Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol in pregnant women with uveitis. Recommendations on the management with immunosuppressive and biologic therapies in uveitis during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: Clinicians often face the challenge of providing effective and safe therapy for pregnant women with uveitis. Certolizumab pegol (CZP) differs from other anti-TNFα agents due to its limited placental transfer. In this study we assessed the efficacy of CZP in pregnant women with uveitis. We also provided information on outcomes of pregnant women and neonates exposed to CZP. METHODS: We carried out a multicentre study of women with uveitis who received CZP during pregnancy and their neonates. The main visual outcomes were visual acuity (VA), intraocular inflammation and corticosteroid-sparing effect. Pregnancy outcomes, maternal and neonatal infections and congenital malformations were also assessed. RESULTS: We studied 14 women (23 affected eyes); mean age of 34.3±5.5 years. The underlying diseases were spondyloarthritis (n=7), idiopathic (n=2), and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, punctate inner choroidopathy and Behçet's disease (1 each). The patterns of ocular involvement were anterior (n=10), posterior (n=2), intermediate (n=1), panuveitis (n=1). Cystoid macular oedema was present in one patient (1 eye). Uveitis was bilateral in nine cases and chronic in seven patients. CZP was started before getting pregnant in ten patients and after conceiving in four. All patients achieved or maintained ocular remission throughout pregnancy. Fifteen healthy infants were born. Only one woman presented a mild infection during pregnancy. Neither infections nor malformations were observed in neonates after a follow-up of 6 months. Six infants were breastfed and all of them received scheduled vaccinations without complications. CONCLUSIONS: Certolizumab pegol is effective and safe in women with uveitis during pregnancy.

Abatacept in interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis: national multicenter study of 263 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of abatacept (ABA) in RA patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) (RA-ILD). METHODS: This was an observational, multicentre study of RA-ILD patients treated with at least one dose of ABA. ILD was diagnosed by high-resolution CT (HRCT). We analysed the following variables at baseline (ABA initiation), 12 months and at the end of the follow-up: Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) scale (1-point change), forced vital capacity (FVC) or diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (improvement or worsening ≥10%), HRCT, DAS on 28 joints evaluated using the ESR (DAS28ESR) and CS-sparing effect. RESULTS: We studied 263 RA-ILD patients [150 women/113 men; mean (s.d.) age 64.6 (10) years]. At baseline, they had a median duration of ILD of 1 (interquartile range 0.25-3.44) years, moderate or severe degree of dyspnoea (MMRC grade 2, 3 or 4) (40.3%), FVC (% of the predicted) mean (s.d.) 85.9 (21.8)%, DLCO (% of the predicted) 65.7 (18.3) and DAS28ESR 4.5 (1.5). The ILD patterns were: usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) (40.3%), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) (31.9%) and others (27.8%). ABA was prescribed at standard dose, i.v. (25.5%) or s.c. (74.5%). After a median follow-up of 12 (6-36) months the following variables did not show worsening: dyspnoea (MMRC) (91.9%); FVC (87.7%); DLCO (90.6%); and chest HRCT (76.6%). A significant improvement of DAS28ESR from 4.5 (1.5) to 3.1 (1.3) at the end of follow-up (P < 0.001) and a CS-sparing effect from a median 7.5 (5-10) to 5 (2.5-7.5) mg/day at the end of follow-up (P < 0.001) was also observed. ABA was withdrawn in 62 (23.6%) patients due to adverse events (n = 30), articular inefficacy (n = 27), ILD worsening (n = 3) and other causes (n = 2). CONCLUSION: ABA may be an effective and safe treatment for patients with RA-ILD.

Golimumab in refractory uveitis associated to juvenile idiopathic arthritis: multicentre study of 7 cases and literature review.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of golimumab (GLM), a fully humanised anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody, in refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-associated uveitis. METHODS: This was a multicentre study of JIA-associated uveitis refractory to standard synthetic immunosuppressive drugs and in most cases to other anti-TNF-α agents. Results were expressed as mean±standard deviation or as median (range or interquartile range). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare continuous variables. A literature review of the efficacy of GLM in uveitis related to JIA was also conducted. RESULTS: We studied 7 patients (5 females; mean age 21.7±7.5 years; 13 affected eyes). Uveitis was bilateral in 6. Cystoid macular oedema (CME) occurred in 3 patients (5 eyes). Besides corticosteroids and synthetic immunosuppressive drugs, patients had received before GLM a median of 2 biologic agents (range 0-3) including adalimumab (n=6), etanercept (n=2), infliximab (n=3) and abatacept (n=2). GLM dose was 50 mg/sc every 4 weeks. After 6 months of therapy the number of anterior chamber cells decreased from 1 [0.25-1.5] to 0 [0-0.5] (p=0.02) and optical coherence tomography (in patients with CME) from 313.6±77.05 to 261.4±75.1 µm (p=0.03). The best-corrected visual acuity increased from 0.5 to 0.62 (p=0.018). Complete remission of uveitis was achieved in 4 of 7 patients after 16.8±11.4 months of follow-up. However, 2 of the seven patients had to be switched to tocilizumab due to inefficacy. Local erythema at the injection site was observed in 2. CONCLUSIONS: GLM may be considered in the management of refractory JIA-related uveitis.

Subcutaneous vs intravenous abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease. National multicentre study of 397 patients.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on abatacept (ABA) utility for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) is growing. Clinical trials have shown equivalence in subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) administration of ABA for articular manifestations. However, this has not been studied in respiratory outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of ABA in RA-ILD patients according to the route of administration. METHODS: National retrospective multicentre study of RA-ILD patients on treatment with ABA. They were divided into 2 groups: a) IV, and b) SC. The following outcomes were analysed from baseline to final follow-up using linear mixed models: a) forced vital capacity (FVC), b) diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), c) chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT), d) dyspnoea, e) RA activity, and f) sparing corticosteroids effect. RESULTS: A total of 397 patients were included (94 IV-ABA and 303 SC-ABA), median follow-up of 24 [10-48] months. After adjustment for possible confounders, FVC and DLCO remained stable during the first 24 months without differences between IV-ABA and SC-ABA (p = 0.6304 and 0.5337). Improvement/ stability of lung lesions in HRCT was observed in 67 % of patients (75 % IV-ABA, 64 % SC-ABA; p = 0.07). Dyspnoea stabilized/ improved in 84 % of patients (90 % IV-ABA, 82 % SC-ABA; p = 0.09). RA - disease activity improved in both groups. No statistically significant differences regarding any of the variables studied between the two groups were found. ABA was withdrawn in 87 patients (21.9 %), 45 % IV-ABA and 37 % SC-ABA (p = 0.29). ILD worsening and articular inefficacy were the most common reasons for ABA discontinuation. CONCLUSION: In patients with RA-ILD, ABA seems to be equally effective regardless of the route of administration.

Anti-TNF vs tocilizumab in refractory uveitic cystoid macular edema due to Behcet's disease. Multicenter study of 49 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of TNF inhibitors (adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab (IFX)) vs tocilizumab (TCZ) in patients with refractory cystoid macular edema (CME) due to Behçet's disease (BD). METHODS: Multicenter study of patients with BD-associated CME refractory to conventional and/or biological immunosuppressive drugs. From a cohort of 177 patients treated with anti-TNF and 14 patients treated with TCZ, we selected those with CME at baseline. We analyzed the evolution of macular thickness (main outcome), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and intraocular inflammation (Tyndall and vitritis) from baseline up to 4 years in the 3 groups mentioned. RESULTS: 49 patients and 72 eyes with CME were included. ADA was used in 25 patients (40 eyes), IFX in 15 (21 eyes) and TCZ in 9 (11 eyes). No statistically significant baseline differences were observed between the 3 groups except for a lower basal BCVA in TCZ group and a higher basal degree of intraocular inflammation in ADA group. Most patients from all groups had received several conventional immunosuppressive drugs. In addition, most patients in the group of TCZ had also received anti-TNF agents. Biological therapy was used in monotherapy (n=8) or combined with conventional immunosuppressive drugs (n=41). Macular thickness progressively decreased in the 3 groups, with no signs of CME after 1 year of treatment. Similarly, BCVA improvement and inflammatory intraocular remission was achieved in all groups. CONCLUSION: Refractory CME associated with BD uveitis can be effectively treated either with ADA, IFX or TCZ. Furthermore, TCZ is effective in patients resistant to anti-TNF therapy.

Heart Transplantation in Systemic Sclerosis: A Therapeutic Option. Presentation of a Case and Literature Review.

Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is rare but leads to poor short-term prognosis. Evidence regarding heart transplantation (HT) is scarce and is based on experience with isolated cases. We present this case with the aim of analysing the characteristics of a patient with SS who has undergone a successful transplant.

Heart Transplantation in Systemic Sclerosis: A Therapeutic Option. Presentation of a Case and Literature Review.

Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is rare but leads to poor short-term prognosis. Evidence regarding heart transplantation (HT) is scarce and is based on experience with isolated cases. We present this case with the aim of analysing the characteristics of a patient with SS who has undergone a successful transplant.

Body Mass Index and Disease Activity in Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: Results of the Cardiovascular in Rheumatology (Carma) Project.

OBJECTIVE: Since obesity has been associated with a higher inflammatory burden and worse response to therapy in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD), we aimed to confirm the potential association between body mass index (BMI) and disease activity in a large series of patients with CIRDs included in the Spanish CARdiovascular in rheuMAtology (CARMA) registry. METHODS: Baseline data analysis of patients included from the CARMA project, a 10-year prospective study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) attending outpatient rheumatology clinics from 67 Spanish hospitals. Obesity was defined when BMI (kg/m2) was >30 according to the WHO criteria. Scores used to evaluate disease activity were Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS28) in RA, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) in AS, and modified DAS for PsA. RESULTS: Data from 2234 patients (775 RA, 738 AS, and 721 PsA) were assessed. The mean ± SD BMI at the baseline visit were: 26.9 ± 4.8 in RA, 27.4 ± 4.4 in AS, and 28.2 ± 4.7 in PsA. A positive association between BMI and disease activity in patients with RA (ß = 0.029; 95%CI (0.01- 0.05); p = 0.007) and PsA (ß = 0.036; 95%CI (0.015-0.058); p = 0.001) but not in those with AS (ß = 0.001; 95%CI (-0.03-0.03); p = 0.926) was found. Disease activity was associated with female sex and rheumatoid factor in RA and with Psoriasis Area Severity Index and enthesitis in PsA. CONCLUSIONS: BMI is associated with disease activity in RA and PsA, but not in AS. Given that obesity is a potentially modifiable factor, adequate control of body weight can improve the outcome of patients with CIRD and, therefore, weight control should be included in the management strategy of these patients.

Biologic Therapy in Refractory Non-Multiple Sclerosis Optic Neuritis Isolated or Associated to Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. A Multicenter Study.

We aimed to assess the efficacy of biologic therapy in refractory non-Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Optic Neuritis (ON), a condition more infrequent, chronic and severe than MS ON. This was an open-label multicenter study of patients with non-MS ON refractory to systemic corticosteroids and at least one conventional immunosuppressive drug. The main outcomes were Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) and both Macular Thickness (MT) and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). These outcome variables were assessed at baseline, 1 week, and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after biologic therapy initiation. Remission was defined as the absence of ON symptoms and signs that lasted longer than 24 h, with or without an associated new lesion on magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium contrast agents for at least 3 months. We studied 19 patients (11 women/8 men; mean age, 34.8 ± 13.9 years). The underlying diseases were Bechet's disease (n = 5), neuromyelitis optica (n = 3), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 2), sarcoidosis (n = 1), relapsing polychondritis (n = 1) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody -associated vasculitis (n = 1). It was idiopathic in 6 patients. The first biologic agent used in each patient was: adalimumab (n = 6), rituximab (n = 6), infliximab (n = 5) and tocilizumab (n = 2). A second immunosuppressive drug was simultaneously used in 11 patients: methotrexate (n = 11), azathioprine (n = 2), mycophenolate mofetil (n = 1) and hydroxychloroquine (n = 1). Improvement of the main outcomes was observed after 1 year of therapy when compared with baseline data: mean ± SD BCVA (0.8 ± 0.3 LogMAR vs. 0.6 ± 0.3 LogMAR; p = 0.03), mean ± SD RNFL (190.5 ± 175.4 µm vs. 183.4 ± 139.5 µm; p = 0.02), mean ± SD MT (270.7 ± 23.2 µm vs. 369.6 ± 137.4 µm; p = 0.03). Besides, the median (IQR) prednisone-dose was also reduced from 40 (10-61.5) mg/day at baseline to. 2.5 (0-5) mg/day after one year of follow-up; p = 0.001. After a mean ± SD follow-up of 35 months, 15 patients (78.9%) achieved ocular remission, and 2 (10.5%) experienced severe adverse events. Biologic therapy is effective in patients with refractory non-MS ON.

Anti-IL-6 Receptor Tocilizumab in Refractory Graves' Orbitopathy: National Multicenter Observational Study of 48 Patients.

Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease (GD). Our aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of Tocilizumab (TCZ) in GO refractory to conventional therapy. This was an open-label multicenter study of glucocorticoid-resistant GO treated with TCZ. The main outcomes were the best-corrected visual acuity (BVCA), Clinical Activity Score (CAS) and intraocular pressure (IOP). These outcome variables were assessed at baseline, 1st, 3rd, 6th and 12th month after TCZ therapy onset. The severity of GO was assessed according to the European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). We studied 48 (38 women and 10 men) patients (95 eyes); mean age ± standard deviation 51 ± 11.8 years. Before TCZ and besides oral glucocorticoids, they had received IV methylprednisolone (n = 43), or selenium (n = 11). GO disease was moderate (n =29) or severe (n = 19) and dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) (n = 7). TCZ was used in monotherapy (n = 45) or combined (n = 3) at a dose of 8 mg/kg IV every four weeks (n = 43) or 162 mg/s.c. every week (n = 5). TCZ yielded a significant improvement in all of the main outcomes at the 1st month that was maintained at one year. Comparing the baseline with data at 1 year all of the variables improved; BCVA (0.78 ± 0.25 vs. 0.9 ± 0.16; p = 0.0001), CAS (4.64 ± 1.5 vs. 1.05 ± 1.27; p = 0.0001) and intraocular pressure (IOP) (19.05 ± 4.1 vs. 16.73 ± 3.4 mmHg; p = 0.007). After a mean follow-up of 16.1 ± 2.1 months, low disease activity (CAS ≤ 3), was achieved in 88 eyes (92.6%) and TCZ was withdrawn in 29 cases due to low disease activity (n = 25) or inefficacy (n = 4). No serious adverse events were observed. In conclusion, TCZ is a useful and safe therapeutic option in refractory GO treatment.

Noninfectious aortitis: Experience with tocilizumab in a regional hospital. / Aortitis no infecciosa: experiencia con tocilizumab en un hospital comarcal.

OBJECTIVES: Describe patients with noninfectious aortitis and their response to treatment in a regional hospital. METHODS: Review of patients with noninfectious aortitis, diagnostic technique used and immunosuppressive therapy received. RESULTS: We report 8 patients (7 women and one man) diagnosed with aortitis by positron emission tomography (PET). The mean age was 69years (interquartile range [IQR] 62-72.2). Three months of treatment with tocilizumab improved symptoms, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level (P<.001 and P<.012, respectively) in the 6 patients in whom it was used. CONCLUSIONS: Tocilizumab was an effective and safe treatment in those patients diagnosed with aortitis refractory to steroids and conventional immunosuppressive therapy.

Comparative Study of Infliximab Versus Adalimumab in Refractory Uveitis due to Behçet's Disease: National Multicenter Study of 177 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of infliximab (IFX) versus adalimumab (ADA) as a first-line biologic drug over 1 year of treatment in a large series of patients with refractory uveitis due to Behçet's disease (BD). METHODS: We conducted an open-label multicenter study of IFX versus ADA for BD-related uveitis refractory to conventional nonbiologic treatment. IFX or ADA was chosen as the first-line biologic agent based on physician and patient agreement. Patients received 3-5 mg/kg intravenous IFX at 0, 2, and 6 weeks and every 4-8 weeks thereafter, or 40 mg subcutaneous ADA every other week without a loading dose. Ocular parameters were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The study included 177 patients (316 affected eyes), of whom 103 received IFX and 74 received ADA. There were no significant baseline differences between treatment groups in main demographic features, previous therapy, or ocular sign severity. After 1 year of therapy, we observed an improvement in all ocular parameters in both groups. However, patients receiving ADA had significantly better outcomes in some parameters, including improvement in anterior chamber inflammation (92.31% versus 78.18% for IFX; P = 0.06), improvement in vitritis (93.33% versus 78.95% for IFX; P = 0.04), and best-corrected visual acuity (mean ± SD 0.81 ± 0.26 versus 0.67 ± 0.34 for IFX; P = 0.001). A nonsignificant difference was seen for macular thickness (mean ± SD 250.62 ± 36.85 for ADA versus 264.89 ± 59.74 for IFX; P = 0.15), and improvement in retinal vasculitis was similar between the 2 groups (95% for ADA versus 97% for IFX; P = 0.28). The drug retention rate was higher in the ADA group (95.24% versus 84.95% for IFX; P = 0.042). CONCLUSION: Although both IFX and ADA are efficacious in refractory BD-related uveitis, ADA appears to be associated with better outcomes than IFX after 1 year of follow-up.

Abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and interstitial lung disease: A national multicenter study of 63 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the most serious complications of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of abatacept (ABA) in patients with ILD associated to RA. METHODS: National multicenter, non-controlled, open-label registry study of RA patients with ILD treated with ABA. RESULTS: 63 patients (36 women) with RA-associated ILD undergoing ABA therapy were studied. The mean ± standard deviation age at the time of the study was 63.2 ± 9.8 years. The median duration of RA and ILD from diagnosis were 6.8 and 1 year, respectively. RA was seropositive in 55 patients (87.3%). In 15 (23.8%) of 63 patients the development of ILD was closely related to the administration of synthetic or biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. After a follow-up of 9.4 ± 3.2 months, two-thirds of patients remained stable whereas one-quarter experienced improvement in the Modified Medical Research Council scale. At that time forced vital capacity remained stable in almost two-thirds of patents and improved in one out of five patients assessed. Also, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide remained stable in almost two-thirds and showed improvement in a quarter of the patients assessed. At 12 months, 50% of the 22 patients in whom chest HRCT scan was performed due persistence of respiratory symptoms showed stabilization, 8 (36.4%) improvement and 3 worsening of the HRCT scan pattern. Eleven of 63 patients had to discontinue ABA, mainly due to adverse events. CONCLUSION: ABA appears to be an effective in RA-associated ILD.

Secondary macrophage activation syndrome due to autoimmune, hematologic, infectious and oncologic diseases. Thirteen case series and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the demographic characteristics and disorders of patients with diagnosis of Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS) in the December 2008 - January 2014 period. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed from diagnosis of MAS and after discharge until January 2014. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the primary disease: Autoimmune (AI), Hemato - oncologic (HO), Infectious (Inf) and Oncologic (Onc). The variables were analyzed among the 4 groups and between AI and HO. RESULTS: Thirteen patients [7 men, with a median of 54 years (32-63)] were studied. The etiologies were: 5 AI, 5 HO, 2 Inf. and 1 Onc. disease. Hemophagocitc cells were found in the ascitic fluid of one patient. A patient with MAS secondary to IgG4-related disease was found. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality, prognosis and disease progression may be influenced by the delay in diagnosis, treatment initiation and etiology of MAS. HO ill patients had a worse prognosis.

Efficacy of Anakinra in Refractory Adult-Onset Still's Disease: Multicenter Study of 41 Patients and Literature Review.

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is often refractory to standard therapy. Anakinra (ANK), an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, has demonstrated efficacy in single cases and small series of AOSD. We assessed the efficacy of ANK in a series of AOSD patients. Multicenter retrospective open-label study. ANK was used due to lack of efficacy to standard synthetic immunosuppressive drugs and in some cases also to at least 1 biologic agent. Forty-one patients (26 women/15 men) were recruited. They had a mean age of 34.4 ± 14 years and a median [interquartile range (IQR)] AOSD duration of 3.5 [2-6] years before ANK onset. At that time the most common clinical features were joint manifestations 87.8%, fever 78%, and cutaneous rash 58.5%. ANK yielded rapid and maintained clinical and laboratory improvement. After 1 year of therapy, the frequency of joint and cutaneous manifestations had decreased to 41.5% and to 7.3% respectively, fever from 78% to 14.6%, anemia from 56.1% to 9.8%, and lymphadenopathy from 26.8% to 4.9%. A dramatic improvement of laboratory parameters was also achieved. The median [IQR] prednisone dose was also reduced from 20 [11.3-47.5] mg/day at ANK onset to 5 [0-10] at 12 months. After a median [IQR] follow-up of 16 [5-50] months, the most important side effects were cutaneous manifestations (n = 8), mild leukopenia (n = 3), myopathy (n = 1), and infections (n = 5). ANK is associated with rapid and maintained clinical and laboratory improvement, even in nonresponders to other biologic agents. However, joint manifestations are more refractory than the systemic manifestations.