Improvement of Heterologous Soluble Expression of L-amino Acid Oxidase Using Logistic Regression.

Successful implementation of enzymes in practical application hinges on the development of efficient mass production techniques. However, in a heterologous expression system, the protein is often unable to fold correctly and, thus, forms inclusion bodies, resulting in the loss of its original activity. In this study, we present a new and more accurate model for predicting amino acids associated with an increased L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) solubility. Expressing LAO from Rhizoctonia solani in Escherichia coli and combining random mutagenesis and statistical logistic regression, we modified 108 amino acid residues by substituting hydrophobic amino acids with serine and hydrophilic amino acids with alanine. Our results indicated that specific mutations in Euclidean distance, glycine, methionine, and secondary structure increased LAO expression. Furthermore, repeated mutations were performed for LAO based on logistic regression models. The mutated LAO displayed a significantly increased solubility, with the 6-point and 58-point mutants showing a 2.64- and 4.22-fold increase, respectively, compared with WT-LAO. Ultimately, using recombinant LAO in the biotransformation of α-keto acids indicates its great potential as a biocatalyst in industrial production.

Predictors of continuation for asenapine from real-world data in patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: The continuation rates of pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia exhibit variability, a phenomenon influenced by the specific antipsychotic agent prescribed and patient-related factors such as age and duration of illness. In this context, our study aims to elucidate the predictors of medication continuation for asenapine sublingual tablets, characterized by unique formulation properties. METHODS: Our investigation leveraged real-world data collected through post-marketing surveillance in Japan, comprising 3236 cases. Utilizing multivariate logistic regression analysis, we identified patient-related factors associated with medication continuation as the primary outcome measure, subsequently employing survival analysis for further evaluation. Additionally, adverse event occurrence was assessed as a secondary outcome measure. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis unveiled significant predictors of asenapine continuation, notably including patient-related factors such as a chlorpromazine equivalent dose exceeding 600 mg/day and an illness duration of 25 years or more. While the overall continuation rate stood at 40.6%, patients exhibiting factors such as a chlorpromazine equivalent dose surpassing 600 mg/day or an illness duration exceeding 25 years demonstrated continuation rates of 46.3% and 47.9%, respectively. Remarkably, patients presenting both factors showcased the highest continuation rate at 52.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings shed light on distinct patient-related predictors of asenapine continuation, deviating from those observed with other antipsychotic medications. This underscores the necessity of recognizing that predictive factors for antipsychotic medication continuation vary across different agents. Moving forward, elucidating these predictive factors for various antipsychotic medications holds paramount importance in schizophrenia treatment, facilitating the delivery of tailored therapeutic interventions for individual patients.

Dietary Carbohydrate and Fat Intakes and Risk of Mortality in the Japanese Population: the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous cohort studies have yielded contradictory findings regarding the associations of dietary carbohydrate and fat intakes with risks of mortality. OBJECTIVES: We examined long-term associations of carbohydrate and fat intakes with mortality. METHODS: In this cohort study, 34,893 men and 46,440 women aged 35-69 y (mean body mass index of 23.7 and 22.2 kg/m2, respectively) were followed up from the baseline survey (2004-2014) to the end of 2017 or 2018. Intakes of carbohydrate, fat, and total energy were estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to percentage of energy intakes of carbohydrate and fat. RESULTS: During a mean 8.9-y follow-up, we identified 2783 deaths (1838 men and 945 women). Compared with men who consumed 50% to <55% of energy from carbohydrate, those who consumed <40% carbohydrate energy experienced a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (the multivariable-adjusted HR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.19-2.12; P-trend = 0.002). Among women with 5 y or longer of follow-up, women with high-carbohydrate intake recorded a higher risk of all-cause mortality; the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.71 (0.93-3.13) for ≥65% of energy from carbohydrate compared with that for 50% to <55% (P-trend = 0.005). Men with high fat intake had a higher risk of cancer-related mortality; the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for ≥35% was 1.79 (1.11-2.90) compared with that for 20% to <25%. Fat intake was marginally inversely associated with risk of all-cause and cancer-related mortality in women (P-trend = 0.054 and 0.058, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: An unfavorable association with mortality is observed for low-carbohydrate intake in men and for high-carbohydrate intake in women. High fat intake can be associated with a lower mortality risk in women among Japanese adults with a relatively high-carbohydrate intake.

Expression and characterization of C-terminal truncated mutants of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase II (PaGGTII) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.

The gene encoding γ-glutamyltranspeptidase II (PaGGTII) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was cloned in Escherichia coli. Recombinant PaGGTII showed a weak activity (0.0332 U/mg), and it can be easily inactivated. Multiple alignment of microbial GGTs showed the redundancy of the C-terminal of the small subunit of PaGGTII in length. The truncation of eight amino acid residues at the C-terminal of PaGGTII remarkably improved the activity and stability of the enzyme (PaGGTIIΔ8; 0.388 U/mg). Further truncation at the C-terminal also provided the enzyme relatively higher activity (PaGGTIIΔ9, -Δ10, -Δ11, and -Δ12). Among C-terminal truncated mutants, we focused on PaGGTIIΔ8 and examined the effect of C-terminal amino acid residues on the properties of PaGGTIIΔ8 because the activity of PaGGTII was found to be greatly improved when 8 amino acid residues were truncated. Various mutant enzymes with different C-terminal amino acid residues were constructed. They were expressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography. The properties of PaGGTIIΔ8 and the mutants obtained from mutation at E569 were characterized. Km and kcat of PaGGTIIΔ8 for γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide (γ-GpNA) were 8.05 mM and 15.49 s-1, respectively. PaGGTIIΔ8E569Y showed the highest catalytic efficiency for γ-GpNA with a kcat/Km of 12.55 mM-1 s-1. Mg2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+ exhibited positive effects on the catalytic activity for PaGGTIIΔ8 and its ten E569 mutants.

Association of low occlusal force as an oral hypofunction with the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in Japanese adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We investigated whether oral-dental conditions may be associated with the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a cross-sectional study in Japan. METHODS: Information on lifestyle and abdominal symptoms was collected, and oral-dental examinations were performed from 2013 to 2017. To investigate the association between oral-dental conditions and IBS, this study used logistic regression analyses adjusted for relevant confounding factors, such as age, sex, BMI, stress, and eating between meals. RESULTS: The prevalence of IBS was 484 (13.4%) among 3626 participants. The mean maximum occlusal force in the IBS group was significantly lower than that in the non-IBS group (0.306 ± 0.192 kN vs. 0.329 ± 0.205 kN, P = 0.014). The maximum occlusal force of the constipation-type IBS was significantly lower than that of other types of IBS without constipation type (0.269 ± 0.164 kN vs. 0.317 ± 0.198 kN, P = 0.010). Compared with those who had high values of maximum occlusal force (≧0.265 kN), those with a low value of maximum occlusal force (<0.265 kN) had a significantly greater risk for IBS (OR, 1.426; 95% CI, 1.135-1.792; P = 0.002), by multivariate analyses, across different categories of oral-dental condition in women, not in men. Women who had lowest third occlusal force (<0.206 kN) had approximately 35% significantly greater odds of having IBS compared with those who had highest third occlusal force (≧0.386 kN). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that a reduction in the maximum occlusal force increases the risk of IBS in Japanese women.

Moderate-to-vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Are Independently Associated With Renal Function: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about whether insufficient moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and longer sedentary behavior (SB) are independently associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), whether they interact with known risk factors for CKD, and the effect of replacing sedentary time with an equivalent duration of physical activity on kidney function. METHODS: We examined the cross-sectional association of MVPA and SB with eGFR and CKD in 66,603 Japanese cohort study in 14 areas from 2004 to 2013. MVPA and SB were estimated using a self-reported questionnaire, and CKD was defined as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Multiple linear regression analyses, logistic regression analyses, and an isotemporal substitution model were applied. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, higher MVPA and longer SB were independently associated with higher eGFR (P for trend MVPA <0.0001) and lower eGFR (P for trend SB <0.0001), and a lower odds ratio (OR) of CKD (adjusted OR of MVPA ≥20 MET·h/day, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-0.85 compared to MVPA <5 MET·h/day) and a higher OR of CKD (adjusted OR of SB ≥16 h/day, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.52-2.15 compared to SB <7 h/day), respectively. The negative association between MVPA and CKD was stronger in men, and significant interactions between sex and MVPA were detected. Replacing 1 hour of SB with 1 hour of physical activity was associated with about 3 to 4% lower OR of CKD. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that replacing SB with physical activity may benefit kidney function, especially in men, adding to the possible evidence on CKD prevention.

GWAS of folate metabolism with gene-environment interaction analysis revealed the possible role of lifestyles in the control of blood folate metabolites in Japanese - the J-MICC Study.

BACKGROUND: The present genome-wide association study (GWAS) aimed to reveal the genetic loci associated with folate metabolites as well as to detect related gene-environment interactions in Japanese. METHODS: We conducted the GWAS of plasma homocysteine (Hcy), folic acid (FA), and vitamin B12 (VB12) levels in the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study participants who joined from 2005 to 2012, and also estimated gene-environment interactions. In the replication phase, we used data from the Yakumo Study conducted in 2009. In the discovery phase, data of 2,263 participants from four independent study sites of the J-MICC Study were analyzed. In the replication phase, data of 573 participants from the Yakumo Study were analyzed. RESULTS: For Hcy, MTHFR locus on chr 1, NOX4 on chr 11, CHMP1A on chr 16, and DPEP1 on chr 16 reached genome-wide significance (P < 5×10-8). MTHFR also associated with FA, and FUT2 on chr 19 associated with VB12. We investigated gene-environment interactions in both studies and found significant interactions between MTHFR C677T and ever drinking, current drinking, and physical activity > 33% on Hcy (ß = 0.039, 0.038 and -0.054, P = 0.018, 0.021 and < 0.001, respectively) and the interaction of MTHFR C677T with ever drinking on FA (ß = 0.033, P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: The present GWAS revealed the folate metabolism-associated genetic loci and gene-environment interactions with drinking and physical activity in Japanese, suggesting the possibility of future personalized CVD prevention.

Development of oxidoreductases for amino acid quantification and mutagenesis techniques for heterologous soluble expression: screening and selection strategies.

The high stereo- and substrate specificities of enzymes have been utilized for microdetermination of amino acids. Here, I review the discovery of l-Arg oxidase from Pseudomonas sp. TPU 7192, l-Lys oxidase/decarboxylase from Burkholderia sp. AIU 395, and enzymes showing apparent l-His oxidase activity from Achromobacter sp. TPU 5009. I also discuss screening and uses of the selective enzymes for microdetermination of amino acids. In addition, functional modifications of l-amino acid oxidase/monooxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. AIU 813, l-Trp dehydrogenase from Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133, and l-Lys ε-oxidase from Marinomonas mediterranea NBRC 103028 by directed evolution are reviewed. Finally, I review the rational identification of aggregation hotspots based on secondary structure and amino acid hydrophobicity-this process enables the wider use of natural enzymes.

Locomotive syndrome and depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional study in middle-aged women.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence for an association between locomotive syndrome (LS) and depression is lacking in middle-aged women. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between LS severity and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling middle-aged women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1,520 middle-aged women (mean age 52 ± 6 years). LS severity was evaluated using the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25) questionnaire and motor function test. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between depressive symptoms and LS severity, adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: LS severity, as evaluated through both questionnaires and motor function tests, was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (SDS ≥ 40 points) in middle-aged women. The relationship between LS and depressive symptoms was only significant when assessed through the GLFS-25 questionnaire rather than the motor function tests. Additionally, a stepwise association was observed between pain severity, as assessed by the GLFS-25, and the prevalence of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: LS severity is significantly associated with depressive symptoms in community-dwelling middle-aged women, suggesting the need for additional mental status assessment in participants with LS and concurrent pain.

Catalytic mechanism of ancestral L-lysine oxidase assigned by sequence data mining.

A large number of protein sequences are registered in public databases such as PubMed. Functionally uncharacterized enzymes are included in these databases, some of which likely have potential for industrial applications. However, assignment of the enzymes remained difficult tasks for now. In this study, we assigned a total of 28 original sequences to uncharacterized enzymes in the FAD-dependent oxidase family expressed in some species of bacteria including Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium, and Pedobactor. Progenitor sequence of the assigned 28 sequences was generated by ancestral sequence reconstruction, and the generated sequence exhibited L-lysine oxidase activity; thus, we named the enzyme AncLLysO. Crystal structures of ligand-free and ligand-bound forms of AncLLysO were determined, indicating that the enzyme recognizes L-Lys by hydrogen bond formation with R76 and E383. The binding of L-Lys to AncLLysO induced dynamic structural change at a plug loop formed by residues 251 to 254. Biochemical assays of AncLLysO variants revealed the functional importance of these substrate recognition residues and the plug loop. R76A and E383D variants were also observed to lose their activity, and the kcat/Km value of G251P and Y253A mutations were approximately 800- to 1800-fold lower than that of AncLLysO, despite the indirect interaction of the substrates with the mutated residues. Taken together, our data demonstrate that combinational approaches to sequence classification from database and ancestral sequence reconstruction may be effective not only to find new enzymes using databases of unknown sequences but also to elucidate their functions.

Bromisoval-induced bromism with status epilepticus mimicking Wernicke's encephalopathy: report of two cases.

BACKGROUND: Bromine compounds are used in several drugs, including over-the-counter drugs. They sometimes cause intoxication known as bromism. Although the acute neurological symptoms and sequelae of bromism vary, few reports have mentioned acute encephalopathy. CASE PRESENTATION: We report two cases of bromisoval-induced bromism with status epilepticus. Presence of pseudohyperchloremia and history of over-the-counter medication use guided the diagnosis. In the acute phase, our patients showed bilateral medial thalamic lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. The imaging findings were similar to those of Wernicke's encephalopathy. Although these findings improved in the chronic phase, neuropsychiatric sequelae, such as confabulation and amnesia, occurred. CONCLUSION: Bromism can cause acute encephalopathy, and it is important to differentiate it from Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Assessing the Relationship Between High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein and Kidney Function Employing Mendelian Randomization in the Japanese Community-based J-MICC Study.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation is thought to be a risk factor for kidney disease. However, whether inflammatory status is either a cause or an outcome of chronic kidney disease remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the causal relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches. METHODS: A total of 10,521 participants of the Japan Multi-institutional Collaborative Cohort Study was analyzed in this study. We used two-sample MR approaches (the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), the weighted median (WM), and the MR-Egger method) to estimate the effect of genetically determined hs-CRP on kidney function. We selected four and three hs-CRP associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as two instrumental variables (IV): IVCRP and IVAsian, based on SNPs previously identified in European and Asian populations. IVCRP and IVAsian explained 3.4% and 3.9% of the variation in hs-CRP, respectively. RESULTS: Using the IVCRP, genetically determined hs-CRP was not significantly associated with eGFR in the IVW and the WM methods (estimate per 1 unit increase in ln(hs-CRP), 0.000; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.019 to 0.020 and -0.003; 95% CI, -0.019 to 0.014, respectively). For IVAsian, we found similar results using the IVW and the WM methods (estimate, 0.005; 95% CI, -0.020 to 0.010 and -0.004; 95% CI, -0.020 to 0.012, respectively). The MR-Egger method also showed no causal relationships between hs-CRP and eGFR (IVCRP: -0.008; 95% CI, -0.058 to 0.042; IVAsian: 0.001; 95% CI, -0.036 to 0.036). CONCLUSION: Our two-sample MR analyses with different IVs did not support a causal effect of hs-CRP on eGFR.

Mechanistic insights into the dual activities of the single active site of l-lysine oxidase/monooxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. AIU 813.

l-Lysine oxidase/monooxygenase (l-LOX/MOG) from Pseudomonas sp. AIU 813 catalyzes the mixed bioconversion of l-amino acids, particularly l-lysine, yielding an amide and carbon dioxide by an oxidative decarboxylation (i.e. apparent monooxygenation), as well as oxidative deamination (hydrolysis of oxidized product), resulting in α-keto acid, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and ammonia. Here, using high-resolution MS and monitoring transient reaction kinetics with stopped-flow spectrophotometry, we identified the products from the reactions of l-lysine and l-ornithine, indicating that besides decarboxylating imino acids (i.e. 5-aminopentanamide from l-lysine), l-LOX/MOG also decarboxylates keto acids (5-aminopentanoic acid from l-lysine and 4-aminobutanoic acid from l-ornithine). The reaction of reduced enzyme and oxygen generated an imino acid and H2O2, with no detectable C4a-hydroperoxyflavin. Single-turnover reactions in which l-LOX/MOG was first reduced by l-lysine to form imino acid before mixing with various compounds revealed that under anaerobic conditions, only hydrolysis products are present. Similar results were obtained upon H2O2 addition after enzyme denaturation. H2O2 addition to active l-LOX/MOG resulted in formation of more 5-aminopentanoic acid, but not 5-aminopentamide, suggesting that H2O2 generated from l-LOX/MOG in situ can result in decarboxylation of the imino acid, yielding an amide product, and extra H2O2 resulted in decarboxylation only of keto acids. Molecular dynamics simulations and detection of charge transfer species suggested that interactions between the substrate and its binding site on l-LOX/MOG are important for imino acid decarboxylation. Structural analysis indicated that the flavoenzyme oxidases catalyzing decarboxylation of an imino acid all share a common plug loop configuration that may facilitate this decarboxylation.

Evaluation of myostatin as a possible regulator and marker of skeletal muscle-cortical bone interaction in adults.

INTRODUCTION: Bone mass was recently reported to be related to skeletal muscle mass in humans, and a decrease in cortical bone is a risk factor for osteoporosis. Because circulating myostatin is a factor that primarily controls muscle metabolism, this study examined the role of myostatin in bone mass-skeletal muscle mass interactions. METHODS: The subjects were 375 middle-aged community residents with no history of osteoporosis or sarcopenia who participated in a health check-up. Cortical bone thickness and cancellous bone density were measured by ultrasonic bone densitometry in a health check-up survey. The subjects were divided into those with low cortical bone thickness (LCT) or low cancellous bone density (LBD) and those with normal values (NCT/NBD). Bone metabolism markers (TRACP-5b, etc.), skeletal muscle mass, serum myostatin levels, and lifestyle were then compared between the groups. RESULTS: The percentage of diabetic participants, TRACP-5b, and myostatin levels were significantly higher, and the frequency of physical activity, skeletal muscle mass, grip strength, and leg strength were significantly lower in the LCT group than in the NCT group. The odds ratio (OR) of high myostatin levels in the LCT group compared with the NCT group was significant (OR 2.17) even after adjusting for related factors. Between the low cancellous bone density (LBD) and normal cancellous bone density (NBD) groups, significant differences were observed in the same items as between the LCT and NCT groups, but no significant differences were observed in skeletal muscle mass and blood myostatin levels. The myostatin level was significantly negatively correlated with cortical bone thickness and skeletal muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS: A decrease in cortical bone thickness was associated with a decrease in skeletal muscle mass accompanied by an increase in the blood myostatin level. Blood myostatin may regulate the bone-skeletal muscle relationship and serve as a surrogate marker of bone metabolism, potentially linking muscle mass to bone structure.

Impact of PSCA Polymorphisms on the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer.

BACKGROUND: While duodenal ulcer (DU) and gastric cancer (GC) are both H. pylori infection-related diseases, individuals with DU are known to have lower risk for GC. Many epidemiological studies have identified the PSCA rs2294008 T-allele as a risk factor of GC, while others have found an association between the rs2294008 C-allele and risk of DU and gastric ulcer (GU). Following these initial reports, however, few studies have since validated these associations. Here, we aimed to validate the association between variations in PSCA and the risk of DU/GU and evaluate its interaction with environmental factors in a Japanese population. METHODS: Six PSCA SNPs were genotyped in 584 DU cases, 925 GU cases, and 8,105 controls from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC). Unconditional logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between the SNPs and risk of DU/GU. RESULTS: PSCA rs2294008 C-allele was associated with per allele OR of 1.34 (95% CI, 1.18-1.51; P = 2.28 × 10-6) for the risk of DU. This association was independent of age, sex, study site, smoking habit, drinking habit, and H. pylori status. On the other hand, we did not observe an association between the risk of GU and PSCA SNPs. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms an association between the PSCA rs2294008 C-allele and the risk of DU in a Japanese population.

Crystal structure of the catalytic unit of thermostable GH87 α-1,3-glucanase from Streptomyces thermodiastaticus strain HF3-3.

α-1,3-Glucan is a homopolymer composed of D-glucose (Glc) and it is an extracellular polysaccharide found in dental plaque due to Streptococcus species. α-1,3-Glucanase from Streptomyces thermodiastaticus strain HF3-3 (Agl-ST) has been identified as a thermostable α-1,3-glucanase, which is classified into glycoside hydrolase family 87 (GH87) and specifically hydrolyzes α-1,3-glucan with an endo-action. The enzyme has a potential to inhibit the production of dental plaque and to be used for biotechnological applications. Here we show the structure of the catalytic unit of Agl-ST determined at 1.16 Å resolution using X-ray crystallography. The catalytic unit is composed of two modules, a ß-sandwich fold module, and a right-handed ß-helix fold module, which resembles other structural characterized GH87 enzymes from Bacillus circulans str. KA-304 and Paenibacillus glycanilyticus str. FH11, with moderate sequence identities between each other (approximately 27% between the catalytic units). However, Agl-ST is smaller in size and more thermally stable than the others. A disulfide bond that anchors the C-terminal coil of the ß-helix fold, which is expected to contribute to thermal stability only exists in the catalytic unit of Agl-ST.

Subtype-specific gout susceptibility loci and enrichment of selection pressure on ABCG2 and ALDH2 identified by subtype genome-wide meta-analyses of clinically defined gout patients.

OBJECTIVES: Genome-wide meta-analyses of clinically defined gout were performed to identify subtype-specific susceptibility loci. Evaluation using selection pressure analysis with these loci was also conducted to investigate genetic risks characteristic of the Japanese population over the last 2000-3000 years. METHODS: Two genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of 3053 clinically defined gout cases and 4554 controls from Japanese males were performed using the Japonica Array and Illumina Array platforms. About 7.2 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms were meta-analysed after imputation. Patients were then divided into four clinical subtypes (the renal underexcretion type, renal overload type, combined type and normal type), and meta-analyses were conducted in the same manner. Selection pressure analyses using singleton density score were also performed on each subtype. RESULTS: In addition to the eight loci we reported previously, two novel loci, PIBF1 and ACSM2B, were identified at a genome-wide significance level (p<5.0×10-8) from a GWAS meta-analysis of all gout patients, and other two novel intergenic loci, CD2-PTGFRN and SLC28A3-NTRK2, from normal type gout patients. Subtype-dependent patterns of Manhattan plots were observed with subtype GWASs of gout patients, indicating that these subtype-specific loci suggest differences in pathophysiology along patients' gout subtypes. Selection pressure analysis revealed significant enrichment of selection pressure on ABCG2 in addition to ALDH2 loci for all subtypes except for normal type gout. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings on subtype GWAS meta-analyses and selection pressure analysis of gout will assist elucidation of the subtype-dependent molecular targets and evolutionary involvement among genotype, phenotype and subtype-specific tailor-made medicine/prevention of gout and hyperuricaemia.

Validity of stress assessment using heart-rate variability in newborns.

BACKGROUND: The process of birth causes stress for neonates, but additional stressors for sick neonates are a matter of concern. As analysis of heart-rate variability (HRV), which reflects autonomic activity, has demonstrated that low-frequency (LF) activity reflects overall autonomic activity, high-frequency (HF) activity reflects parasympathetic activity, and the LF/HF ratio reflects sympathetic activity, HRV has been clinically applied as a non-invasive index of physical stress. In this study, we evaluated whether HRV is useful as a stress index for neonates by analyzing it in comparison with their salivary cortisol level. METHODS: We measured the salivary cortisol level and HRV in 12 healthy neonates and 37 neonates born during between 2014 and 2016 and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. These examinations were performed at birth and after approximately 1 week. The changes in parameters with time were examined. RESULTS: The LF and HF values in both groups exhibited significant negative correlations with the salivary cortisol level. In those admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, the LF and HF values were correlated with gestational age and height. In the healthy neonates, a reduced salivary cortisol level and increase in the LF and HF values were observed approximately 1 week after birth compared with the values at birth, whereas the LF/HF ratio was not correlated with the salivary cortisol level and did not change over time. CONCLUSIONS: The LF and HF values were significantly correlated with the cortisol level, suggesting their usefulness as physiological indices of stress in clinical neonatal care.

GWAS analysis reveals a significant contribution of PSCA to the risk of Heliobacter pylori-induced gastric atrophy.

Although recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified genetic variants associated with Helicobacter pylori (HP)-induced gastric cancer, few studies have examined the genetic traits associated with the risk of HP-induced gastric precancerous conditions. This study aimed to elucidate genetic variants associated with these conditions using a genome-wide approach. Data from four sites of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study were used in the discovery phase (Stage I); two datasets from the Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center 2 (HERPACC2) study were used in the replication phases (Stages II and III) and SKAT (SNP-set Kernel Association Test) and single variant-based GWASs were conducted for the risks of gastric atrophy (GA) and severe GA defined by serum pepsinogen (PG) levels, and PG1 and PG1/2 ratios. In the gene-based SKAT in Stage I, prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) was significantly associated with the risks of GA and severe GA, and serum PG1/2 level by linear kernel [false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.011, 0.230 and 7.2 × 10-7, respectively]. The single variant-based GWAS revealed that nine PSCA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) fulfilled the genome-wide significance level (P < 5 × 10-8) for the risks of both GA and severe GA in the combined study, although most of these associations did not reach genome-wide significance in the discovery or validation cohort on their own. GWAS for serum PG1 levels and PG1/2 ratios revealed that the PSCA rs2920283 SNP had a striking P-value of 4.31 × 10-27 for PG1/2 ratios. The present GWAS revealed the genetic locus of PSCA as the most significant locus for the risk of HP-induced GA, which confirmed the recently reported association in Europeans.

Creation of thermostable l-tryptophan dehydrogenase by protein engineering and its application for l-tryptophan quantification.

l-Tryptophan dehydrogenase is a new NAD+-dependent amino acid dehydrogenase discovered in Nostoc punctiforme. The enzyme is involved in scytonemin biosynthesis and is highly selective toward l-tryptophan. By a growth-dependent molecular evolution technique, a thermostable mutant enzyme was selected successfully. l-Tryptophan concentration in human plasma was successfully determined using the thermostable mutant of l-tryptophan dehydrogenase.