejo hídrico variable, ajustable y adecuado así como sincronía del anestesiólogo con el cirujano para decidir el momento preciso del pinzamiento arterial. Los cambios en los signos vitales como: frecuencia cardiaca, tensión arterial sistólica, tensión arterial diastólica, tensión arterial media así como la diuresis no mostraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en ningún paciente


Assuntos
Humanos , Doadores de Tecidos , Monitorização Intraoperatória , Diurese , Anestesia Geral , Nefrectomia , Hemodinâmica , Transplante de Rim/métodos
14.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 9(2): 81-6, abr.-jun. 1986. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-94092

RESUMO

Técnica anestésica con dosis altas de fentanyl produce pocos cambios en la función hemodinámica cardiovascular en pacientes sometidos a cirugía, pero se ha observado en algunos hipertensión y taquicardia durante estimulación. En el presente estudio 18 pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiaca; divididos en Grupo I (valyulares) y Grupo II (coronarios) fueron estudiados durante la inducción de la anestesia y estímulos quirúrgicos iniciales, para observar la respuesta hemodinámica en cirugía cardiaca durante la anestesia con fentanyl. Cada paciente fue anestesiado con fentanyl-pancuronio-O2 al 100% (un porcentaje necesitó suplemento anestésico). Tenían tratamiento a base de propanolol e isorbid en el (grupo II) diuréticos y digoxina en el (grupo I). Medicados con diazepam, demerol (grupo II); diazepam, droperidol (grupo I). En todos se monitorizó: ECG (D2-D5), línea arterial, PVC y se colocó cateter de Swan Ganz en arteria pulmonar. Se hicieron determinaciones con el paciente despierto, despues de la inducción e inmediatamente después de la incisión quirúrgica y esternotomía; previas dosis de fentanyl. Según los resultados observados en estos dos grupos de pacientes, se concluye que, con la técnica anestésica descrita el comportamiento hemodinámico fue más estable en los pacientes valvulares, cuando se compararon con los coronarios


Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Fentanila/administração & dosagem , Analgesia , Anestesia , Coração/cirurgia
15.
An. méd. Asoc. Méd. Hosp. ABC ; 39(1): 10-2, ene.-mar. 1994. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-143002

RESUMO

Se realizó el presente estudio prospectivo, observacional, transversal y comparativo en el Departamento de Anestesiología del Hospital ABC, en 20 pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal con estado físico ASA I-II, sin medicación preanestésica, divididos en dos grupos en forma aleatoria. Grupo control: 10 pacientes con manejo anestésico con técnica inhalatoria con isofluorano; y grupo problema: 10 pacientes con técnica anestésica balanceada con isofluorano y dosis de cebamiento de citrato de fentanil (5 ug/kg) e infusión continua de 0.05 ug/kg/min, comparando constantes hemodinámicas y requerimientos anestésicos en ambos grupos durante la intubación e incisión quirúrgica, contra la toma de parámetros preinducción. Se contrastaron las variables obtenidas por el método de t de Student considerando como valores significativos P< 0.05. Se observó una disminución significativa de la tensión arterial media y frecuencia cardiaca en el grupo manejado con fentanil e infusión continua. Tanbién se observó una reducción en 50 por ciento del requerimiento anestésico en el mismo grupo, siendo significativo estadísticamente


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fentanila/administração & dosagem , Fentanila/farmacocinética , Frequência Cardíaca , Hemodinâmica , Isoflurano/administração & dosagem , Isoflurano/farmacocinética , Pressão Sanguínea
16.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 15(3): 144-8, jul.-sept. 1992. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-118017

RESUMO

La frecuencia del feocromocitoma es rara, y su tratamiento preoperatorio es bien conocido, cuando ha sido diagnosticado previamente, permitiendo así un manejo anestésico apropiado. El diagnóstico insospechado y su asociación con una masa intraventricular aún lo hacen más raro y la decisión anestésica puede ser modificada respecto a un abdomen águdo, como se ha referido en la literatura. Presentamos un caso de una mujer de 26 años de edad, con feocromocitoma asociado a una masa intraventricular izquierda y tromboembolismo a bifurcación de aorta abdominal, la cual fue sometida en tre ocasiones a anestesia general, una con esmolol, y siendo la tercera intervención quirúrgica con uso de circulación extracorpórea. Se discute el manejo anestésico y su comportamiento hemodinámico.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Aorta Abdominal/fisiopatologia , Feocromocitoma/terapia , Tromboembolia/diagnóstico , Anestesia , Circulação Extracorpórea , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia
17.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 16(3): 169-72, jul.-sept. 1993. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-135051

RESUMO

Objetivo: Conocer las causas, frecuencia, presntación, evolución y pronóstico del edema agudo pulmonar perioperatorio (EAPP). Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo en donde se revisaron 2565 casos de pacientes que fueron sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos y anestesia general del 1 de Enero al 31 de Diciembre de 1990, encontrándose 7 casos de EAPP. De los 7 casos encontrados, 5 pacientes fueron clasificados como ASA I (71.4 por ciento), un paciente como ASAII(14.2 por ciento) y otro paciente como ASA III (14.2 por ciento), con un tiempo quirúrgico promedio de 117 minutos. Seis pacientes (85.7 por ciento), recibieron anestesia general balanceada y un paciente anestesia endovenosa (14.2 por ciento). En 6 pacientes, la monitorización hemodinámica se realizó posterior al diagnóstico de EAPP, obteniendose todos los parámetros hemodinámicos mediante línea arterial y catéter de flotación pulmonar y gasto cardiaco por método de termodilución. El diagnóstico de edema agudo pulmonar de orígen cardiogénico se hizo con base en las variables hemodinámicas obtenidas. Cinco pacientes (71.4 por ciento) presentaron edema agudo pulmonar de orígen no cardiogénico, sin encontrar difer ncias en cuanto a la edad, sexo y estado físico perioperatorio. El diagnóstico de EAPP se hizo tempranamente y el tratamiento oportuno resultó en una evolución favorable en todos los pacientes


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Edema Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Monitorização Intraoperatória , Hemodinâmica/fisiologia , Edema Pulmonar/epidemiologia
18.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 17(4): 190-5, oct.-dic. 1994. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-147734

RESUMO

La fístula de Blalock Taussing modificada es un procedimiento quirúrgico cuya finalidad es aumentar la circulación pulmonar, en pacientes con cardiopatías congénitas complejas con flujo pulmunar disminuído. Durante su realización se han reportado complicaciones letales, por lo que se implementó un seguimiento hemodinámico y gasométrico en ocho pacientes con atresia tricuspídea, durante su periodo transanestésico. Se observó al término del estudio que la disminución de la presión arterial, frecuencia cardiaca, pH sanguíneo, así como desaturación y retención de CO2, se presentan de manera significativa y progresiva durante los minutos del pinzamiento de la arteria pulmonar, por lo que es éste el momento crítico de la cirugía, que debe vigilarse más estrecha y eficazmente para una intervensión terapéutica oportuna


Assuntos
Lactente , Gestão de Riscos , Gestão de Riscos , Gasometria/métodos , Gasometria , Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Circulação Pulmonar , Hemodinâmica/fisiologia , Valva Tricúspide/anormalidades , Valva Tricúspide/cirurgia
19.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 19(4): 205-9, oct.-dic. 1996. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-187764

RESUMO

Cada día es más frecuente el uso de transfusión de productos sanguíneos y derivados en el transoperatorio, debido al creciente aumento de técnicas quirúrgicas más complejas asociadas a perdida importante de sangre (trasplante hepático, cirugía cardíaca, etc.). Sin embargo, el uso indebido de productos sanguíneos, no está excento de riesgos. Es por eso que desde mucho tiempo atrás, el monitoreo de la coagulación ha sido de vital importancia clínica, para el juicio correcto de la transfusión. Uno de los métodos que más auge está teniendo es el monitoreo de la coagulación mediante tromboelastografía (TEG). En el presente caso observamos la evolución tromboelastográfica de un paciente sometido a cambio valvular de la tricúspide y tromboendarterectomía de la aurícula derecha, antes, durante y después de la cirugía y que llevó finalmente el desarrollo de coagulación intravascular diseminada (CID) en el postoperatorio inmediato. Y se hace además una revisión de la literatura al respecto


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Tromboelastografia , Circulação Extracorpórea , Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/etiologia , Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/mortalidade , Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Valva Tricúspide/cirurgia
20.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 9(3): 175-8, jul.-sep. 1986. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-99038

RESUMO

Se estudiaron 24 pacientes programados para revascularización coronaria. La técnica anestésica empleada fue Fentanil-Enflurano-Oxígeno-Pancuronio. Se comparó el comportamiento hemodinámico durante el período previo a la circulación extracorpórea en un grupo de pacientes bajo tratamiento con dinitrato de isosorbide y propranolol, un grupo bajo tratamiento con nifedipina y propranolol y un grupo control únicamente con dinitrato de isosorbide. La escasa literatura existente sugiere que la suspensión de la nifedipina antes de la cirugía disminuye la necesidad de emplear inotrópicos. El continuar con ella se ha asociado a un aumento en los requerimientos de vasodilatadores. En nuestro estudio no encontramos diferencia significativa entre ninguno de los 3 grupos estudiados. La literatura existente y los resultados obtenidos sugieren que no existe razón para suspender la nifedipina antes de la cirugía.


Assuntos
Humanos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardiovasculares , Nifedipino/administração & dosagem , Nifedipino/efeitos adversos , Doença das Coronárias/terapia , 1-Propanol/efeitos adversos , Pancurônio , Fentanila , Enflurano , Anestésicos , Oxigênio
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