Patient-centered precision care in anaesthesia - the PC-square (PC) 2 approach.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review navigates the landscape of precision anaesthesia, emphasising tailored and individualized approaches to anaesthetic administration. The aim is to elucidate precision medicine principles, applications, and potential advancements in anaesthesia. The review focuses on the current state, challenges, and transformative opportunities in precision anaesthesia. RECENT FINDINGS: The review explores evidence supporting precision anaesthesia, drawing insights from neuroscientific fields. It probes the correlation between high-dose intraoperative opioids and increased postoperative consumption, highlighting how precision anaesthesia, especially through initiatives like Safe Brain Initiative (SBI), could address these issues. The SBI represents multidisciplinary collaboration in perioperative care. SBI fosters effective communication among surgical teams, anaesthesiologists, and other medical professionals. SUMMARY: Precision anaesthesia tailors care to individual patients, incorporating genomic insights, personalised drug regimens, and advanced monitoring techniques. From EEG to cerebral/somatic oximetry, these methods enhance precision. Standardised reporting, patient-reported outcomes, and continuous quality improvement, alongside initiatives like SBI, contribute to improved patient outcomes. Precision anaesthesia, underpinned by collaborative programs, emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing perioperative care.

Frequent expression of the natural killer cell receptor KLRG1 in human cord blood T cells: correlation with replicative history.

The killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) belongs to the family of inhibitory C-type lectins that are encoded in the NK gene complex. Similar to other inhibitory NK cell receptors, KLRG1 expression in adult peripheral blood lymphocytes is restricted to NK cells and to antigen-experienced T cells. Umbilical cord blood T cells are thought to represent an homogenous pool of naive T cells. Surprisingly, we identified substantial subsets of CD4 ( approximately 30%) and CD8 ( approximately 20%) alphabeta T cells in cord blood that expressed KLRG1. In contrast to T cells in adult, KLRG1(+) T cells in cord blood exhibited predominantly a naive CCR7(+)CD45RA(+) and CD11a(low) phenotype. After birth, KLRG1 expression in T cells from peripheral blood decreased rapidly to reappear in effector/memory T cells in adults. KLRG1(+) T cells in cord blood expressed a diverse T cell receptor beta (TCRbeta) repertoire and the cells proliferated normally, in contrast to KLRG1(+) T cells from adults. Finally, examination of T cell receptor excision circles (TREC) indicated that KLRG1 expression discriminated between cord blood T cells that differed in their post-thymic expansion rate. Thus, analysis of KLRG1 expression in cord blood revealed an unexpected heterogeneity of human T cells in newborns.