Comparative Study of the Influence of Dental Implant Design on the Stress and Strain Distribution using the Finite Element Method.

Background: One emerging and important research method for biomechanical assessments in biological investigations is the finite element analysis (FEA). It is the best technique for simulating intricate structures and examining their mechanical characteristics. Aim: This study was conducted to compare the V-shaped design and square thread design regarding their influence on the stress and strain distribution using the finite element method. Methods and Materials: Forty dental implants with two different designs were used. These designs were V-shaped design and square design. Utilizing Creo 2.0, cortical bone, cancellous bone, and implants were modeled. FEM analysis was performed on forty model assemblies. Results: It was observed that mean load 1 values for squared thread design were lesser as compared to V-shaped thread design at coronal one-third middle one-third and apical one-third in the cancellous bone as well as implant surface. Conclusion: The design of implant is an important factor influencing the stress and strain distribution using the finite element method with a square design showing reduced concentration.

Evaluation of the Importance of Genetic Polymorphisms in Genes Expressing Cancer-Metabolizing Enzymes (Cyp1a1 and Gstm1) in Oral Submucous Fibrosis.

Background: Genetic polymorphisms are common and contribute significantly to human illnesses. Aim: This study was carried out to evaluate the importance of genetic variations in the genes expressing cancer-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A1 and GSTM1) in individuals experiencing oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Methods and Materials: Based on the clinical and histological characteristics of OSMF, 40 patients were chosen for the study; 10 of these patients had considerable polymorphism and malignant transformation; therefore, they were placed in a different group. After receiving written agreement, 30 normal subject patients were also picked for the study. For both normal and OSMF patients, tissue samples and 2 ml of peripheral venous blood were drawn from the arm vein and placed in a heparinized test tube. Electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel was used to verify genomic DNA. Results: The GSTM1 polymorphism, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 10.41% and 15.27% in normal subjects. The GSTM1 polymorphsm, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 16.21% and 8.14% in early OSMF. The GSTM1 polymorphsm, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 20.31% and 28.56% in moderate OSMF. The GSTM1 polymorphsm, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 8.12% and 12.54% in moderate OSMF. Finally, GSTM1 polymorphism was 60.47% in OSMF+ CA, while CYP1A1 polymorphism was 40.21%. The GSTM1 gene polymorphism and CYP1A1 gene polymorphism were maximum in OSMF+ CA category. Conclusion: There is a significant role of genetic variations in the genes expressing cancer-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A1) and GSTM1 in individuals experiencing OSMF.

Evaluation of the Role of Oral Microbes in Pathogenesis of Oral Lichen Planus.

Background: The pathophysiology and etiology of oral lichen planus (OLP) are still unknown, despite the fact that the condition's progression has been connected to a T-cell-based immune response. Research has focused on variables, such as oral bacteria, that may cause an autoimmune reaction with conflicting results. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the role of oral microorganisms in the pathogenesis of OLP. Materials and Methods: In this study, 82 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of histopathologically confirmed cases of OLP and 20 such specimens of normal healthy subjects were obtained. Immunohistochemistry was carried out for the identification of microorganisms. Results: Candida albicans was observed in 47.12% of OLP cases and 9.43% of healthy controls. Helicobacter pylori was discovered in 45.21% of OLP cases and 13.46% of healthy controls. Periodontopathogenic bacteria was found in 33.14% of OLP cases and 13.45% of healthy controls. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 was noticed in 38.12% of OLP cases and 11.24% in the control group. HPV-18 was found in 32.43% of OLP patients and 11.43% in the control group. Mycoplasma salivarium was found in 46.47% of OLP patients and 6.45% in control. Conclusion: It was observed that several microorganisms like H. pylori, C. albicans, M. salivarium, periodontopathogenic bacteria, HPV-16, and HPV-18 were found to be related to OLP.

Investigation of Genetic Markers for Predicting Oral Cancer Progression and Patient Outcomes.

Background: Genomic methylation being used as a sensitive indicator for identifying oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDS) and oral cancer could be a viable option. DNA methylation is a potential approach for "cancer therapeutics" and can help researchers truly understand the genomic mechanism that leads to cancer. Aim: Investigation of genetic markers for predicting oral cancer progression and patient outcomes. Methods and Materials: One hundred and twelve patients having oral premalignant lesions and malignant lesions were included in this study. Saliva samples were obtained for analysis of the expression of genetic markers, such as p16, DAP-K, and MGMT. The Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., USA) would be used to assess genome-wide DNA methylation according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results: Methylation of all the genes, that is, p16, DAP-K, and MGMT, was observed in 12.7% of oral cancer lesions. 41.94% of oral cancer lesions were found to have methylation of two genes. 13.23% cases were found to be associated with methylation of p16 and DAP-K, 12.12% cases were found to have methylation in the p16 and MGMT, and 15.27% cases of oral cancer lesions showed methylation of DAP-K and MGMT. Conclusion: Genetic markers, such as p53, DAP-K, and MGMT, can be used for predicting oral cancer progression and patient outcomes.

Assessment of Long-Term Success and Survival Rates of Different Types of Intracanal Medicaments.

Background: Antimicrobial endodontic intracanal medicaments play a vital role along with biomechanical preparation in the elimination of bacteria present in the pulp area to achieve success in endodontic therapy. Aim: The present research was conducted with the objective of evaluating and comparing intracanal medicaments regarding antibacterial properties against Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty healthy human premolars of the mandible were used. All premolar crowns were removed, keeping the standardized length of the root as 15 mm. Category 1 received triple antibiotic paste (TAP) (n = 30), Category 2 received double antibiotic paste (DAP) (n = 30), Category 3 received augmentin (n = 30), and Category 4 received calcium hydroxide (n = 30). Hygienic paper points were placed in each root canal, then they were moved to a tube containing 1 mL of brain-heart infusion medium and left there for bacteriological testing. Colony-forming units (CFUs) of E. faecalis were then observed and counted after the plates had been incubated overnight at a temperature of 37°C. Results: During intracategory comparisons, there was a significant reduction in colonies of E. feacilis in each category (P ≤ 0.001). When there were intercategory comparisons, there was a maximum reduction in CFU in specimens of Category 1 (TAP) followed by Category 3 (Augmentin) and Category 2 (DAP). Conclusion: Intracanal medicaments like TAP, DAP, and augmentin are effective against root canal E. faecalis.

Prevalence of Oral Lichen Planus in Patients with Hypothyroidism Versus Nonhypothyroidism.

Background: A chronic inflammatory illness known as oral lichen planus (OLP) affects approximately 1-2% of adults, with middle-aged women having a higher prevalence than men. One clinical endocrine condition that primary care doctors frequently see is hypothyroidism. Aim: To compare the prevalence of OLP among individuals with a previous diagnosis of hypothyroidism against those without hypothyroidism. Methods and Materials: A total of 1200 patients were included in this study. As per their medical reports, 600 patients included were found to have hypothyroidism. The rest 600 patients did not have hypothyroidism. All the patients underwent clinical examination and cases of OLP were identified according to the criteria of diagnosis of OLP. Results: Twenty (3.45%) study participants with hypothyroidism were found to have OLP. Eight (1.34%) study participants without hypothyroidism were found to have OLP of 2.37 (confidence interval: 0.91-6.23) and showed that the frequency of lichen planus in study participants with hypothyroidism was 2.37 times greater than that without hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Prevalence of lichen planus in persons with hypothyroidism was greater than that without hypothyroidism.

Effectiveness of Miniscrew-Supported Molar Intrusion: A Clinical Study.

Mini-screws, also known as temporary anchorage devices (TADs), offer enhanced control and versatility in orthodontic treatment by providing stable anchorage points. This clinical study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of mini-screw-supported molar intrusion in orthodontic practice. For this clinical study, a cohort of 40 orthodontic patients with various malocclusions requiring molar intrusion as part of their treatment plan was recruited. The age range of the participants spanned from 14 to 35 years, representing a diverse patient population. The intervention involved the implementation of mini-screw-supported molar intrusion on one side of the maxillary arch in each patient. To achieve this, temporary mini-screws were strategically placed, and a combination of orthodontic forces and mini-screw anchorage was employed to intrude the molars. The primary outcome measure for this study was the amount of molar intrusion achieved, which was quantified in millimeters from the initial evaluation to the final visit. Additionally, the duration of treatment required to achieve the desired molar intrusion was recorded in months. The results of this clinical study demonstrated that mini-screw-supported molar intrusion was an effective and safe orthodontic technique. On average, a significant mean molar intrusion amount of 4.8 mm (standard deviation [SD] ± 0.6) was achieved with the mini-screw-supported approach. Furthermore, the treatment duration required to attain the desired molar intrusion was relatively short, with a mean of 6.2 months (SD ± 1.1). In conclusion, this clinical study provides evidence that mini-screw-supported molar intrusion is an effective and safe approach in orthodontic practice. It offers orthodontists the advantage of enhanced control and predictability in molar intrusion procedures.

Creating and Testing a New Computer Vision System for Detecting Dental Problems in Orthodontic Patients.

Aim: The research project focuses on the creation and assessment of an innovative computer vision system designed to identify dental irregularities in individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: To establish the computer vision system, a comprehensive dataset of dental images was collected, encompassing various orthodontic cases. The system's algorithm was trained to recognize patterns indicative of common dental anomalies, such as malocclusions, spacing issues, and misalignments. Rigorous testing and refinement of the algorithm were conducted to enhance its accuracy and reliability. Results: The validation of the system was carried out using the dental records and images of the 40 patients. The computer vision system's performance was evaluated against assessments made by experienced orthodontists. The results demonstrated a commendable level of concurrence between the system's automated detections and the orthodontists' evaluations, suggesting its potential as a valuable diagnostic tool. Conclusion: In conclusion, the development and validation of this novel computer vision system exhibit promising outcomes in its ability to automatically detect dental anomalies in orthodontic patients.

Effectiveness of photosensitized curcumin fibers, aloevera, amla juice and panchatulsi in disinfecting guttapercha cones.

Herbal remedies have demonstrated remarkable effects as anti-diabetic, anticancer, antimicrobials, immunological modulatory agent in liver problems, respiratory illnesses, and as beauty agents. The need for more affordable, readily accessible, and alternative medicines has led to a rise in the recognition of herbal drugs. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of photosensitized curcumin fibers, Aloevera, Amla Juice and Pancha Tulsi in disinfecting guttapercha (GP) cones. It was observed that all experimental disinfectants were found to have greater antimicrobial action than the positive control in which no disinfectant was used. The order of antimicrobial action among different experimental disinfectants against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis in disinfection of GP cones was in following order PanchaTulsi>Curcumin fibers >Amla juice > Aloe vera. It was concluded that all herbal disinfectants were found to have antimicrobial effectiveness in disinfection of GP cones with Panchtulsi having maximum disinfectant ability followed by photosensitized curcumin fibres.

Analysis of salivary alpha-L-fucosidase and salic acid among oral sub-mucous fibrosis patients.

The salivary concentrations of alpha L fucosidase (AFU) and salic acid (SA) in oral submucous fibrosis patients and compare it with healthy controls is of interest to dentists. 40 patients of OSMF and 40 healthy controls were included. Estimation of AFU and SA in saliva and serum was carried out in every patient. The serum level of AFU was 37.4±26.8 in OSMF patients and saliva level of AFU was 35.4±14.5. The serum level of AFU was 19.2±4.3 in control group and saliva level of AFU was 35.4±14.5 in control group. The serum level of SA was 20.32±2.71 in OSMF patients and saliva level of SA was 18.21±2.40. The serum level of SA was 4.89 ±1.17 in control group and saliva level of SA was 3.13 ±1.04 in control group. Estimation of concentration of SA and AFU in saliva can be effective biomarker in diagnosis of OSMF.

Antimicrobial activity of laser assisted endodontic therapy in disinfecting root canals.

Light Amplified Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is nowadays widely studied regarding their use in endodontics and restorative dentistry. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the antibacterial activity of three types of LASERs namely CO2 LASER.Er, Cr:YSGG LASER and Diode LASER in disinfection of root canals. 70 patients (105 single rooted teeth) were included in the study. There was application of 2% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2780 nm Er,Cr:YSGG LASER, 900 nm Diode LASER and CO2 LASER. Microbial samples were collected from root canals both before and after the interventions through paper points. These parameters were evaluated in microbiology laboratory to obtain Log10 Colony Forming Units (CFUs). There was significant reduction in CFUs of microorganisms inside root canal in all three LASERs evaluated and NaOCl. The reduction in CFUs in LASERs was comparable to NaOCl. Then secondly we applied each LASER in combination with NaOCl. It was observed that reduction in CFU was greater when combination of LASER with NaOCl was applied as compared when applied alone. It can be inferred that LASER when applied with NaOCl can have significant role in disinfection of root canals.

Clinical Evaluation of Role of Laser in Soft Tissue Surgical Guide for Implant Placement.

Background: Applying automated laser ablation procedures with pulsed, electronically administered diode laser equipment, and large-area masking results in highly aligned, uniform microstructures on these surfaces. Aim: Clinical evaluation of role of laser in soft tissue surgical guide for implant placement. Methods and Materials: This study included 30 patients with dental implants in their oral cavity. These patients were divided into two categories. Category 1: Control where laser was not used for soft tissue guide. Category 2: Laser group where laser was used for soft tissue guide. There was the evaluation of bleeding index, plaque index, probing depth, and crestal bone loss in each patient at 3-month follow-up, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up by the same clinician. Results: There was decline in values of bleeding index, plaque index, and probing depth in both control group and laser group at 3-month follow-up, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up. However, the decline in values was more pronounced in laser group. There was more increase in crestal bone loss as time progressed in control group while the increase in crestal bone loss in laser group was minimal as time progressed. Conclusion: Laser can be applied successfully in soft tissue surgical guide for implant placement as it gives better results regarding soft tissue health and crestal bone loss.

Exploring the use of Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) in Maxillofacial Reconstructions.

Background: Virtual surgical planning (VSG), also known as computer-assisted reconstruction, has started to become the norm for more complex patients in many centers in recent times. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the VSG in maxillofacial reconstruction surgery. Methods and Materials: This study included 20 patients who underwent surgery for maxillofacial reconstruction. The study participants were divided into two main categories: Category 1: Conventional surgical planning (CSG). Category 2: VSG. The surgical planning in both categories, including the evaluation of volume of defect, length, width, and height of graft, to be placed. Results: The gap between defect to be reconstructed and graft placed was greater in CSG as compared to VSG. The distance of graft from actual location was lesser in VSG as compared to CSG. The findings were significant statistically. Frequency of success was 93.21% and 97.47%, respectively. The frequency of success was greater in VSG as compared to CSG. Conclusion: Virtual surgical planning is more effective in maxillofacial reconstruction surgery.

Clinical Evaluation of the Long-Term Survival and Success Rates of Different Types of Implant-Supported Prostheses.

Background: Dental implants have been essential to the therapy of patients who are partially edentulous. Aim: Clinical evaluation of the long-term survival and success rates of different types of implant-supported prostheses. Materials and Methods: Patients who had a healthy edentulous ridge of three missing teeth in the posterior jaw in which two or three dental implants were placed having any of three prostheses, namely, three-unit fixed dental prostheses (FPD) on two implants, three splinted crowns on three implants, and three splinted crowns on three implants were included. Results: The survival rate in all patients with dental implants having different types of prostheses was 94.9%. The survival rate in FPD, three splinted crowns, and three nonsplinted crowns was 100, 88.5, and 93.6% respectively. Conclusion: FPD loaded on two dental implants was found to have a greater long-term survival rate and success rate with a lower frequency of peri-implantitis and prosthodontic complications.

Investigating the Effects of Various Root Canal Irrigation Solutions on Tissue Dissolution and Microbial Control.

Background: Both the mechanical cleansing effect and the irrigants' capacity to disintegrate tissue are necessary for irrigation to be successful. Strong antibacterial but not poisonous to the periapical tissues and increased pulp tissue dissolution irrigant are all desirable qualities in an irrigant. Aim: To assess and compare the antibacterial properties and pulp tissue dissolving activity of various irrigation solutions. Methods and Materials: A total of 240 human mandibular permanent premolar teeth that were extracted recently for periodontal or orthodontic reasons were used in this investigation. Following irrigation, blood agar plates were used to conduct colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of the microorganism breeding colonies. Next, log CFU was computed. Before evaluating the ability of the five distinct irrigants utilized in this investigation to dissolve the frozen pulp tissues, the tissues were first smashed into smaller pieces using a mallet. Results: The bacterial count after irrigation in category 1 (normal saline), category 2 (aqueous ozone), category 3 (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)), category 4 (chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX)), category 5 (super-oxidized water), and category 6 (sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)) was 6.08 ± 0.87 log CFU mL-1, 0.92 ± 0.89 log CFU mL-1, 4.15 ± 0.20 log CFU mL-1, 3.34 ± 0.46 log CFU mL-1, 0.21 ± 0.52 log CFU mL-1, and 0.00 ± 0.00 log CFU mL-1, respectively. Conclusion: NaOCl has maximum antimicrobial reduction and pulp tissue dissolution property.

Implant abutment using hand drivers versus torque wrench.

The most frequent instrument used to begin tightening screws is a manually regulated screwdriver. Regarding manually regulated screwdrivers, predicted margins of error vary between fifteen percent to forty eight percent. Mechanical Torque restricting devices can consistently produce the requisite torques. As a result, devices like wrenches are needed to achieve the desirable values of torque. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the torque difference between handheld drivers and torque wrench and thereby its effect on the internal threads of implant surface.120 blocks was prepared from an autopolymerizing type of acrylic material each with a dimension of 1 inch. The centre of each block was affixed with analogue of dental impalnts with dimensions of 3.5 mm width and 13 mm length. With 60 specimens each, these models were split into two categories: hand torque specimens category and torque wrench specimens category. A stereomicroscope was used to look at the implant analog's internal threading architecture at a magnification of 100. At the bottom and top, four threads were spaced apart by a certain amount. Biowizard software was used for the assessment, and the results were recorded. Threads on the internal surface of dental implants were produced once more following torquing the implant's impression, and the stereomicroscope was used to quantify the separation between the 4 threads. Statistics were used to correlate the readings. All study participants' hand torque as well as torque wrench measurements were documented and statistical analysis was performed on them. When there was statistical analysis of the measurements then it was observed that mean values of torque in specimens included category of manual torque application was found out to be 33.6 ± 6.510 Ncm. On the other hand the mean values of torque in specimens included in category of torque application by torque wrench were found out to be 33.57 ± 3.472 Ncm. The outcome showed operator heterogeneity for both categories and operator variance when using a manual driver to generate torque. One independent - sample t test was used to contrast the mean data between the two categories, and P< 0.05 was chosen to determine whether the intergroup difference was meaningful. Because the torque values obtained with hand tightening were uneven, it may be concluded that different levels of hand torquing skill caused the torque to fluctuate. The torque wrench device displayed the desired torque data in the range that the manufacturer had advised. However, utilising manual drivers and a mechanical torque instrument did not cause any modifications to thread on the internal surface, and it rarely underwent significant deformation during the preliminary tightening torque readings. Thus, given that manually hand regulated drivers create a range of torques, it may be inferred that the employment of mechanical torque restricting instruments should be required.

Evaluation of different aesthetic indices for planning orthodontic treatment.

Three aesthetic indices namely aesthetic component of index of orthodontic treatment needs (IOTN -AC), dental aesthetic index (DAI) and dental aesthetics screening index (DESI) were compared in orthodontic treatment. 242 participants (160 female and 82 male) who were interested in orthodontic treatment participated. The individuals' ages ranged from 16-25 years. Three aesthetic indices namely IOTN -AC, DAI and DESI were evaluated for each participant. The overall accuracy of DAI, AC-IOTN and DESI in assessment of dental aesthetics in orthodontic treatment was 62%, 68% and 64% respectively. The Negative predictive value (NPV) was higher than Positive predictive value (PPV) for all indices. The sensitivity was greater than specificity for all indices. It was observed that values of sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were high for AC-IOTN. The findings were significant statistically (p<0.05).

Management of zygomatic fractures using different surgical approaches.

Management of zygomatic complex fractures using closed reduction, two point open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF), closed reduction with three point ORIF and two point ORIF is of interest to dentist. 150 patients with zygomatic bone fractures between the ages of 14-60 years were included in the study. At final assessment, the percentage of stable condition was greater in closed reduction + two point ORIF and closed reduction + three point ORIF when compared to two point ORIF alone and three point ORIF alone and closed reduction alone. It was observed that stable condition was lowest in closed reduction alone. It was also observed that stable condition was lower in closed reduction + two point ORIF as compared to closed reduction + three point ORIF. It was also further noticed that stable condition was lower in two point ORIF alone as compared to three point ORIF alone. The treatment approach involving closed reduction and three point ORIF had better outcomes for management of zygomatic complex fractures.

Evaluation of immuno-histochemical markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Evaluation of immuno-histochemical (IHC) markers like p53, p63, PDPN, C-erb-B2, CK19, and VEGF in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCs) is of interest to dentists. Sixty formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks from the Department of Oral Pathology, New Horizon Dental College and Research, Institute, Sakri, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India. The conventional IHC method was used to assess the expression of p53, p63, PDPN, C- erb-B2, CK19 and VEGF using the different antibodies. Data shows that P53, p63 had high values of labeling index (LI) of staining while PDPN, C-erb-B2 had low values of LI of staining. The values of LI of staining for CK19, and VEGF were in between the two types of IHCs. Combining the analysis of multiple IHC markers for OSCC can yield precise cancer diagnosis results.

Cryotherapy for oral potentially malignant disorders.

Four surgical treatment modalities namely cryosurgery, scalpel and blade surgery, diode LASER surgery and CO2 LASER surgery in the management of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) in terms of healing outcomes post operatively and recurrence is evaluated. The study included sixty outpatients whose biopsies revealed OPMDs (oral lichen planus, homogeneous leukoplakia, non-homogenous leukoplakia and erythroplakia). There is decrease in post-operative pain and oedema in all four treatment categories at one week follow up and two week follow up. It was observed that pain was low in cryosurgery treatment category at day of surgery as well as at one week of follow up as compared to diode LASER and CO2 LASER. Observations from the study highlights that all four surgical modalities used in this study were effective for treatment of OPMDs, and the overall summation of the results of the study showed that cryotherapy seems to offer better clinically significant results than laser therapy.