A green synthetic approach toward the synthesis of structurally diverse spirooxindole derivative libraries under catalyst-free conditions.

A catalyst-free green methodology for the synthesis of pharmacologically important spirooxindole derivatives has been developed by a three-component domino reaction between isatin, various amino compounds, and 1,3-dicarbonyl or 3-phenylisoxazolone compounds in ethyl L-lactate medium at room temperature. This new efficient synthetic method facilitated the formation of a wide range of biologically significant spirooxindole derivatives (including 17 new spirooxindoles) under very mild conditions. The cytotoxic activity of one of the isoxazole-fused spirooxindoles was evaluated in MDA-MB 468 breast cancer cell line. It was found that cell survivability decreases with increasing concentration of the selected compound in MDA-MB 468 breast cancer cells.

Elucidating the chemical and biochemical applications of Citrus sinensis-mediated silver nanocrystal.

Synthesis of nanoparticles using biodegradable source is safer and echo-friendly. Here, we describe the synthesis of polycrystalline silver nanocrystals using Citrus sinensis acting as both reducing and capping agents. After exposing the silver ions to orange extract, rapid reduction of silver ions led to the formation of stable silver nanocrystals due to the reducing and stabilizing properties of orange fruit juice. The synthesized silver nanocrystals were characterized using various analytical techniques like UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The biochemical activity of the synthesized nanocrystals was studied in the light of affinity to bovine serum albumin using several biophysical methods like absorbance, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Cytotoxic activity of these nanocrystals was also studied against Hep-2 cell line using fluorescence microscopy. It was also found that the synthesized nanocrystals can sense mercuric ion down to 50 µM in the presence of a number of cations. Furthermore, we established that the silver nanoparticles can effectively catalyse the reduction of methylene blue by ascorbic acid. The present study will enrich our knowledge on the chemical and biochemical activities of green-synthesized silver nanocrystals.

Structures, Photoresponse Properties, and Biological Activity of Dicyano-Substituted 4-Aryl-2-pyridone Derivatives.

Described in this work is the synthesis of a novel dicyano-substituted N-2-aminoethyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyridone organic compound (1) that is characterized by several spectroscopic methods. Compound (1) was utilized for the preparation of its perchlorate (2), chloride (3), and bromide (4) salts. Single-crystal X-ray structures of these three salts were determined, and noncovalent weak interactions involving the aromatic rings, anions, and water molecules in (2-4) were investigated in detail. Solid-state UV-vis spectrum of the reported compounds (1-4) was utilized to calculate their optical band gaps, which clearly indicated that they belong to the semiconductor family. Under illumination condition, the magnitudes of electrical properties of (1) and its salts (2-4) improve remarkably although the improvement differs from salt to salt and the result was analyzed theoretically. Salt (2) was tested for its DNA binding ability.

Binding mode dependent signaling for the detection of Cu2+: An experimental and theoretical approach with practical applications.

Two amido-schiff bases (3-Hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid pyren-1-ylmethylene-hydrazide and Naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid pyren-1-ylmethylene-hydrazide) have been synthesized having a common structural unit and only differs by a -OH group in the naphthalene ring. Both of them can detect Cu2+ ion selectively in semi-aqueous medium in distinctly different output modes (one detects Cu2+ by naked-eye color change where as the other detects Cu2+ by fluorescence enhancement). The difference in the binding of Cu 2+ with the compounds is the reason for this observation. The detection limit is found to be micromolar region for compound which contains -OH group whereas the compound without -OH group detects copper in nano-molar region. DFT calculations have been performed in order to demonstrate the structure of the compounds and their copper complexes. Practical utility has been explored by successful paper strip response of both the compounds. The biological applications have been evaluated in RAW 264.7.

Thermodynamic study of rhodamine 123-calf thymus DNA interaction: determination of calorimetric enthalpy by optical melting study.

In this paper, the interaction of rhodamine123 (R123) with calf thymus DNA has been studied using molecular modeling and other biophysical methods like UV-vis spectroscopy, fluoremetry, optical melting, isothermal titration calorimetry, and circular dichroic studies. Results showed that the binding energy is about -6 to -8 kcal/mol, and the binding process is favored by both negative enthalpy change and positive entropy change. A new method to determine different thermodynamic properties like calorimetric enthalpy and heat capacity change has been introduced in this paper. The obtained data has been crossed-checked by other methods. After dissecting the free-energy contribution, it was observed that the binding was favored by both negative hydrophobic free energy and negative molecular free energy which compensated for the positive free energies due to the conformational change loss of rotational and transitional freedom of the DNA helix.