Can Bioethics Do for Our Planet What It's Done for Autonomy?

Planet Earth and its growing human population are challenged by the health impacts of industrial policies that drive global emissions production and cause climate change. The health-care industry has capacity and responsibility to adopt environmentally sustainable policies and practices. Bioethicists have a responsibility to support environmental sustainability through their clinical, research, educational, and policy work. They communicate complex ideas to diverse stakeholders and can communicate similarly to improve understanding about emissions and the value of environmentally sustainable policy. A growing bioethics literature addresses climate change in collaboration with human and veterinary medicine and other disciplines. Pursuing environmental sustainability with the vigor that made autonomy a norm would help to reduce global emissions production in health care and make it a role model for other industries. Making environmental sustainability a health-care norm would be as significant an accomplishment as doing so for individual autonomy.

Research ethics guidelines and moral obligations to developing countries: Capacity-building and benefits.

This article outlines challenges to benefitting developing countries that are hosts of international research. In the context of existing guidance and frameworks for benefit-sharing, it aims to provoke dialog about socioeconomic factors and other background conditions that influence what constitute benefits in a given host setting, and about the proportionality between benefits to hosts and benefits to sponsors and researchers. It argues that capacity-building for critical thinking and negotiation in many developing country governments, institutions, and communities is a benefit because it can help to overcome background conditions that impinge on equitable international research negotiations, partnerships, and benefits. Enhancing the capacity for both critical thinking and negotiation can, like other targets of capacity-building, nurture respectful and trusting partnerships that benefit all stakeholders in international research.

Main themes, barriers, and solutions to palliative and end-of-life care in the English-speaking Caribbean: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify common themes documented in the literature on palliative and end-of-life care in English-speaking Caribbean small island developing states (SIDS), and to describe barriers, improvement strategies, and suggested ways forward. METHODS: In 2015, we conducted a systematic scoping review of relevant literature identified through the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. We supplemented that with searches of other electronic and hard-copy sources to map key concepts and summarize themes. RESULTS: Primary data and other literature from and about English-speaking Caribbean nations are relatively scarce. The available literature offers an overview of the existing situation in the region and explores why palliative and end-of-life care is limited there. This review identified barriers in five main areas recurring across this literature: i) culture and attitudes of health care providers, patients, and those close to them towards terminal illness and death; ii) opioid availability and use; iii) limited development of palliative care services; iv) unmet palliative care needs; and v) limited research on palliative or end-of-life care. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis helps to document the need for palliative and end-of-life care in Caribbean SIDS and highlights suggestions for moving forward with related practice, policy, and research.

Medical end-of-life decision-making in a small resource-poor Caribbean country: a mortality follow-back study of home deaths.

BACKGROUND: In resource-poor countries, including in Latin American and the Caribbean, empirical information about the characteristics and incidence of medical end-of-life decisions (MELDs)-withholding or withdrawing potentially life-prolonging medical treatments-is largely absent. METHODS: The aim was to describe the incidence and decision-making characteristics of MELDs taken prior to the death of people who died at home in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). A mortality follow-back study was used where a representative sample of deaths occurring at home in 2018 was drawn from death certificates at the national death registry. The general practitioners who certified the deaths were sent a questionnaire. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 309 adult deaths and the response rate was 31% (N=96). Physicians were: mostly male (79.2%), practiced medicine for more than twenty-years (63.5%), had no formal palliative care training (69.8%). Non-sudden deaths represented 76% (N=73), of these, medications to alleviate pain and symptoms in the last 7 days of life were administered in 65.8%, including opioids 21%. Potentially life-prolonging treatments were withheld in 9.6% but none withdrawn. No physician/patient discussions about various end-of-life treatment options occurred in 61.6%. Compared to physicians with no formal training in palliative care, those with training more often: prescribed or administered opioids in the last 7 days of life (35.7% vs. 11.1%, P=0.01), had discussions with patients about end-of-life treatment options (60.7% vs. 24.4%, P=0.002), and discussed medication use to alleviate pain and other symptoms with patients (50% vs. 17.8%, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the care and treatment general practitioners provided to their patients could be associated with them having been formally trained in palliative care. The necessary support to further develop palliative care in T&T is needed.

Medical school oath-taking: the moral controversy.

Professions typically formulate codes of ethics. Medical students are exposed to various codes and often are expected to recite some code or oath at their graduation. This article reports the findings of a study of one large medical class, asked upon entry to medical school and again at the beginning of their fourth term, which of 13 specified professional, religious, and secular codes of ethics they would turn to for moral guidance in their practice of medicine. The study finds great diversity in the students' choices and no clear pattern of change by their fourth term. Very few students chose the oath they would be asked to recite at their graduation. The article probes the problems this creates for school administrators and professors as well as students. It asks the implications for professional oath-taking at graduation and in the practice of the profession.

Does Health Promotion Harm the Environment?

Health promotion involves social and environmental interventions designed to benefit and protect health. It often harmfully impacts the environment through air and water pollution, medical waste, greenhouse gas emissions, and other externalities. We consider potential conflicts between health promotion and environmental protection and why and how the healthcare industry might promote health while protecting environments. After probing conflicts between promoting health and protecting the environment we highlight the essential role that environmental resources play in health and healthcare to show that environmental protection is a form of health promotion. We then explore relationships between three radical forms of health promotion and the environment: (1) lowering the human birth rate; (2) transforming the food system; and (3) genetically modifying mosquitos. We conclude that healthcare and other industries and their institutions and leaders have responsibilities to re-consider and modify their priorities, policies, and practices.

Palliative and End-of-Life Care in a Small Caribbean Country: A Mortality Follow-back Study of Home Deaths.

CONTEXT: Empirical information on circumstances of dying from advanced illness in developing countries remains sparse. Evidence indicates that out-of-hospital end-of-life care can have significant benefits such as increased satisfaction for the patient and caregivers and cost-effective for a health-care system. Services that are aimed to deliver care at private homes may be a good model for low- and middle-income countries or other low-resourced settings. OBJECTIVES: To examine specialized, generalist, and informal palliative care provision and to describe the end-of-life care goals and treatments received. METHOD: A mortality follow-back study with data obtained from general practitioners certifying a random sample of death certificates of adult decedents who died between March and August 2018. The questionnaire inquired about the characteristics of care and treatment preceding death. RESULTS: Three hundred nine questionnaires were mailed, and the response rate was 31% (N = 96), of which 76% were nonsudden deaths. Of these cases, 27.4% received no palliative care, 39.7% received it from a general practitioner, and 6.8% from a specialized palliative care service. Comfort maximization (60.3%) was the main goal of care in the last week of life, and analgesics (53.4%) were the predominant treatment for achieving this goal. In addition, 60.3% received informal palliative care from a family member. CONCLUSION: The largest part of end-of-life care at home in Trinidad and Tobago is provided by family members, whereas professional caregivers feature less prominently. To ensure quality in end-of-life care, better access to analgesics is needed, and adequate support and education for family members as well as general practitioners are highly recommended.

Are Physicians Obliged to Lead Environmental Sustainability Efforts in Health Care Organizations?

Climate change threatens health, health care, and the industries and resources upon which these depend. The growing prevalence and severity of its health consequences and economic costs are alarming health professionals and organizations as their professional obligations, grounded in the core value of health, include protecting against these harms. One means of fulfilling these obligations is to lead or support sustainability initiatives that are built upon current, reliable, accurate, and unbiased evidence and collaboratively tailored to meet specific needs and respond to specific contexts. We consider why and how health professionals and organizations should lead or support such initiatives.

Should Health Professionals Speak Up to Reduce the Health Risks of Climate Change?

Should physicians take action in the political realm to address climate change? There are many historical examples of physician advocacy in the political sphere, both individually and as a collective, and many have argued that it is important for health professionals to advocate on a variety of issues. But which criteria should be used to determine when and how health professionals should take on particular advocacy issues, and is climate change an appropriate-or even obligatory-arena for physician advocacy? We propose a seven-part deliberative framework for making this determination.

Caribbean Heat Threatens Health, Well-being and the Future of Humanity.

Climate change has substantial impacts on public health and safety, disease risks and the provision of health care, with the poor being particularly disadvantaged. Management of the associated health risks and changing health service requirements requires adequate responses at local levels. Health-care providers are central to these responses. While climate change raises ethical questions about its causes, impacts and social justice, medicine and bioethics typically focus on individual patients and research participants rather than these broader issues. We broaden this focus by examining awareness among health-care providers in the Caribbean region, where geographic and socioeconomic features pose particular vulnerabilities to climate change. In focus groups, Caribbean providers described rises in mosquito-borne, flood-related, heat-related, respiratory and mental illnesses, and attributed these to local impacts of climate change. Their discussions showed that the significance of these impacts differs in different Caribbean nations, raising policy and social justice questions. Bioethics and public health ethics are situated to frame, inform and initiate public and policy dialog about values and scientific evidence associated with climate change. We urge readers to initiate such dialog within their own institutions about the context-dependent nature of the burdens of climate change, and values and policies that permit it to worsen.

Main themes, barriers, and solutions to palliative and end-of-life care in the English-speaking Caribbean: a scoping review

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To identify common themes documented in the literature on palliative and end-of-life care in English-speaking Caribbean small island developing states (SIDS), and to describe barriers, improvement strategies, and suggested ways forward. Methods. In 2015, we conducted a systematic scoping review of relevant literature identified through the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. We supplemented that with searches of other electronic and hard-copy sources to map key concepts and summarize themes. Results. Primary data and other literature from and about English-speaking Caribbean nations are relatively scarce. The available literature offers an overview of the existing situation in the region and explores why palliative and end-of-life care is limited there. This review identified barriers in five main areas recurring across this literature: i) culture and attitudes of health care providers, patients, and those close to them towards terminal illness and death; ii) opioid availability and use; iii) limited development of palliative care services; iv) unmet palliative care needs; and v) limited research on palliative or end-of-life care. Conclusions. Our analysis helps to document the need for palliative and end-of-life care in Caribbean SIDS and highlights suggestions for moving forward with related practice, policy, and research.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Establecer los temas comunes documentados en la bibliografía sobre los cuidados paliativos y al final de la vida en los pequeños estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe de habla inglesa, y describir los obstáculos, las estrategias de mejora y los pasos futuros que se sugieren. Métodos. En el 2015, realizamos un examen sistemático exploratorio de la bibliografía pertinente encontrada por medio de MEDLINE y las bases de datos de Web of Science. Complementamos el examen con búsquedas de otras fuentes electrónicas e impresas para esquematizar los conceptos fundamentales y resumir los temas. Resultados. Los datos primarios y otra bibliografía sobre las naciones del Caribe de habla inglesa o provenientes de ellas son relativamente escasos. La bibliografía disponible ofrece un panorama de la situación existente en la región y explora las razones por las que los cuidados paliativos y al final de la vida son limitados en estas naciones. La presente revisión detectó obstáculos en cinco áreas principales, recurrentes en toda la bibliografía: a) factores culturales y actitud de los prestadores de atención de salud, los pacientes y las personas cercanas a ellos hacia la enfermedad terminal y la muerte; b) disponibilidad y uso de opioides ; c) desarrollo limitado de los servicios de cuidados paliativos; d) necesidades de cuidados paliativos no atendidas, y e) investigación limitada sobre los cuidados paliativos o al final de la vida. Conclusiones. Nuestro análisis ayuda a documentar la necesidad de cuidados paliativos y al final de la vida en los pequeños estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe de habla inglesa, y pone de relieve sugerencias para avanzar en la práctica, la política y la investigación relacionadas.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Identificar temas comuns documentados na literatura científica sobre cuidados paliativos e de pacientes terminais nos pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento do Caribe e descrever barreiras, estratégias de melhoria e rumos a serem tomados. Métodos. Em 2015, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática do tipo scoping review da literatura científica relevante identificada nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Web of Science. Para complementar, foram feitas buscas em outras fontes eletrônicas e impressas para mapear os conceitos básicos e resumir os temas. Resultados. Os dados primários e outros dados da literatura provenientes e acerca dos países de língua inglesa do Caribe são relativamente escassos. A literatura disponível oferece um panorama geral da situação da região e examina por que os cuidados paliativos e dos pacientes terminais são limitados. A revisão permitiu identificar barreiras em cinco áreas principais recorrentes nos estudos: i) cultura e atitudes dos profissionais da saúde, dos pacientes e das pessoas próximas que acompanham o paciente com doença terminal e morte; ii) disponibilidade e uso de opioides; iii) progresso restrito dos serviços de cuidados paliativos; iv) necessidades da atenção paliativa não atendidas e v) pesquisas pouco extensas sobre cuidados paliativos e dos pacientes terminais. Conclusões. Nossa análise contribui para documentar a necessidade de cuidados paliativos e dos pacientes terminais nos pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento do Caribe e sugere o rumo a ser tomado com relação a práticas, políticas e pesquisas.

Main themes, barriers, and solutions to palliative and end-of-life care in the English-speaking Caribbean: a scoping review / Principales temas, obstáculos y soluciones en relación con los cuidados paliativos y al final de la vida en el Caribe de habla inglesa: examen sistemático exploratorio / Temas principais, barreiras e soluções aos cuidados paliativos e de pacientes terminais em países de língua inglesa do Caribe: uma scoping review

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify common themes documented in the literature on palliative and end-of-life care in English-speaking Caribbean small island developing states (SIDS), and to describe barriers, improvement strategies, and suggested ways forward. Methods In 2015, we conducted a systematic scoping review of relevant literature identified through the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. We supplemented that with searches of other electronic and hard-copy sources to map key concepts and summarize themes. Results Primary data and other literature from and about English-speaking Caribbean nations are relatively scarce. The available literature offers an overview of the existing situation in the region and explores why palliative and end-of-life care is limited there. This review identified barriers in five main areas recurring across this literature: i) culture and attitudes of health care providers, patients, and those close to them towards terminal illness and death; ii) opioid availability and use; iii) limited development of palliative care services; iv) unmet palliative care needs; and v) limited research on palliative or end-of-life care. Conclusions Our analysis helps to document the need for palliative and end-of-life care in Caribbean SIDS and highlights suggestions for moving forward with related practice, policy, and research.

RESUMEN Objetivos Establecer los temas comunes documentados en la bibliografía sobre los cuidados paliativos y al final de la vida en los pequeños estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe de habla inglesa, y describir los obstáculos, las estrategias de mejora y los pasos futuros que se sugieren. Métodos En el 2015, realizamos un examen sistemático exploratorio de la bibliografía pertinente encontrada por medio de MEDLINE y las bases de datos de Web of Science. Complementamos el examen con búsquedas de otras fuentes electrónicas e impresas para esquematizar los conceptos fundamentales y resumir los temas. Resultados Los datos primarios y otra bibliografía sobre las naciones del Caribe de habla inglesa o provenientes de ellas son relativamente escasos. La bibliografía disponible ofrece un panorama de la situación existente en la región y explora las razones por las que los cuidados paliativos y al final de la vida son limitados en estas naciones. La presente revisión detectó obstáculos en cinco áreas principales, recurrentes en toda la bibliografía: a) factores culturales y actitud de los prestadores de atención de salud, los pacientes y las personas cercanas a ellos hacia la enfermedad terminal y la muerte; b) disponibilidad y uso de opioides; c) desarrollo limitado de los servicios de cuidados paliativos; d) necesidades de cuidados paliativos no atendidas, y e) investigación limitada sobre los cuidados paliativos o al final de la vida. Conclusiones Nuestro análisis ayuda a documentar la necesidad de cuidados paliativos y al final de la vida en los pequeños estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe de habla inglesa, y pone de relieve sugerencias para avanzar en la práctica, la política y la investigación relacionadas.

RESUMO Objetivos Identificar temas comuns documentados na literatura científica sobre cuidados paliativos e de pacientes terminais nos pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento do Caribe e descrever barreiras, estratégias de melhoria e rumos a serem tomados. Métodos Em 2015, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática do tipo scoping review da literatura científica relevante identificada nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Web of Science. Para complementar, foram feitas buscas em outras fontes eletrônicas e impressas para mapear os conceitos básicos e resumir os temas. Resultados Os dados primários e outros dados da literatura provenientes e acerca dos países de língua inglesa do Caribe são relativamente escassos. A literatura disponível oferece um panorama geral da situação da região e examina por que os cuidados paliativos e dos pacientes terminais são limitados. A revisão permitiu identificar barreiras em cinco áreas principais recorrentes nos estudos: i) cultura e atitudes dos profissionais da saúde, dos pacientes e das pessoas próximas que acompanham o paciente com doença terminal e morte; ii) disponibilidade e uso de opioides; iii) progresso restrito dos serviços de cuidados paliativos; iv) necessidades da atenção paliativa não atendidas e v) pesquisas pouco extensas sobre cuidados paliativos e dos pacientes terminais. Conclusões Nossa análise contribui para documentar a necessidade de cuidados paliativos e dos pacientes terminais nos pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento do Caribe e sugere o rumo a ser tomado com relação a práticas, políticas e pesquisas.

Teaching professionalism in science courses: anatomy to zoology.

Medical professionalism is reflected in attitudes, behaviors, character, and standards of practice. It is embodied by physicians who fulfill their duties to patients and uphold societies' trust in medicine. Professionalism requires familiarity with the ethical codes and standards established by international, governmental, institutional, or professional organizations. It also requires becoming aware of and responsive to societal controversies. Scientific uncertainty may be used to teach aspects of professionalism in science courses. Uncertainty about the science behind, and the health impacts of, climate change is one example explored herein that may be used to teach both professionalism and science. Many medical curricula provide students with information about professionalism and create opportunities for students to reflect upon and strengthen their individually evolving levels of professionalism. Faculties in basic sciences are rarely called upon to teach professionalism or deepen medical students understanding of professional standards, competencies, and ethical codes. However they have the knowledge and experience to develop goals, learning objectives, and topics relevant to professionalism within their own disciplines and medical curricula. Their dedication to, and passion for, science will support basic science faculties in designing innovative and effective approaches to teaching professionalism. This paper explores topics and formats that scientists may find useful in teaching professional attitudes, skills, and competencies in their medical curriculum. It highlights goals and learning objectives associated with teaching medical professionalism in the basic sciences.