RESUMO
Human adenovirus (HAdV) is one of the causative viruses of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children worldwide. Species F is known to be enteric adenovirus (genotypes 40 and 41) detected in stool samples. In Japan, we conducted an epidemiological study and molecular characterization of HAdV before and after the COVID-19 pandemic from 2017 to 2023. Among 821 patients, HAdV was detected in 118 AGE cases (14.4%). During a period of 6 years, the HAdV detection rates for each year were relatively low at 3.7% and 0%, in 2017-2018, and 2020-2021, respectively. However, the detection rate increased to remarkably high rates, ranging from 13.3% to 27.3% in the other 4-year periods. Of these HAdV-positive strains, 83.1% were F41 genotypes and 16.9% were other genotypes (A31, B3, C1, C2/C6, and C5). Phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the full-length hexon gene demonstrated that HAdV-F41 strains were comprised of three clades, and each clade was distributed across the study period from 2017 to 2023. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of the hexon gene of the representative HAdV-F41 strains from each clade revealed numerous amino acid substitutions across hypervariable regions (HVRs) from HVR-1 to HVR-7, two insertions in HVR-1 and HVR-7, and two deletions in HVR-1 and HVR-2 of the hexon gene compared to those of the prototype strain, particularly, those of clade 3 HAdV-F41 strains. The findings suggested that the HAdV-F41 of each clade was stable, conserved, and co-circulated for over two decades in Japan.
Assuntos
Infecções por Adenoviridae , Infecções por Adenovirus Humanos , Adenovírus Humanos , Gastroenterite , Criança , Humanos , Adenoviridae/genética , Japão/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Pandemias , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Adenovírus Humanos/genética , Infecções por Adenoviridae/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Infecções por Adenovirus Humanos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Norovirus (NoV) genogroup II, polymerase type P31, capsid genotype 4, Sydney_2012 variant (GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012) has been circulating at high levels for over a decade, raising the question of whether this strain is undergoing molecular alterations without demonstrating a substantial phylogenetic difference. Here, we applied next-generation sequencing to learn more about the genetic diversity of 14 GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012 strains that caused epidemics in a specific region of Japan, with 12 from Kyoto and 2 from Shizuoka, between 2012 and 2022, with an emphasis on amino acid (aa) differences in all three ORFs. We found numerous notable aa alterations in antigenic locations in the capsid region (ORF2) as well as in other ORFs. In all three ORFs, earlier strains (2013-2016) remained phylogenetically distinct from later strains (2019-2022). This research is expected to shed light on the evolutionary properties of dominating GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012 strains, which could provide useful information for viral diarrhea prevention and treatment.
Assuntos
Evolução Molecular , Norovirus , Japão/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Evolução Biológica , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Norovirus/genéticaRESUMO
Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Over 30 different genotypes, mostly from genogroup I (GI) and II (GII), have been shown to infect humans. Despite three decades of genome sequencing, our understanding of the role of genomic diversification across continents and time is incomplete. To close the spatiotemporal gap of genomic information of human noroviruses, we conducted a large-scale genome-wide analyses that included the nearly full-length sequencing of 281 archival viruses circulating since the 1970s in over 10 countries from four continents, with a major emphasis on norovirus genotypes that are currently underrepresented in public genome databases. We provided new genome information for 24 distinct genotypes, including the oldest genome information from 12 norovirus genotypes. Analyses of this new genomic information, together with those publicly available, showed that (i) noroviruses evolve at similar rates across genomic regions and genotypes; (ii) emerging viruses evolved from transiently-circulating intermediate viruses; (iii) diversifying selection on the VP1 protein was recorded in genotypes with multiple variants; (iv) non-structural proteins showed a similar branching on their phylogenetic trees; and (v) contrary to the current understanding, there are restrictions on the ability to recombine different genomic regions, which results in co-circulating populations of viruses evolving independently in human communities. This study provides a comprehensive genetic analysis of diverse norovirus genotypes and the role of non-structural proteins on viral diversification, shedding new light on the mechanisms of norovirus evolution and transmission.
Assuntos
Genoma Viral/genética , Norovirus/genética , Evolução Biológica , Evolução Molecular , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , HumanosRESUMO
Saffold virus (SAFV) and human cosavirus (HCoSV) are emerging viruses of the Picornaviridae family. They have been shown to associate with gastrointestinal infection and more recently these viruses have also been demonstrated to associate with other clinical infections such as the respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, and the cerebral ventricular system. In this study, 2459 stool specimens collected from pediatric patients admitted to hospitals with acute gastroenteritis from January 2017 to December 2022, were screened for SAFV and HCoSV utilizing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Positive samples were then characterized into genotypes via nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Of the 2459 samples, 21 and 39 were positive for SAFV (0.9%) and HCoSV (1.6%), respectively. Three genotypes of SAFV were identified-SAFV-1 (38%), SAFV-2 (24%), and SAFV-3 (38%). Two genetic groups of HCoSV were identified-HCoSV-C (97%) and HCoSV-A (3%), demonstrating a large increase of HCoSV-C as compared to those reported previously from the same geographical region in Thailand. This study provides the prevalence of SAFV and HCoSV genotypes in Chiang Mai, Thailand during a period of 6 years from 2017 to 2022.
Assuntos
Gastroenterite , Infecções por Picornaviridae , Picornaviridae , Criança , Humanos , Infecções por Picornaviridae/epidemiologia , Tailândia/epidemiologia , Fezes , Filogenia , Picornaviridae/genética , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , HospitaisRESUMO
Norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) are important pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in all age groups, commonly in children worldwide. Recently, a number of studies have reported a wide variety of NoV recombinant strains. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of NoV and SaV recombinant strains circulating in Chiang Mai, Thailand, during 2019-2020. One hundred and twenty-four NoV and seven SaV strains detected in children admitted to the hospital with AGE were included in this study. The partial RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp)/VP1 regions of these NoV and SaV strains were analyzed by phylogenetic analysis, Simplot, and RDP software. Overall, eight recombination patterns of NoV were detected. NoV GII.4[P16] was the most common strain detected (39.1%), followed by GII.3[P12] (25.0%), GII.4[P31] (17.2%), and other recombinant strains were detected at a lower rate. NoV GII.12[P16] strains were detected for the first time in Thailand. For SaV, none of the recombinant strains was detected. All SaV strains, GI.1/GI.1, GI.2/GI.2, and GII.5/GII.5, exhibited VP1 genotype corresponded to RdRp genotype. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the distribution and diversity of NoV and SaV recombinant strains circulating in pediatric patients with AGE in Chiang Mai, during 2019-2020 with the emergence of NoV GII.3[P12] and GII.12[P16].
Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae , Gastroenterite , Norovirus , Sapovirus , Criança , Humanos , Norovirus/genética , Tailândia/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Sapovirus/genética , Genótipo , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/genética , RNA , FezesRESUMO
An increasing trend of sapovirus (SaV) infections in Japanese children during 2009-2019, particularly after the introduction of the voluntary rotavirus (RV)-vaccination program has been observed. Herein, we investigated the epidemiological situation of SaV infections from 2019 to 2022 when people adopted a precautionary lifestyle due to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, and RV vaccines had been implemented as routine vaccines. Stool samples were collected from children who attended outpatient clinics with acute gastroenteritis and analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to determine viral etiology. Among 961 stool samples, 80 (8.3%) were positive for SaV: 2019-2020 (6.5%), 2020-2021 (0%), and 2021-2022 (12.8%). The trend of SaV infection in Japanese children yet remained upward with statistical significance (p = 0.000). The major genotype was GI.1 (75%) which caused a large outbreak in Kyoto between December 2021 and February 2022. Phylogenetic, gene sequence and deduced amino acid sequence analyses suggested that these GI.1 strains detected in the outbreak and other places during 2021-2022 or 2019-2020 remained genetically identical and widely spread. This study reveals that SaV infection is increasing among Japanese children which is a grave concern and demands immediate attention to be paid before SaV attains a serious public health problem.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Infecções por Caliciviridae , Sapovirus , Vacinas , Criança , Humanos , Sapovirus/genética , Japão/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Pandemias , Fezes , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Genótipo , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a global concern, causing widespread outbreaks and sporadic acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases across all age groups. Recent research has shed light on the emergence of novel recombinant strains of NoV in various countries. To delve deeper into this phenomenon, we extensively analyzed 1,175 stool samples collected from Japanese infants and children with AGE from six different prefectures in Japan over three years, from July 2018 to June 2021. Our investigation aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic characteristics of NoV associated with sporadic AGE while exploring the possibility of detecting NoV recombination events. Among the analyzed samples, we identified 355 cases positive for NoV, 11 cases attributed to GI genotypes, and 344 associated with GII genotypes. Notably, we discovered four distinct GI genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, and GI.6) and seven diverse GII genotypes (GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.14, and GII.17). The predominant genotypes were GII.4 (56.4%; 194 out of 344), followed by GII.2 and GII.3. Through dual genotyping based on sequencing of the ORF1/ORF2 junction region, we identified a total of 14 different RdRp/capsid genotypes. Of particular interest were the prevalent recombinant genotypes GII.4[P31] and GII.2[P16]. Notably, our study revealed a decrease in the number of children infected with NoV during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings underscore the importance of continuous NoV surveillance efforts.
Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae , Variação Genética , Norovirus , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , COVID-19 , Fezes/virologia , Genótipo , Japão/epidemiologia , Norovirus/classificação , Norovirus/genética , Filogenia , Prevalência , Adolescente , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genéticaRESUMO
Species A rotaviruses (RVAs) have been recognized as one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Here, the complete coding sequences of 11 RNA segments of an uncommon G9P[4] RVA strain, which was detected in feces of a diarrheal child in Japan, were determined by next-generation sequencing technology. Its genomic constellation, VP7-VP4-VP6-VP1-VP2-VP3-NSP1-NSP2-NSP3-NSP4-NSP5, was determined as G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2. This work reports the complete coding sequences of a G9P[4] RVA strain containing DS-1-like (genotype 2) genes that was isolated in Japan in 2013.
Assuntos
Infecções por Rotavirus , Rotavirus , Criança , Genoma Viral , Genótipo , Humanos , Japão , Filogenia , Rotavirus/genéticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Norovirus (NoV) is the most common agent causing outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis among all ages, especially children under 5 years old. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, NoV infection has decreased drastically in Japan due to school closures and no outbreak related to NoV infection had been reported. METHOD: In mid-September 2021, NoV outbreak occurred in kindergarten and nursery schools in Maizuru, Kyoto prefecture, Japan. Twenty-six stool samples collected from patients who were diagnosed of NoV gastroenteritis from the outbreak by an immunochromatographic (IC) kit at a pediatric outpatient clinic in Maizuru city during 3 weeks from September 13 to October 8, 2021 were examined for the presence of NoV GII by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), genome sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. RESULT: All 26 samples were confirmed positive to NoV GII and their genotypes were identified as GII.4 Sydney[P31]. The amino acid substitutions in open reading frame1 (ORF1) and ORF2 genes were found when compared with previously detected sporadic NoV GII.4 Sydney[P31] strains isolated in Japan. The clinical characterization of infected children was described. Most of the children were mild cases and vomiting was the most frequent clinical symptom. CONCLUSION: This study reported a recent emergence of NoV GII.4 Sydney[P31] causing acute gastroenteritis outbreak in children in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggests a need for further monitoring of NoV GII.4 variants.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Infecções por Caliciviridae , Gastroenterite , Norovirus , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fezes , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Norovirus/genética , Pandemias , FilogeniaRESUMO
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has been recognized as an important pathogen that causes respiratory infection and acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. HBoV is most likely transmitted by the respiratory route and by fecal-oral transmission. Recently, HBoV has been detected in several types of environmental water and in bivalve shellfish. However, study of the existence of HBoV in oysters is still undocumented in Thailand. In this study, 144 oyster samples collected from different markets in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in 2017 and 2018 were investigated for the presence of HBoV by nested PCR and sequencing. HBoV was detected in 11 out of 144 samples (7.6%). Nine HBoV-positive samples (81.8%) were identified as genotype 1 (HBoV1) and two (18.2%) as HBoV2. A monthly investigation of HBoV in oyster samples from July 2017 to June 2018 showed that HBoV was sporadically detected in particular months spanning the rainy and colder season, with a peak in January. This study demonstrates the presence and genotype diversity of HBoV in oyster samples in Thailand. The findings contribute to evaluating the risk of foodborne transmission of HBoV and to monitoring outbreaks of HBoV in Thailand and in other countries. IMPORTANCE Human bocavirus is recognized as an important cause of respiratory infection and of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Human bocavirus has been widely detected in many clinical specimens, as well as in several types of environmental samples. Most previous studies describe the incidence of bocavirus infection in humans, whereas few data are available for the occurrence of human bocavirus in food materials, particularly that in bivalve shellfish. Our findings provide evidence for the existence and prevalence of human bocavirus in oysters, suggesting that further monitoring of the potential risk of food- and waterborne transmission of this virus to humans should be undertaken.
Assuntos
Bocavirus Humano/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Animais , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/virologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Genótipo , Bocavirus Humano/classificação , Bocavirus Humano/genética , Humanos , Ostreidae/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Estações do Ano , Tailândia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Sapovirus (SaV) is one of the pathogens related to acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in adults and children worldwide. This study reported the diversity of SaV genotypes in children with AGE in Japan from July 2014 to June 2017. Of a total of 2259 stool samples tested by using reverse transcription-PCR method and further analyzed by nucleotide sequencing, 114 (5.0%) were positive for SaV and GI.1 (83.3%) was the most predominant genotype, followed by GII.1, GIV.1, GI.2, GI.3, and GII.3 genotypes. Monthly distribution analysis demonstrated two epidemic peaks from July to December 2015 and February to May 2017. However, no detection peak was observed in 2014 and 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete VP1 nucleotide sequences of these GI.1 strains revealed two major clusters of GI.1 and each of which contained GI.1 strains of both 2015 and 2017. This study suggests that the continuous surveillance of SaV is needed to monitor high genetic diversity in Japanese children with AGE.
Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Sapovirus/genética , Doença Aguda , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Fezes/virologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Prevalência , Reinfecção/epidemiologia , Reinfecção/virologia , Sapovirus/classificação , Estações do AnoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acute gastroenteritis is the most common cause of illness and death in infants and young children worldwide. Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in young children, especially in developing countries in Asia and Africa. METHODS: The presence of rotavirus antigens in sera of four unvaccinated pediatric patients, aged between 4 and 6 years with severe diarrhea and dehydration, were detected by using three immunochromatographic (IC) kits. In addition, the presence of anti-rotavirus IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies and their concentrations in patient sera were also determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RESULTS: All three kits could detect rotavirus antigen in patient sera with different intensity of the test lines. When patient sera were pretreated with anti-VP6 rotavirus mouse monoclonal antibody prior to testing, the rotavirus positive test lines disappeared, suggesting that all patient sera contained VP6 protein antigen of rotavirus. Assessment of antibody concentration in these patient sera revealed that all patient sera contained IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies against rotavirus antigen at different concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of rotavirus protein detection in the patient sera of one IC kit brand was comparable to those of the EIA, suggesting this IC kit could be an alternative screening method for rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection.
Assuntos
Gastroenterite , Infecções por Rotavirus , Rotavirus , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais , Antígenos Virais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fezes , Gastroenterite/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lactente , Camundongos , Infecções por Rotavirus/diagnósticoRESUMO
Species A rotaviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. Reassortment is a common phenomenon due to the segmented nature of the rotavirus genome. The complete coding sequences of a species A rotavirus strain isolated from the feces of a child with acute gastroenteritis in Japan in 2018 were determined using an unbiased viral metagenomics approach. The genetic analysis revealed that the rotavirus strain had an unusual genomic constellation (G1-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E2-H1), suggesting reassortment of a genotype 1 with a genotype 2 rotavirus, from which the NSP4-encoding gene was acquired.
Assuntos
Gastroenterite/virologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , Rotavirus , Toxinas Biológicas/genética , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética , Doença Aguda , Pré-Escolar , Evolução Molecular , Fezes/virologia , Variação Genética , Genoma Viral/genética , Humanos , Japão , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , Vírus Reordenados/classificação , Vírus Reordenados/genética , Vírus Reordenados/isolamento & purificação , Rotavirus/classificação , Rotavirus/genética , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To identify the risk factors of placental and fetal infections among HBsAg-positive women. METHODS: A prospective cohort study involving HBsAg-positive pregnant women was conducted. Maternal risk factors, including serum HBeAg status, anti-HBcIgM, and HBV-DNA levels, were determined. Placental infection was identified by PCR and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Fetal infection was defined as a positive umbilical cord blood HBV-DNA at birth. RESULTS: A total of 96 HBsAg-positive women were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of placental infection was high (44 of 96; 45.8%) among HBsAg-positive women. The major risk factors for placental infection were high maternal viral load and the presence of HBeAg. Fetal infection was detected in one quarter of HBsAg-positive women (25 of 95; 25.3%). The risk of fetal infection was strongly associated with placental infection (78.3%), high maternal viral load, and the presence of HBeAg. There was no significant difference in perinatal outcomes between the groups with and without placental infection. Data on rates of chronic HBV infection in infants after fetal infection were not available. CONCLUSION: A significant association between maternal measures of viral replication and placental and fetal infection was demonstrated. These findings suggest that transplacental infection prior to birth may be a mechanism contributing to the higher rates of newborn prophylaxis failure in women with a high viral load.
Assuntos
Doenças Fetais/virologia , Hepatite B Crônica/complicações , Hepatite B Crônica/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Doenças Placentárias/virologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/sangue , Antígenos E da Hepatite B/sangue , Vírus da Hepatite B/fisiologia , Hepatite B Crônica/dietoterapia , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Doenças Placentárias/diagnóstico , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Tenofovir/uso terapêutico , Tailândia , Carga ViralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Enteric viruses are responsible for waterborne and foodborne infections affecting a large number of people around the world. Picobirnavirus (PBV) is a highly versatile virus, detected in a wide range of hosts and has been reported to be associated with gastroenteritis in humans and animals. METHODS: Molecular screening of environmental water samples for PBV was performed over a period of two years from November 2016 to July 2018. The virus was detected by RT multiplex-PCR, nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Out of 125 water samples, 1.6% (2 samples) tested positive for PBV. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that both PBV strains detected in this study belonged to PBV genotype II and most closely related to the human PBV genotype II reference strains previously detected in China, the Netherlands, and the USA. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the first detection of PBV genotype II in environmental water in Thailand. Our result highlights the need for better sanitation and disposal of waste water within this area.
Assuntos
Água Doce/virologia , Picobirnavirus , Genótipo , Picobirnavirus/classificação , Picobirnavirus/genética , Picobirnavirus/isolamento & purificação , RNA Viral/análise , RNA Viral/genética , Tailândia , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
Norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) are recognized as the causative agents of acute gastroenteritis, and NoV is one of the leading pathogens reported worldwide. This study reports on the distribution of NoV and SaV genotypes in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand, from January 2015 to February 2017. From a total of 843 stool samples, 170 (20.2%) and 16 (1.9%) were identified as having NoV and SaV infections, respectively. Two samples (0.2%) were positive for both NoV and SaV. Of these, NoV GII.4 (57.2%) was the dominant genotype, followed by GII.2, GII.3, GII.17, GII.6, GII.7, GII.13, GII.14, GII.15, GII.21, GI.6, and GI.5. Among the NoV GII.4 variants, Sydney 2012 was the dominant variant during the period 2015-2016, while the other variants detected in this study were Asia 2003 and New Orleans 2009. Interestingly, an increase of NoV GII.2 was observed in 2016 and 2017. Characterization of partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and VP1 nucleotide sequences of GII.2 strains revealed that more than half of the GII.2 strains circulating in 2016 and 2017 were recombinant strains of GII.P16/GII.2. For SaV, the majority of strains belonged to GI.1 (55.6%) and GI.2 (33.3%), while GII.5 accounted for 11.1%. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the diversity of NoV and SaV, and the emergence of NoV GII.P16/GII.2 recombinant strains in 2016 and 2017 in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Genótipo , Norovirus/genética , Recombinação Genética , Sapovirus/genética , Adolescente , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Norovirus/classificação , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Prospectivos , Sapovirus/classificação , Sapovirus/isolamento & purificação , Tailândia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Little is known about human parechovirus (HPeV) infection in Thailand. The genotype distribution of HPeV strains in children admitted to hospitals with acute gastroenteritis was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide sequencing of the VP1 region as the detection and genotype identification methods, respectively. Of a total of 2,002 stool samples, 49 (2.4%) were positive for HPeV. Of these, HPeV-1 was the most predominant genotype (40.8%), followed by HPeV-3 (16.3%) and HPeV-14 (16.3%), while HPeV-5, -6, -2, -4, and -8 strains were less frequently detected, at 10.2%, 8.2%, 2%, 2%, and 2%, respectively. HPeV infections were detected throughout the year with the biannual peaks of infection in the rainy (Jun-Jul-Aug) and winter (Nov-Dec-Jan) months in Thailand. Based on VP1 amino acid sequence alignment, the arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD) motif was found in HPeV-1, -2, -4, and -6 strains. Additionally, an amino acid insertion at the N-terminus of VP1 was observed in HPeV-4 and HPeV-5 strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that small clades of HPeV-1 and HPeV-3 strains emerged in 2016 and 2015, respectively, and dominated in the year of their emergence. The HPeV strains detected in Thailand in this study were most closely related to reference strains from Asia and Europe. The evolutionary rate of HPeV strains was 2.87 × 10-4 (95% highest posterior density (HPD) 0.10-6.14 × 10-4) substitutions/site/year. These findings provide information about the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of HPeV genotypes circulating in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand.
Assuntos
Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Parechovirus/classificação , Parechovirus/genética , Infecções por Picornaviridae/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/virologia , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Gastroenterite/virologia , Variação Genética/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Oligopeptídeos/genética , Parechovirus/isolamento & purificação , RNA Viral/genética , Estações do Ano , Alinhamento de Sequência , Tailândia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Viral gastroenteritis is one of the most common illnesses in humans worldwide, and different viral agents have been shown to be associated with the disease. Among these, rotaviruses and adenoviruses are the responsible causative agents of acute gastroenteritis and causing numerous outbreaks. Therefore, a simple and rapid diagnostic tool, such as an immunochromatographic (IC) test, is required for rapid diagnosis, especially during an outbreak of these pathogens. METHODS: The efficiency of two commercial IC kits were evaluated for simultaneous detections of rotavirus and adenovirus in clinical stool specimens by a single test kit. RESULTS: The data demonstrated that both IC test kits could detect either adenovirus or rotavirus positive alone, as well as mixed infections of both viruses in a single stool specimen. In addition, a wide variety of rotavirus genotypes, including G1-P[8]-I1, G2-P[4]-I2, G3-P[8]-I2, G8-P[8]-I2, and G9-P[8]-I1 could be detected by both IC kits. The detection limit of the kits for the detection of rotavirus and adenovirus were comparable to those of real-time PCR at 105 copies/mL. CONCLUSIONS: These two IC test kits could be used as an alternative choice for rapid screening of rotavirus and adenovirus in the stool specimens, especially during the seasonal outbreak of acute gastroenteritis.
Assuntos
Infecções por Adenoviridae/diagnóstico , Adenoviridae/genética , Cromatografia/métodos , Imunoensaio/métodos , Infecções por Rotavirus/diagnóstico , Rotavirus/genética , Adenoviridae/fisiologia , Infecções por Adenoviridae/complicações , Infecções por Adenoviridae/virologia , Pré-Escolar , Fezes/virologia , Gastroenterite/complicações , Gastroenterite/diagnóstico , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico/normas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Rotavirus/fisiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/complicações , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) infections remain public health problems in Thailand, particularly, causing an acute gastroenteritis in people of all age groups. This review summarizes the epidemiology and genotype distribution of NoV and SaV in Thailand during the period of 2000-2016. The overall prevalence of NoV infection in patients with acute gastroenteritis of all age groups ranged from 0.09% to 44.7% while those of SaV were 0.0-15.0%. The majority of NoV genogroup detected was NoV GII with a small proportion of NoV GI. The NoV GII.4 was the most predominant genotype (63.4%) followed by GII.3 (15.0%), GII.6 (3.9%), GII.17 (3.3%), GII.13 (2.1%) and many other genotypes with small proportion. Furthermore, eight GII.4 variant strains and 11 different NoV recombinant strains had also been reported. For SaV, 10 different human SaV genotypes were detected including GI.1, GI.2, GI.4, GI.5, GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GIV.1, and GV.1.
Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Genótipo , Norovirus/classificação , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Sapovirus/classificação , Sapovirus/isolamento & purificação , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Humanos , Epidemiologia Molecular , Norovirus/genética , Prevalência , Sapovirus/genética , Tailândia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Rotavirus A is a well-known etiological cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and distribution of RVA genotypes circulating in children with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand from 2010 to 2013. A total of 1,032 fecal specimens were collected from children with an age range from neonatal to 15 years of age and tested for RVA by RT-PCR. Of these, 184 (17.8%) were positive for RVA. The highest detection rate of RVA was found in children aged between 12 and 24 months. The G1P[8] genotype was identified as the most dominant genotype (57.6%), followed by G2P[4] (12.5%), G8P[8] (10.4%), G9P[8] (7.1%), G3P[8] (4.9%), G1P[4] (2.2%), G2P[8] (1.7%), and mixed-infections of G1 and G3 in combination with P[8] (0.5%). In addition, the uncommon human rotavirus strains G4P[6] (1.1%), G9P[19] (0.5%), G12P[4] (0.5%), and G12P[6] (0.5%) were also detected in this study. Interestingly, the unusual G8P[8] strains were detected at a relatively high frequency, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these G8 strains were genetically closely related to bovine and bovine-like human G8 rotavirus strains reported previously from Thailand, Japan, Vietnam, India and Taiwan. These G8P[8] strains displayed the DS-1-like genotype constellation of G8-P[8]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 (in the order VP7-VP4-VP6-VP1-VP2-VP3-NSP1-NSP2-NSP3-NSP4-NSP5/6, respectively). Overall, the data indicated a high degree of diversity of RVA genotypes, with the emergence of several uncommon RVA strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand.