Multimodal neuroimaging network associated with executive function in adolescent major depressive disorder patients via cognition-guided magnetic resonance imaging fusion.

Adolescents are high-risk population for major depressive disorder. Executive dysfunction emerges as a common feature of depression and exerts a significant influence on the social functionality of adolescents. This study aimed to identify the multimodal co-varying brain network related to executive function in adolescent with major depressive disorder. A total of 24 adolescent major depressive disorder patients and 43 healthy controls were included and completed the Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift Task. Multimodal neuroimaging data, including the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and gray matter volume from structural magnetic resonance imaging, were combined with executive function using a supervised fusion method named multimodal canonical correlation analysis with reference plus joint independent component analysis. The major depressive disorder showed more total errors than the healthy controls in the Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift task. Their performance on the Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift Task was negatively related to the 14-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety score. We discovered an executive function-related multimodal fronto-occipito-temporal network with lower amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and gray matter volume loadings in major depressive disorder. The gray matter component of the identified network was negatively related to errors made in Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift while positively related to stages completed. These findings may help to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in adolescent depression.

Differential effects of sleep deprivation on behavior and microglia in a brain-region-specific manner in young and aged male mice.

Microglia, resident immune cells in the central nervous system, constantly monitor the state of the surrounding brain activity. The animal model induced by sleep deprivation (SD) is widely used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of insomnia and bipolar disorder. However, it remains unclear whether SD affects behaviors in young and aged male mice and microglia in various brain regions. In this study, we confirmed brain region-specific changes in microglial density and morphology in the accumbens nucleus (Acb), amygdala (AMY), cerebellum (Cb), corpus callosum (cc), caudate putamen, hippocampus (HIP), hypothalamus (HYP), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and thalamus (TH) of young mice. In addition, the density of microglia in old mice was higher than that in young mice. Compared with young mice, old mice showed a markedly increased microglial size, decreased total length of microglial processes, and decreased maximum length. Importantly, we found that 48-h SD decreased microglial density and morphology in old mice, whereas SD increased microglial density and morphology in most observed brain regions in young mice. SD-induced hyperactivity was observed only in young mice but not in old mice. Moreover, microglial density (HIP, AMY, mPFC, CPu) was significantly positively correlated with behaviors in SD- and vehicle-treated young mice. Contrarily, negative correlations were shown between the microglial density (cc, Cb, TH, HYP, Acb, AMY) and behaviors in vehicle-treated young and old mice. These results suggest that SD dysregulates the homeostatic state of microglia in a region- and age-dependent manner. Microglia may be involved in regulating age-related behavioral responses to SD.

Global, regional, and national burden of thalassemia during 1990-2019: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Thalassemia represents a significant public health challenge globally. However, the global burden of thalassemia and the disparities associated with it remain poorly understood. Our study aims to uncover the long-term spatial and temporal trends in thalassemia at global, regional, and national levels, analyze the impacts of age, time periods, and birth cohorts, and pinpoint the global disparities in thalassemia burden. METHODS: We extracted data on the thalassemia burden from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. We employed a joinpoint regression model to assess temporal trends in thalassemia burden and an age-period-cohort model to evaluate the effects of age, period, and cohort on thalassemia mortality. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2019, the number of thalassemia incident cases, prevalent cases, mortality cases, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) decreased by 20.9%, 3.1%, 38.6%, and 43.1%, respectively. Age-standardized rates of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY declined across regions with high, high-middle, middle, and low-middle sociodemographic index (SDI), yet remained the highest in regions with low SDI and low-middle SDI as well as in Southeast Asia, peaking among children under five years of age. The global prevalence rate was higher in males than in females. The global mortality rate showed a consistent decrease with increasing age. CONCLUSION: The global burden of thalassemia has significantly declined, yet notable disparities exist in terms of gender, age groups, periods, birth cohorts, SDI regions, and GBD regions. Systemic interventions that include early screening, genetic counseling, premarital health examinations, and prenatal diagnosis should be prioritized in regions with low, and low-middle SDI, particularly in Southeast Asia. Future population-based studies should focus specifically on thalassemia subtypes and transfusion requirements, and national registries should enhance data capture through newborn screening.

High-Efficiency Pure Blue Circularly Polarized Phosphorescence from Chiral N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-Stabilized Copper(I) Clusters.

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials have attracted considerable attention for their promising applications in encryption, chiral sensing, and three-dimensional (3D) displays. However, the preparation of high-efficiency, pure blue CPL materials remains challenging. In this study, we reported an enantiomeric pair of triangle copper(I) clusters (R/S-Cu3) rigidified by employing chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands with two pyridine-functionalized wingtips. These chiral clusters emitted pure blue phosphorescence that overlapped with that of the commercial blue phosphor having Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of (0.14, 0.10), and the films exhibited an unprecedented photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of ∼70.0%. Additionally, the solutions showed very bright circularly polarized phosphorescence (CPP) with a dissymmetry factor of ±2.1 × 10-3. The excellent solubility and photostability endowed these pure-blue-emitting chiral clusters with promising applications as pure blue CPP inks for 3D printing white objects, such as precise-atomic-enlarged models of metal clusters and a lovely white stereoscopic "rabbit". The intricate mechanism underlying blue phosphorescence in this small cluster and across various states is elucidated through a comprehensive approach that integrates thorough analysis of luminescence properties, controlled experiments, and theoretical calculations. For the first time, we propose that the dominant high-energy emission center is constituted by delocalized hybrid orbitals over multiple atomic centers, encompassing both the metal and the coordinated atoms. This challenges stereotypical assumptions that the cluster center solely supports low-energy emissions. This work expands the currently limited range of CPP functional materials and provides a new direction for CPP applications involving NHC-stabilized metal clusters.

Data-driven study on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging during early abstinence of alcohol dependence in male patients and its predictive value for relapse.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol dependence is a mental disorder with a high relapse rate. However, specific neuroimaging biomarkers have not been determined for alcohol dependence and its relapse. We conducted data-driven research to investigate resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) during early abstinence from alcohol dependence and its potential ability to predict relapse. METHODS: Participants included 68 alcohol-dependent patients and 68 healthy controls (HCs). The regional homogeneity (ReHo) and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) were compared between the alcohol dependence group and the HCs and between the relapse group and the nonrelapse group. The brain regions that presented significantly different ReHo and/or fALFF between the alcohol-dependent patients and HCs and/or between the relapsed and nonrelapsed patients were selected as the seeds to calculate the functional connectivities (FCs). RESULTS: During a 6-month follow-up period, 52.24% of alcohol-dependent patients relapsed. A regression model for differentiating alcohol-dependent patients and HCs showed that reductions in ReHo in the left postcentral region, fALFF in the right fusiform region, and FC in the right fusiform region to the right middle cingulum were independently associated with alcohol dependence, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.841. The baseline FC of the left precentral to the left cerebellum of the relapse group was significantly lower than that of the nonrelapse group. The AUC of this FC to predict relapse was 0.774. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings contribute to advancing research on the neurobiological etiology and predictive biomarkers for relapse associated with alcohol dependence.

[In vitro anticoagulant activity of different processed products of Whitmania pigra by water extraction and bionic extraction].

In order to determine the scientificalness of traditionally processed Whitmania pigra, water extraction method and bionic extraction method were used respectively to extract the anticoagulating active components in W. pigra hanging dry products, talcum powder fried products and wine immersing-baked products. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), and antithrombin activity were selected as the activity indexes to evaluate the anticoagulant activities of different processed W. pigra. Then the contents of protein in different processed W. pigra were measured by Coomassie brilliant blue method to preliminarily explain the reason of anticoagulant activity changes. When water extraction method was used, the results of APTT, PT, TT and antithrombin activity showed that the anticoagulant activities of W. pigra were decreased both in talcum powder fried products and wine immersing-baked products, and the activity order was as follows: hanging dried products> wine immersing-baked products>talcum powder fried products. This order was same as the protein content order. While when bionic extraction was used, APTT was shortened in talcum powder fried products, but all the other results indicated the anticoagulant activities of W. pigra processed products were increased, and the activity order was as follows: wine immersing-baked products>talcum powder fried products>hanging dry products. As compared with water extraction, the bionic extraction was more similar to the absorption process of W. pigra in human digestive system after oral administration and was more scientific. Therefore, the traditional processing method can not only modify the taste and smell, but also enhance the anticoagulant activity of W. pigra.

Autophagy inhibitor Lys05 has single-agent antitumor activity and reproduces the phenotype of a genetic autophagy deficiency.

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradative process that protects cancer cells from multiple stresses. In preclinical models, autophagy inhibition with chloroquine (CQ) derivatives augments the efficacy of many anticancer therapies, but CQ has limited activity as a single agent. Clinical trials are underway combining anticancer agents with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), but concentrations of HCQ required to inhibit autophagy are not consistently achievable in the clinic. We report the synthesis and characterization of bisaminoquinoline autophagy inhibitors that potently inhibit autophagy and impair tumor growth in vivo. The structural motifs that are necessary for improved autophagy inhibition compared with CQ include the presence of two aminoquinoline rings and a triamine linker and C-7 chlorine. The lead compound, Lys01, is a 10-fold more potent autophagy inhibitor than HCQ. Compared with HCQ, Lys05, a water-soluble salt of Lys01, more potently accumulates within and deacidifies the lysosome, resulting in impaired autophagy and tumor growth. At the highest dose administered, some mice develop Paneth cell dysfunction that resembles the intestinal phenotype of mice and humans with genetic defects in the autophagy gene ATG16L1, providing in vivo evidence that Lys05 targets autophagy. Unlike HCQ, significant single-agent antitumor activity is observed without toxicity in mice treated with lower doses of Lys05, establishing the therapeutic potential of this compound in cancer.

[Effect of Risperidone on BDNF-TrkB Signaling Pathway in Rat Brain].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of risperidone on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptors, tyrosine kinase receptor (TrkB) and P75 neurotrophin receptor (P75NTR) in rat brain. METHODS: Sixteen SD rats were divided into two groups (n = 8 for each group). The rats in experimental group were treated with risperidone [0.25 mg/(kg · d)] for 14 d, while the control group was given placebo. Total RNA sample in prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex and hippocampus was extracted, and the expression of BDNF, TrkB and P75NTR mRNA were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: The treatment of risperidone significantly up-regulated the expressions of BDNF and TrkB in prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex and hippocampus, while the expression of P75NTR was not significantly changed. CONCLUSION: Risperidone upregulated BDNF-TrkB signaling, but not BDNF-P75NTR signaling, which may be helpful for the further pharmacological study of risperidone.

[Effect and mechanism of jianpi qinghua recipe on renal functions of adriamycin-induced nephropathic rats from the angle of inhibiting renal fibrosis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Jianpi Qinghua Recipe (JQR) on renal functions of adriamycin-induced focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) rats from the angle of activating fibroblasts to myofibroblast (MyoF). METHODS: Totally 56 rats were randomly divided into the normal control group (n=8), the sham-operation group (n =8), and the model group (n=40). The FSGS rat model was induced by nephrectomy of left kidney plus intravenous injection of adriamycin. Successfully modeled rats were further divided into 5 groups, i.e., the model group, the JQR group, the JPR (Jianpi Recipe) group, the QHR (Qinghua Recipe) group, and the NDQ (Niaoduqing) group, 8 in each group. Corresponding drugs were administered to rats in all groups, 2 mL each time, for 56 days. The effect of JQR on serum creatinine (SCr), urea nitrogen, 24-h urinary protein excretion, a-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) mRNA, collagen type III (Col III) mRNA, fibronectin (FN) mRNA, and collagen type IV (Col IV) mRNA were observed. RESULTS: JQR could significantly lower SCr, urea nitrogen, and 24-h urinary protein excretion levels (P < 0.01), and significantly decrease mRNA levels of alpha-SMA, Col III, FN, and Col IV (P < 0.01). It was advantageous over the NDQ group. Compared with JPR, the relative expression levels of Col III mRNA and FN mRNA of JQR and QHR were significantly lower (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: JQR could improve the renal function and renal fibrosis in the adriamycin-induced nephropathic model rats. Its efficacy was superior to that of NDQ. Its mechanisms might be linked with inhibiting activation of fibroblasts.

[Research on fast classification based on LIBS technology and principle component analyses].

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and the principle component analysis (PCA) were combined to study aluminum alloy classification in the present article. Classification experiments were done on thirteen different kinds of standard samples of aluminum alloy which belong to 4 different types, and the results suggested that the LIBS-PCA method can be used to aluminum alloy fast classification. PCA was used to analyze the spectrum data from LIBS experiments, three principle components were figured out that contribute the most, the principle component scores of the spectrums were calculated, and the scores of the spectrums data in three-dimensional coordinates were plotted. It was found that the spectrum sample points show clear convergence phenomenon according to the type of aluminum alloy they belong to. This result ensured the three principle components and the preliminary aluminum alloy type zoning. In order to verify its accuracy, 20 different aluminum alloy samples were used to do the same experiments to verify the aluminum alloy type zoning. The experimental result showed that the spectrum sample points all located in their corresponding area of the aluminum alloy type, and this proved the correctness of the earlier aluminum alloy standard sample type zoning method. Based on this, the identification of unknown type of aluminum alloy can be done. All the experimental results showed that the accuracy of principle component analyses method based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is more than 97.14%, and it can classify the different type effectively. Compared to commonly used chemical methods, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy can do the detection of the sample in situ and fast with little sample preparation, therefore, using the method of the combination of LIBS and PCA in the areas such as quality testing and on-line industrial controlling can save a lot of time and cost, and improve the efficiency of detection greatly.

[Effects of Jianpi Qinghua Decoctions on immune inflammatory injury in adriamycin-induced nephropathic rats MA].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Jianpi Qinghua Decoctions on the inflammation injury mediated by the cellular immunity in the focal segmental glomurular Sclerosis (FSGS) nephropathy rats. METHODS: The FSGS nephropathy rat model was established by the method of intravenous injection of Adriamycin after the removal of one kidney. After the treatment of Jianpi Qinghua Decoctions, the blood, spleen and kidney samples of each rat were collected for the detection of splenocytes CD4+/CD8+ ratio, renal tubulointerstitial fibronectin (FN) mRNA, Col III mRNA, and the expression levels of TNF-alpha and IL6. RESULTS: The treatment of Jianpi Qinghua Decoctions decreased the levels of CD4+/CD8+, tubulointerstitial FN mRNA, Col III mRNA, TNF-alpha and IL6 significantly in FSGS nephropathy rats. CONCLUSION: Jianpi Qinghua Decoctions could improve renal FSGS damage in adriamycin-induced nephropathy rats.

Changes of structural functional connectivity coupling and its correlations with cognitive function in patients with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Previous neuroimaging studies have reported structural and functional brain abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to explore whether the coherence of structural-functional networks was affected by disease and investigate its correlation with clinical manifestations. METHODS: The severity of symptoms and cognitive function of 121 MDD patients and 139 healthy controls (HC) were assessed, and imaging data, including diffusion tensor imaging, T1 structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI, were collected. Spearman correlation coefficients of Kullback-Leibler similarity (KLS), fiber number (FN), fractional anisotropy (FA) and functional connectivity (FC) were calculated as coupling coefficients. Double-weight median correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the correlations between differences in brain networks and clinical assessments. RESULTS: The percentage of total correct response of delayed matching to sample and the percentage of delayed correct response of pattern recognition memory was lower in MDD. Compared with the HC, KLS-FC coupling between the parietal lobe and subcortical area, FA-FC coupling between the temporal and parietal lobe, and FN-FC coupling in the frontal lobe was lower in MDD. Several correlations between structural-functional connectivity and clinical manifestations were identified. LIMITATIONS: First, our study lacks longitudinal follow-up data. Second, the sample size was relatively small. Moreover, we only used the Anatomical Automatic Labeling template to construct the brain network. Finally, the validation of the causal relationship of neuroimaging-behavior factors was still insufficient. CONCLUSIONS: The alternation in structural-functional coupling were related to clinical characterization and might be involved in the neuropathology of depression.

[Genome-wide linkage scan for an ethnic Han Chinese pedigree affected with schizophrenia].

OBJECTIVE: To perform genome-wide linkage analysis for an ethnic Han Chinese pedigree with schizophrenia in order to locate the susceptibility genes. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from 4 mL of peripheral blood using conventional phenol-chloroform method. Illumina Infinium Linkage 24 BeadChips chip was used for determining the genotypes through detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After processing the raw data using Illumina BeadStudio software, two-point nonparametric linkage analysis and two-point parametric linkage analysis were performed with Merlin software. RESULTS: By two-point nonparametric linkage analysis, 27 sites with high LOD scores (LOD=0.63-0.75, P U+003C 0.05) were identified. Among these, 3 SNPs(rs993694, rs992690 rs1861577) were located in 12p12.3 region, whilst the remainders were located in 4p12-q22 region. Two-point parametric linkage analysis under a dominant model has yielded almost identical results. CONCLUSION: Chromosomal regions 4p12-q22 and 12p12.3 probably contain susceptibility genes for schizophrenia.

[MAPK p38 pathway may be involved in renal function improvement in chronic renal failure rats treated with Jianpi Qinghua decoction].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement of MAPK p38 pathway in treatment of chronic renal failure with Jianpi Qinghua Decoction in rats. METHODS: Forty SPF SD rats were divided into sham group (n=10),model group (n=10), Jianpi Qinghua group (n=10) and losartan group (n=10). Rat chronic renal failure was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (Platt method) in model, Jianpi Qinghua and losartan groups, and rats in sham group received sham operation. Jianpi Qinghua decoction (3.9 g 200 g(-1)) or losartan (3.3 g 200 g(-1)) daily were administrated by gavage in Jianpi Qinghua and losartan groups for 60 days, respectively, Rats in sham and model groups were orally administered with saline of the same volume. The serum levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen were measured by biochemical method, the expression of MAPK p38 was detected by Western Blot,and renal pathological changes were observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS: Compared to model group,serum creatinine levels after 60d in Jianpi Qinghua and losartan groups were decreased significantly (42.67 ± 5.98 or 40.90 ± 5.07 compared with 60.90 ± 9.54, both P<0.01), the expression of MAPK p38 was significantly down-regulated (0.555 ± 0.004 or 0.587 ± 0.045 compared with 0.930 ± 0.265,both P<0.01) and serum urea nitrogen was also decreased (8.56 ± 0.75 or 7.97 ± 0.86 compared with 8.62 ± 0.62,both P<0.05). The renal pathology in the model group presented glomerular mesangial proliferation,hyperplasia of glomenrulus mesangial cells and interstitial inflammation. Those pathological changes were attenuated significantly in Jianpi Qinghua and losartan groups. CONCLUSION: Jianpi Qinghua Decoctions can improve the renal function and renal pathological changes in a rat with chronic renal failure, which may be associated with down-regulation of MAPK p38 immune inflammatory pathways.

Low-Dose Trans-Resveratrol Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration via TyrRS/c-Jun Pathway.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of low-dose trans-resveratrol (trans-RSV) on diabetes-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration and its possible mechanism. Methods: A streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model was established and treated with or without trans-RSV intragastric administration (10 mg/kg body weight/day) for 12 weeks. Oscillatory potentials (Ops) of the dark-adapted electroretinogram (ERG) were recorded. The number of RGCs was detected by Tuj1 and TUNEL staining. The apoptosis markers in the retina were analyzed by Western blot. The cross sections of optic nerves were observed by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells were injured by high-glucose (HG) treatment. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured with or without low-dose trans-RSV treatment. The intracellular localization of tyrosyl transfer-RNA synthetase (TyrRS) was observed in both mouse retinas and N2a cells. The effects of low-dose trans-RSV on the binding of TyrRS to the transcription factor c-Jun and the binding of c-Jun to pro-apoptotic genes were analyzed by co-IP and ChIP assays in HEK 293 cells. Results: Trans-RSV relieved electrophysiological injury of retinas and inhibited RGC apoptosis in diabetic mice. It also protected N2a cells from HG-induced apoptosis. Additionally, it promoted TyrRS nuclear translocation in both diabetic mouse retinas and HG-treated N2a cells. Trans-RSV promoted TyrRS binding to c-Jun, inhibited the phosphorylation of Ser-63 of c-Jun, and downregulated pro-apoptotic gene transcription. Conclusions: Low-dose trans-RSV can ameliorate diabetes-induced RGC degeneration via the TyrRS/c-Jun pathway. It can promote TyrRS nuclear translocation and bind to c-Jun, downregulating c-Jun phosphorylation and downstream pro-apoptotic genes.

Application of ablative therapy for intrahepatic recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma following hepatectomy.

The post-hepatectomy recurrence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is persistently high, affecting the prognosis of patients. An effective therapeutic option is crucial for achieving long-term survival in patients with postoperative recurrences. Local ablative therapy has been established as a treatment option for resectable and unresectable HCCs, and it is also a feasible approach for recurrent HCC (RHCC) due to less trauma, shorter operation times, fewer complications, and faster recovery. This review focused on ablation techniques, description of potential candidates, and therapeutic and prognostic implications of ablation for guiding its application in treating intrahepatic RHCC.

Carbene-stabilized enantiopure heterometallic clusters featuring EQE of 20.8% in circularly-polarized OLED.

Bright and efficient chiral coinage metal clusters show promise for use in emerging circularly polarized light-emitting materials and diodes. To date, highly efficient circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs) with enantiopure metal clusters have not been reported. Herein, through rational design of a multidentate chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand and a modular building strategy, we synthesize a series of enantiopure Au(I)-Cu(I) clusters with exceptional stability. Modulation of the ligands stabilize the chiral excited states of clusters to allow thermally activated delayed fluorescence, resulting in the highest orange-red photoluminescence quantum yields over 93.0% in the solid state, which is accompanied by circularly polarized luminescence. Based on the solution process, a prototypical orange-red CP-OLED with a considerably high external quantum efficiency of 20.8% is prepared. These results demonstrate the extensive designability of chiral NHC ligands to stabilize polymetallic clusters for high performance in chiroptical applications.

Detection of Choroidal Neovascularization Using Optical Tissue Transparency.

Purpose: Optical tissue transparency (OTT) provides a tool for visualizing the entire tissue block. This study provides insights into the potential value of OTT with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) in detecting choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions. Methods: OTT with LSFM, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of paraffin sections, choroidal flatmount immunofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) were used to obtain images of CNV. We determined the rate of change as (Data of week 1 - Data of week 2)/Data of week 1 × 100%. Finally, we compared the rate of change acquired from OTT with LSFM and the other methodologies. Results: We found that OTT with LSFM can realize three-dimensional (3D) visualizations of the entire CNV. The results showed that the decline in the rate of change from week 1 to week 2 after laser photocoagulation was 33.05% with OTT, 53.01% with H&E staining, 48.11% with choroidal flatmount, 24.06% with OCTA (B-scan), 18.08% with OCTA (en face), 10.98% with OCTA (3D reconstruction), and 7.74% with OCTA (vessel diameter index). Conclusions: OTT with LSFM will continue to be an invaluable resource for investigators to detect more visualized and quantified information regarding CNV. Translational Relevance: OTT with LSFM now serves as a tool for detecting CNV in mice, and it may undergo human clinical trials in the future.

Atomically precise ultrasmall copper cluster for room-temperature highly regioselective dehydrogenative coupling.

Three-component dehydrogenative coupling reactions represent important and practical methodologies for forging new C-N bonds and C-C bonds. Achieving highly all-in-one dehydrogenative coupling functionalization by a single catalytic system remains a great challenge. Herein, we develop a rigid-flexible-coupled copper cluster [Cu3(NHC)3(PF6)3] (Cu3NC(NHC)) using a tridentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligand. The shell ligand endows Cu3NC(NHC) with dual attributes, including rigidity and flexibility, to improve activity and stability. The Cu3NC(NHC) is applied to catalyze both highly all-in-one dehydrogenative coupling transformations. Mechanistic studies and density functional theory illustrate that the improved regioselectivity is derived from the low energy of ion pair with copper acetylide and endo-iminium ions and the low transition state, which originates from the unique physicochemical properties of the Cu3NC(NHC) catalyst. This work highlights the importance of N-heterocyclic carbene in the modification of copper clusters, providing a new design rule to protect cluster catalytic centers and enhance catalysis.

Case report: Orthostatic leg tremor as the initial manifestation in a patient with metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 encephalitis without cortical dysfunction: complexities in identification and treatment.

Objective: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) encephalitis is such a rare type of autoimmune encephalitis that its diagnosis remains a challenge. Case report: A 19-year-old female patient initially presented with anxiety and orthostatic leg tremors without cortical dysfunction. We found that this patient was positive for mGluR5 antibodies in both serum (1:1,000) and cerebrospinal fluid (1:32). After comprehensive intervention, the patient showed complete recovery at the 18-month follow-up. Discussion: This report expands our knowledge of the possible presentations of mGluR5 encephalitis for early diagnosis, which makes it possible to prevent serious consequences and improve the prognosis.