Predictors of cardiovascular events and all-cause of death in patients with transfusion-dependent myelodysplastic syndrome.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves the second cause of death in low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) population. Prospective study to characterise the CVD and to identify predictors for the combined event (CE) cardiovascular event and/or all-cause mortality in transfusion dependent low-risk MDS patients. Thirty-one patients underwent a cardiac assessment including biomarkers and cardiac magnetic resonance (cMR) with parametric sequences (T1, T2 and T2* mapping) and myocardial deformation by feature tracking (FT) and were analysed for clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential mutations. Cardiac assessment revealed high prevalence of unknown structural heart disease (51% cMR pathological findings). After 2·2 [0·44] years follow-up, 35·5% of patients suffered the CE: 16% death, 29% cardiovascular event. At multivariate analysis elevated NT-proBNP ≥ 486pg/ml (HR 96·7; 95%-CI 1·135-8243; P = 0·044), reduced native T1 time < 983ms (HR 44·8; 95%-CI 1·235-1623; P = 0·038) and higher left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) (HR 0·4; 95%-CI 0·196-0·973; P = 0·043) showed an independent prognostic value. These variables, together with the myocardial T2* time < 20ms, showed an additive prognostic value (Log Rank: 12·4; P = 0·001). In conclusion, low-risk MDS patients frequently suffer CVD. NT-proBNP value, native T1 relaxation time and longitudinal strain by FT are independent predictors of poor cardiovascular prognosis, thus, their determination would identify high-risk patients who could benefit from a cardiac treatment and follow-up.

Prognostic Utility of Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Shock Stage Approach for Classifying Cardiogenic Shock Severity in Takotsubo Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a significant complication of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), contributing to heightened mortality and morbidity. Despite this, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) staging system for CS severity lacks validation in patients with TTS and CS. This study aimed to characterize a patient cohort with TTS using the SCAI staging system and assess its utility in cases of TTS complicated by CS. METHODS AND RESULTS: From a TTS national registry, 1591 consecutive patients were initially enrolled and stratified into 5 SCAI stages (A through E). Primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality; secondary end points were TTS-related in-hospital complications and 1-year all-cause mortality. After exclusions, the final cohort comprised 1163 patients, mean age 71.0±11.8 years, and 87% were female. Patients were categorized across SCAI shock stages as follows: A 72.1%, B 12.2%, C 11.2%, D 2.7%, and E 1.8%. Significant variations in baseline demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentations, and in-hospital courses were observed across SCAI shock stages. After multivariable adjustment, each higher SCAI shock stage showed a significant association with increased in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 1.77-29.31) compared with SCAI shock stage A. Higher SCAI shock stages were also associated with increased 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In a large multicenter patient cohort with TTS, the functional SCAI shock stage classification effectively stratified mortality risk, revealing a continuum of escalating shock severity with higher stages correlating with increased in-hospital mortality. This study highlights the applicability and prognostic value of the SCAI staging system in TTS-related CS.

Renal impairment and outcome in Takotsubo syndrome: Insights from a national multicentric cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Data on the association between kidney function and Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) outcomes are scarce and conflictive. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute renal failure (ARF) in patients with TTS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients from the prospective nation-wide (RETAKO) registry were included and divided into quartiles of maximum creatinine (Cr) level during hospitalization. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD and ARF in the whole RETAKO cohort was 5.4% and 11.7%, respectively. Compared to Q1 (Cr <0.71), patients within Q4 (Cr > 1.1) had lower left ventricular ejection fraction on admission (38.5 ± 12 vs 43.3 ± 11.3, p = 0.002) and higher bleeding rates during hospitalization (6.7% vs 2%, p = 0.005). In addition, compared to Q1, Q4 patients have a greater incidence of cardiogenic shock (17.3% vs 5.6%, p < 0.001), and a higher rate of 5-year all-cause death and major adverse cardiovascular events (31.5% vs 15.8%, p < 0.001 and 22.5% vs 9.3%, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: TTS patients with CKD have a higher incidence of ARF and exhibit greater Cr on admission, which were linked with higher rates of cardiogenic shock, bleeding during hospitalization as well as major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause death during a 5-year follow-up.

Peripartum Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Review and Insights from a National Registry.

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) during the peripartum period is a relevant cause of morbidity in this population; its clinical course and prognosis, compared to the general TTS population, is yet to be elucidated. Our aim was to analyze the clinical features and prognosis of peripartum TTS in a nationwide prospective specifically oriented registry database and consider the published literature. Peripartum TTS patients from the prospective nationwide RETAKO registry-as well as peripartum TTS patients from the published literature-were included, and multiple comparisons between groups were performed in order to assess for statistically and clinically relevant prognostic differences between the groups. Patients with peripartum TTS exhibit a higher prevalence of secondary forms, dyspnea, atypical symptoms, and echocardiographic patterns, as well as less ST-segment elevation than the general TTS population. In the literature, patients with peripartum TTS had a higher Killip status on admission. TTS during the peripartum period has a higher prevalence of angina and dyspnea, as well as physical triggers, neither of which are related to a worse prognosis. Killip status on admission was higher in the literature for patients with TTS but with excellent mid- and long-term prognoses after the acute phase, despite mostly being secondary forms.

[Heart rate disorders in patients with Tako-tsubo syndrome]. / Trastornos del ritmo cardiaco en pacientes con síndrome de Tako-tsubo.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the incidence, prognosis and treatment of heart rhythm disorders (HRD) in Tako-tsubo syndrome (TTS). BACKGROUND: TTS is associated with HRD. The HRD prognostic value is not well characterized in TTS yet. METHODS: The HRD of patients included in the National Registry of Tako-tsubo syndrome, admitted between 2002 and 2018 and coming from 38 hospitals throughout the country, was analyzed. We analyzed any heart rhythm disorder in patients presented before admission, at admission and in long-term follow-up. RESULTS: All types of HRD were described in 259 (23.5%) cases, from a cohort of 1,097 consecutive patients with TTS. HRD was more associated with diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperuricemia, sleep apnea, anemia with a worse LVEF on admission. The most frequent HRD was a new onset of atrial fibrillation. During hospitalization, patients with HRD showed more complications such as shock on admission, major bleeding, acute renal failure, and combined infections. At follow-up, they presented higher mortality and more major adverse cardiac events, but with a non-significant correlation. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of HRD in patients with TTS is not infrequent. TTS, when associated with HRD, presents more complications and a worse prognosis both in hospital and in the long term.

Takotsubo Syndrome, Stressful Triggers, and Risk of Recurrence.

The risk of recurrence in takotsubo syndrome (TTS) appears to be low, although previous studies have shown conflicting results and factors associated with recurrences are unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence and predictors of TTS recurrences. Adult patients included in the Spanish Multicenter REgistry of TAKOtsubo syndrome (RETAKO) between January 2003 and September 2019 were identified. Patients were categorized based on recurrences during follow-up and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with recurrences. A total of 1097 patients (mean age 71.0±11.9 years, 87% females) were included, repeated TTS events were documented in 44 patients (4.0%), including 13 patients with prior TTS and 31 patients with recurrent TTS during a median follow-up of 279 days. Two patients (0.02%) had two episodes of recurrence. Compared to patients who had no recurrence of TTS, those with recurrent TTS more frequently had no identifiable stressful trigger in the index admission (20 [64.5%] vs 352 [33.0%], p <0.001). Primary TTS, defined as TTS without physical trigger, was also more common in the recurrence group (93.5% vs 68.3%, p <0.001). The only factor independently associated with recurrences was the absence of an identifiable trigger (odds ratio 3.7 [95% confidence interval 1.8-7.8], p=0.001). In conclusion, our data indicate that for patients presenting with TTS, the rate of early recurrent TTS is approximately 4% per year. Among TTS patients, those who have no identifiable trigger events appear to have a higher rate of recurrence.

Long-term prognostic impact of beta-blockers in patients with Takotsubo syndrome: Results from the RETAKO Registry.

BACKGROUND: No evidence-based therapy has yet been established for Takotsubo syndrome (TTS). Given the putative harmful effects of catecholamines in patients with TTS, beta-blockers may potentially decrease the intensity of the detrimental cardiac effects in those patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of beta-blocker therapy on long-term mortality and TTS recurrence. METHODS: The cohort study used the national Spanish Registry on TakoTsubo Syndrome (RETAKO). A total of 970 TTS post-discharge survivors, without pheochromocytoma, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, sustained ventricular arrhythmias, and significant bradyarrhythmias, between January 1, 2003, and July 31, 2018, were assessed. Cox regression analysis and inverse probability weighting (IPW) propensity score analysis were used to evaluate the association between beta-blocker therapy and survival free of TTS recurrence. RESULTS: From 970 TTS patients, 582 (60.0%) received beta-blockers. During a mean follow-up of 2.5±3.3 years, there were 87 deaths (3.6 per 100 patients/year) and 29 TTS recurrences (1.2 per 100 patient/year). There was no significant difference in follow-up mortality or TTS recurrence in unadjusted and adjusted Cox analysis (hazard ratio [HR] 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-1.27, and 0.95, 95% CI 0.57-1.13, respectively). After weighting and adjusting by IPW, differences in one-year survival free of TTS recurrence between patients treated and untreated with beta-blockers were not found (average treatment effect -0.01, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.04; p=0.621). CONCLUSIONS: In this observational nationwide study from Spain, there was no significant association between beta-blocker therapy and follow-up survival free of TTS recurrence.

Differences Between Takotsubo and the Working Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries.

Aim: Whether Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) should be classified within myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCAs) is still controversial. The aim of this work was to evaluate the main differences between TTS and non-TTS MINOCAs. Methods and Results: A cohort study based on two prospective registries: TTS from the RETAKO registry (N:1,015) and patients with non-TTS MINOCAs from contemporary records of acute myocardial infarction from five 5 national centers (N:1,080). Definitions and management recommended by the ESC were used. Survival analysis was based on the Cox regression analysis; propensity score matching (PS) was created to adjust prognostic variables. Takotsubo syndrome were more often women (85.9 vs. 51.9%; p < 0.001) and older (69.4 ± 12.5 vs. 64.5 ± 14.1 years; p < 0.001). Atrial fibrillation (AF) was more frequent in non-TTS MINOCAs (10.4 vs. 14.4%; p = 0.007). Psychiatric disorders were more prevalent in TTS (15.5 vs. 10.2%, p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality and complications were higher in TTS: 3.4 vs. 1.8%, (p = 0.015), and 25.8 vs. 11.5%, (p < 0.001). Global mortality before PS matching was 16.1% in non-TTS MINOCAs and 8.1% in TTS. Median follow-up was 32.4 months; after PS matching, TTS had fewer major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs): hazard ratio (HR) 0.59; 95% CI 0.42-0.83. There were no differences in global mortality (HR 0.87; CI: 0.64-1.19), but TTS had lower cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.58; CI: 0.35-0.98). Conclusion: Compared to the rest of MINOCAs, TTS presents a different patient profile and a more aggressive acute phase. However, its long-term cardiovascular prognosis is better. These results support that TTS should be considered a separate entity with unique characteristics and prognosis.

Magnetic Resonance Myocardial Feature Tracking in Transfusion-Dependent Myelodysplastic Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial deformation with echocardiography allows early detection of systolic dysfunction and is related to myocardial iron overload (MIO) determined by T2* in hereditary anemias under transfusion support. Our aim was to analyze the diagnostic and prognostic usefulness of magnetic resonance feature tracking (MR-FT) myocardial strain in low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (LR-MDS) patients. METHODS: Prospective study in transfusion-dependent LR-MDS patients and healthy controls who underwent a cardiac MR-FT. We analyzed the relationships between strain MR-FT and iron overload parameters and its prognostic impact in cardiovascular events and/or death. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients and thirteen controls were included. MIO (T2* < 20 ms) was detected in 9.7% of patients. Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) by MR-FT was pathological (> -19.3%) in 32.3% of patients. Less negative strain values correlated with lower T2* (R = -0.37, p = 0.033) and native myocardial T1 (R = -0.39, p = 0.031) times. LV-GLS by MR-FT was significantly associated with higher incidence of the combined cardiovascular events and/or all-cause death (p = 0.047), with a cut-off value of -17.7% for predicting them (63% sensitivity and 81% specificity, area under the curve = 0.69). After adjusting analysis including demographic, biomarkers and imaging variables, a higher LV-GLS value by MR-FT remained as predictor of combined event in transfusion-dependent LR-MDS patients (hazard ratio, 0.4; confidence interval, 0.15-0.98; p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal myocardial strain by MR-FT in LR-MDS patients is associated to MIO and correlates with adverse events in the follow-up, what could serve as a prognostic tool.

Electrocardiographic Characteristics and Associated Outcomes in Patients with Takotsubo Syndrome. Insights from the RETAKO Registry.

Electrocardiographic disturbances in Takotsubo syndrome have been previously partially described but their consequences remain mostly unknown. Our aim was to describe the prevalence and prognostic significance of different electrocardiographic features in patients with Takotsubo syndrome. Our data come from the Spanish multicenter REgistry of TAKOtsubo syndrome (RETAKO). All patients with an available 12-lead surface electrocardiogram at admission and 48 hours post-admission were included. A total of 246 patients were studied, mean age was 71.3 ± 11.5 and 215 (87.4%) were women. ST-segment elevation was seen in 143 patients (59.1%) and was present in ≥2 wall leads in 97 (39.8%). Exclusive elevation in inferior leads was infrequent (5% - 2.0%). After 48 hours, 198 patients (88.0%) developed negative T waves in a median of 8 leads with a mean amplitude of 0.7 ± 0.5 mV and 137 (60.9%) had pathological Q waves. The mean corrected QT interval was 520 ± 72 ms. Corrected QT interval was independently associated with the primary endpoint of all-cause death and nonfatal cardiovascular events (P = 0.002) and all-cause death (P = 0.008). A higher heart rate at admission was an independent predictor of the primary endpoint (P = 0.001) and of acute pulmonary edema (P = 0.04). ST-segment elevation with reciprocal depression was an independent predictor of all-cause death (P = 0.04). Absence of ST-segment deviation was a protective factor (P = 0.005) for the primary endpoint. Tachyarrhythmias were independently associated with cardiogenic shock (P< 0.001). Takotsubo syndrome patients present with distinct electrocardiographic features. Prolonged corrected QT interval, tachyarrhythmias, heart rate at admission, and more extensive repolarization alterations are associated with poor outcomes.

Effectiveness of sacubitril-valsartan in cancer patients with heart failure.

AIMS: Current guidelines recommend sacubitril/valsartan for patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), but there is lack of evidence of its efficacy and safety in cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD). Our aim was to analyse the potential benefit of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with CTRCD. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a retrospective multicentre registry (HF-COH) in six Spanish hospitals with cardio-oncology clinics including all patients treated with sacubitril/valsartan. Demographic and clinical characteristics and laboratory and echocardiographic data were collected. Median follow-up was 4.6 [1; 11] months. Sixty-seven patients were included (median age was 63 ± 14 years; 64% were female, 87% had at least one cardiovascular risk factor). Median time from anti-cancer therapy to CTRD was 41 [10; 141] months. Breast cancer (45%) and lymphoma (39%) were the most frequent neoplasm, 31% had metastatic disease, and all patients were treated with combination antitumor therapy (70% with anthracyclines). Thirty-nine per cent of patients had received thoracic radiotherapy. Baseline median LVEF was 33 [27; 37], and 21% had atrial fibrillation. Eighty-five per cent were on beta-blocker therapy and 76% on mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; 90% of the patients were symptomatic NYHA functional class ≥II. Maximal sacubitril/valsartan titration dose was achieved in 8% of patients (50 mg b.i.d.: 60%; 100 mg b.i.d.: 32%). Sacubitril/valsartan was discontinued in four patients (6%). Baseline N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (1552 pg/mL [692; 3624] vs. 776 [339; 1458]), functional class (2.2 ± 0.6 vs. 1.6 ± 0.6), and LVEF (33% [27; 37] vs. 42 [35; 50]) improved at the end of follow-up (all P values ≤0.01). No significant statistical differences were found in creatinine (0.9 mg/dL [0.7; 1.1] vs. 0.9 [0.7; 1.1]; P = 0.055) or potassium serum levels (4.5 mg/dL [4.1; 4.8] vs. 4.5 [4.2; 4.8]; P = 0.5). Clinical, echocardiographic, and biochemical improvements were found regardless of the achieved sacubitril-valsartan dose (low or medium/high doses). CONCLUSIONS: Our experience suggests that sacubitril/valsartan is well tolerated and improves echocardiographic functional and structural parameters, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels, and symptomatic status in patients with CTRCD.

Tricuspid regurgitation severity after atrial septal defect closure or pulmonic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiac surgery or catheter interventions are nowadays commonly performed to reduce volume loading of the right ventricle in adults with congenital heart disease. However, little is known, on the effect of such procedures on pre-existing tricuspid regurgitation (TR). We assessed the potential reduction in the severity of TR after atrial septal defect (ASD) closure and pulmonic valve replacement (PVR). METHODS: Demographics, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of consecutive patients undergoing ASD closure or PVR between 2005 and 2014 at a single centre who had at least mild preoperative TR were collected and analysed. RESULTS: Overall, 162 patients (mean age at intervention 41.6±16.1 years, 38.3% male) were included: 101 after ASD closure (61 transcatheter vs 40 surgical) and 61 after PVR (3 transcatheter vs 58 surgical). Only 11.1% received concomitant tricuspid valve surgery (repair). There was significant reduction in the severity of TR in the overall population, from 38 (23.5%) patients having moderate or severe TR preoperatively to only 11 (6.8%) and 20 (12.3%) at 6 months and 12 months of follow-up, respectively (McNemar p<0.0001). There was a significant reduction in tricuspid valve annular diameter (p<0.0001), coaptation distance (p<0.0001) and systolic tenting area (p<0.0001). The reduction in TR was also observed in patients who did not have concomitant tricuspid valve (TV) repair (from 15.3% to 6.9% and 11.8% at 6 and 12 months, respectively, p<0.0001). On multivariable logistic regression including all univariable predictors of residual TR at 12 months, only RA area remained in the model (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.37, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: ASD closure and PVR are associated with a significant reduction in tricuspid regurgitation, even among patients who do not undergo concomitant tricuspid valve surgery.

Takotsubo syndrome and cancer, clinical and prognostic implications, insights of RETAKO. / Implicaciones clínicas y pronósticas en síndrome de Takotsubo y cáncer: percepciones del registro RETAKO.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A relationship between neoplasms and Takotsubo syndrome (TS) has been postulated. Our goal was to determine its prevalence in patients with TS, compare the clinical profile of TS with or without cancer and study its long-term evolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The oncological situation of patients included in the National Registry on TAKOtsubo syndrome (RETAKO), admitted between 2002 and 2019, provided by 38 hospitals throughout the country is analysed. Any history of malignancy or tumour, even benign, that received chemotherapy, radiotherapy or specific surgery, current or past, was considered. RESULTS: Any type of neoplasm was described in 129 (11.8%), within a cohort of 1,097 patients with TS. The cohort of patients with neoplasm, with a lower percentage of women (79.1 vs. 88.3%; P=.003), showed a non-significant tendency at an older age, hyperuricaemia, sleep apnoea and lower LVEF on admission, with a similar cardiovascular risk factor profile, but more chronic anaemia and immunosuppression. The most common neoplasm was breast cancer. During their hospital stay, the cancer patients suffered more complications, highlighting heart failure/shock, acute renal failure and a trend towards combined infections. On follow-up, they presented higher mortality and more combined MACE events, with a non-significant trend in the occurrence of cardiovascular recurrences or readmissions. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of neoplasms in patients with TS is high. The clinical presentation is different in relation to patients who do not have neoplasms and they probably represent a risk factor for a worse hospital and long term prognosis.

Prevalence and Significance of Interatrial Block in Takotsubo Syndrome (from the RETAKO Registry).

Interatrial block (IAB) represents a conduction delay between right and left atria and is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke. IAB has not been previously assessed in patients with Takotsubo syndrome (TS). Our aim was to describe the prevalence and prognostic significance of IAB in patients with TS. Data come from the Spanish National prospective registry of patients with definitive TS diagnosis. IAB was defined as a P-wave ≥120 ms and was considered partial when the P-wave was positive in inferior leads and advanced when it was biphasic (+/-). A total of 246 patients were included, normal P-wave was found in 151 (61%), partial IAB in 58 (24%), atrial fibrillation in 18 (7%), advanced IAB in 13 (5%), and 6 (2%) were pacemaker dependent. During a mean follow up of 12 months the composite of all-cause mortality and hospital readmission was significantly higher in patients with advanced IAB (31%) or atrial fibrillation (33%) than in the rest of the cohort (pacemaker stimulation 17%, normal P-wave 13%, partial IAB 12%), p < 0.01. The data regarding P wave characteristics were an independent predictor of the composite end point all-cause death and hospital readmission. IAB has a high prevalence in patients with TS. Advanced IAB and atrial fibrillation are associated with a poor prognosis.

Start-up of a Cardiology Day Hospital: Activity, Quality Care and Cost-effectiveness Analysis of the First Year of Operation.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The cardiology day hospital (CDH) is an alternative to hospitalization for scheduled cardiological procedures. The aims of this study were to analyze the activity, quality of care and the cost-effectiveness of a CDH. METHODS: An observational descriptive study was conducted of the health care activity during the first year of operation of DHHA. The quality of care was analyzed through the substitution rate (outpatient procedures), cancellation rates, complications, and a satisfaction survey. For cost-effectiveness, we calculated the economic savings of avoided hospital stays. RESULTS: A total of 1646 patients were attended (mean age 69 ± 15 years, 60% men); 2550 procedures were scheduled with a cancellation rate of 4%. The most frequently cancelled procedure was electrical cardioversion. The substitution rate for scheduled invasive procedures was 66%. Only 1 patient required readmission after discharge from the CDH due to heart failure. Most surveyed patients (95%) considered the care received in the CDH to be good or very good. The saving due to outpatient-converted procedures made possible by the CDH was € 219 199.55, higher than the cost of the first year of operation. CONCLUSIONS: In our center, the CDH allowed more than two thirds of the invasive procedures to be performed on an outpatient basis, while maintaining the quality of care. In the first year of operation, the expenses due to its implementation were offset by a significant reduction in hospital admissions.

Short- and Long-Term Prognosis of Patients With Takotsubo Syndrome Based on Different Triggers: Importance of the Physical Nature.

Background Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute reversible heart condition initially believed to represent a benign pathology attributable to its self-limiting clinical course; however, little is known about its prognosis based on different triggers. This study compared short- and long-term outcomes between TTS based on different triggers, focusing on various physical triggering events. Methods and Results We analyzed patients with a definitive TTS diagnosis recruited for the Spanish National Registry on TTS (RETAKO [Registry on Takotsubo Syndrome]). Short- and long-term outcomes were compared between different groups according to triggering factors. A total of 939 patients were included. An emotional trigger was detected in 340 patients (36.2%), a physical trigger in 293 patients (31.2%), and none could be identified in 306 patients (32.6%). The main physical triggers observed were infections (30.7%), followed by surgical procedures (22.5%), physical activities (18.4%), episodes of severe hypoxia (18.4%), and neurological events (9.9%). TTS triggered by physical factors showed higher mortality in the short and long term, and within this group, patients whose physical trigger was hypoxia were those who had a worse prognosis, in addition to being triggered by physical factors, including age >70 years, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular eyection fraction <30% and shock on admission, and increased long-term mortality risk. Conclusions TTS triggered by physical factors could present a worse prognosis in terms of mortality. Under the TTS label, there could be as yet undiscovered very different clinical profiles, whose differentiation could lead to individual better management, and therefore the perception of TTS as having a benign prognosis should be generally ruled out.

Platelet count and mean platelet volume predict outcome in adults with Eisenmenger syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Although a significant proportion of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease are thrombocytopaenic, its prevalence and clinical significance in adults with Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) is not well studied. Accordingly, we examined the relationship of thrombocytopaenia and mean platelet volume (MPV) to bleeding or thrombotic complications and survival in a contemporary cohort of patients with ES, including patients with Down syndrome. METHODS: Demographics, laboratory and clinical data were analysed from 226 patients with ES under active follow-up over 11 years. RESULTS: Age at baseline was 34.6±11.4 years and 34.1% were men. Mean platelet count and MPV were 152.6±73.3×109/L and 9.6±1.2 fL, respectively. A strong inverse correlation was found between platelet count and haemoglobin concentration and MPV. During the study, there were 39 deaths, and 21 thrombotic and 43 bleeding events. On univariate Cox regression analysis, patients with a platelet count <100×109/L had a twofold increased mortality (HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.10 to 4.01, p=0.024). Platelet count was not associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. However, there was a threefold increased thrombotic risk with MPV >9.5 fL (HR 3.50, 95% CI 1.28 to 9.54, p=0.015). Patients with either severe secondary erythrocytosis (>220g/L) or anaemia (<130g/L) were at higher risk of thrombotic events (HR 3.93, 95% CI 1.60 to 9.67, p=0.003; and HR 4.75, 95% CI 1.03 to 21.84, p=0.045, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Thrombocytopaenia significantly increased the risk of mortality in ES. Furthermore, raised MPV, severe secondary erythrocytosis and anaemia, but not platelet count, were associated with an increased risk of thrombotic events in our adult cohort.

Pomalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma: design, development and place in therapy.

Multiple myeloma is a very heterogeneous disease with variable survival. Despite recent progress and the widespread use of new agents, patients with relapsed and refractory disease have a poor outcome. Immunomodulatory drugs play a key role in both the front-line and the relapsed/refractory setting. The combination of pomalidomide (POM) and dexamethasone is safe and effective in relapsed and refractory patients, even in those with high-risk cytogenetic features. Furthermore, it can be used in most patients without the need to adjust according to the degree of renal failure. In order to further improve the results, POM-based triplet therapies are currently used. This article highlights the most relevant issues of POM and POM-based combinations in the relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma setting, from a pharmacological and clinical point of view.