Febrile infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection--an appraisal of the Rochester criteria and implications for management. Febrile Infant Collaborative Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: Prospective studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that infants unlikely to have serious bacterial infections (SBI) can be accurately identified by low risk criteria. METHODS: Febrile infants (rectal T > or = 38 degrees C) < or = 60 days of age were considered at low risk for SBI if they met the following criteria: 1) appear well; 2) were previously healthy; 3) have no focal infection; 4) have WBC count 5.0-15.0 x 10(9) cells/L (5000-15,000/mm3), band form count < or = 1.5 x 10(9) cells/L (< or = 1500/mm3), < or = 10 WBC per high power field on microscopic examination of spun urine sediment, and < or = 5 WBC per high power field on microscopic examination of a stool smear (if diarrhea). The recommended evaluation included the culture of specimens of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine for bacteria. Outcomes were determined. The negative predictive values of the low risk criteria for SBI and bacteremia were calculated. RESULTS: Of 1057 eligible infants, 931 were well appearing, and, of these, 437 met the remaining low risk criteria. Five low risk infants had SBI including two infants with bacteremia. The negative predictive value of the low risk criteria was 98.9% (95% confidence interval, 97.2% to 99.6%) for SBI, and 99.5% (95% confidence interval, 98.2% to 99.9%) for bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the ability of the low risk criteria to identify infants unlikely to have SBI. Infants who meet the low risk criteria can be carefully observed without administering antimicrobial agents.

Outpatient management of selected infants younger than two months of age evaluated for possible sepsis.

Previously healthy infants younger than 2 months of age without evidence of soft tissue or musculoskeletal infection who had white blood cell counts between 5000 and 15,000/mm3, band form counts less than or equal to 1500/mm3, urinalysis less than or equal to 10 white blood cells/high power field (spun sediment) and stool less than or equal to 5 white blood cells/high power field (if diarrhea) were considered at low risk for a serious bacterial infection. Infants meeting these criteria whose parents were judged to be adequate observers and had a telephone and automobile were eligible for outpatient management. Infants were given ceftriaxone to cover the possibility that the low risk criteria might miss more infants with serious bacterial infections than was predicted. From Jan. 1, 1987 to May 31, 1989, 86 infants younger than 2 months were enrolled. There were no serious complications in these infants. Twelve had transient problems possibly related to the intramuscular ceftriaxone therapy. One low risk infant was hospitalized for Neisseria meningitidis bacteremia and five other infants were hospitalized for medical or social reasons. All six hospitalized infants had short admissions and did well. This study supports the continued use of the low risk criteria to distinguish infants unlikely to have a serious bacterial infection. Furthermore, in a selected group of low risk infants, outpatient management may be an acceptable alternative to inpatient therapy.

Health status of pediatric refugees in Portland, ME.

BACKGROUND: An understanding of the health conditions affecting pediatric refugees is essential to providing responsible health care for them when they arrive in the United States. OBJECTIVE: To assess the health status of pediatric refugees in an area of increased refugee resettlement. DESIGN: Retrospective medical records review. SETTING: Ambulatory clinic at Maine Medical Center in Portland, a community and referral hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred thirty-two refugees and immigrants aged 2 months through 18 years who had initial health care evaluations during 1994 and 1995. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients arrived from Africa, 22 from the former Yugoslavia, and the remainder from the former Soviet Union, Middle Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The mean age of the patients was 10 years; 56 (42.4%) were female. The overall health status of most of the children was good, with most having appropriate weight and height for age. Dental caries and dermatologic conditions were the most prevalent findings on physical examination. Two patients had evidence of traumatic injuries. The results of tuberculin (Mantoux) tests were positive (> or =10 mm) in 45 (35.2%) of 128 children for whom results were noted, hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 5 (4.0%) of 124 children, and hepatitis B surface antibody was detected in 26 (21.1%) of 123 children. Five (16.7%) of 30 children younger than 6 years had elevated blood lead levels; anemia was detected in 25 (19.7%) of 127 children with hematocrit results available. Stool specimens were obtained from 87 patients, of whom 38 (43.7%) had pathogenic parasites in at least 1 specimen. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric refugees arrive in the United States with a variety of conditions that may be unfamiliar to practitioners trained in this country. The results of this study support the screening of refugees from Africa and other regions for tuberculosis, stool parasites, and hepatitis B.

Medical equipment costs: those you see and those you pay.

A review of life cycle and operation support costestimating capabilities in the health care industry shows few models that discuss total ownership costs for major items, let alone for some expensive minor ones. As yet, no data collection system exists wthat will provide total costs of acquisitions. There is a clear need for the health industry to focus greater attention on life cycle costs of medical equipment. This is particularly pertinent to those physicians responsible for medical equipment acquisition programs. The industry must evaluate the impact of life cycle costs and make such evaluations available to decision makers. The purpose of this paper is to improve the visibility and accuracy of cost estimating by examining the elements of life cycle costs.

Evaluation and management of the febrile infant 60 days of age or younger.

The old dogma of conservative management and hospitalization for all young febrile infants may no longer be necessary or considered the best option for many febrile infants encountered by practitioners today. All infants will continue to require individualized decisions regarding their care by astute clinicians well-versed in the best options for the management of these children. The suggestions outlined in this article are meant to be a guide for the clinician to the available options for the evaluation and management of the febrile infant 60 days of age or younger.

Measles vaccination after orthotopic liver transplantation.

The effect of primary measles vaccination after orthotopic liver transplantation was evaluated in 18 children. Immunity developed in seven children by serologic criteria. There were no complications directly attributable to the vaccine. These preliminary observations suggest that further study of measles vaccination in this group is warranted.

Biological reactivity of hypochlorous acid: implications for microbicidal mechanisms of leukocyte myeloperoxidase.

Oxidative degradation of biological substrates by hypochlorous acid has been examined under reaction conditions similar to those found in active phagosomes. Iron sulfur proteins are bleached extremely rapidly, followed in decreasing order by beta-carotene, nucleotides, porphyrins, and heme proteins. Enzymes containing essential cysteine molecules are inactivated with an effectiveness that roughly parallels the nucleophilic reactivities of their sulfhydryl groups. Other compounds, including glucosamines, quinones, riboflavin, and, except for N-chlorination, phospholipids, are unreactive. Rapid irreversible oxidation of cytochromes, adenine nucleotides, and carotene pigments occurs when bacterial cells are exposed to exogenous hypochlorous acid; with Escherichia coli, titrimetric oxidation of cytochrome was found to coincide with loss of aerobic respiration. The occurrence of these cellular reactions implicates hypochlorous acid as a primary microbicide in myeloperoxidase-containing leukocytes; the reactivity patterns observed are consistent with the view that bactericidal action results primarily from loss of energy-linked respiration due to destruction of cellular electron transport chains and the adenine nucleotide pool.

Respiratory syncytial virus infection in C57BL/6 mice: clearance of virus from the lungs with virus-specific cytotoxic T cells.

We describe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) lines and clones developed from the spleens of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Line 7 and clones derived from it were H-2Kb restricted, whereas line 12 had both Kb and Db components. Both lines, and all the clones except one, could lyse targets infected with either strain A or strain B RSV. Line 7 or 7-11E1 cells (8 x 10(6) to 10 x 10(6) given intravenously cleared RSV from the lungs of infected mice. There was no morbidity or mortality in any of the infected mice whether or not they received T cells. The C57BL/6 mouse is a useful model system in which to study the role of the CTL response in protective immunity to RSV. CTL lines and clones can mediate clearance of RSV from the lungs of normal mice without producing any associated morbidity.

Severe measles in immunocompromised patients.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the severity of measles in immunocompromised hosts and to assess preventive and therapeutic modalities. DATA SOURCES: Patients admitted to two academic medical centers between September 1989 and December 1990 and English language references obtained by MEDLINE from 1963 to 1991. Bibliographies were used to identify reports prior to 1963. STUDY SELECTION: We identified nine immunocompromised patients with measles. Further analysis was based on 35 patients from two cohort studies of measles in oncology patients and 24 reported cases of measles in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. DATA EXTRACTION: Clinical data are presented from the nine patients we treated. Information concerning measles complications, presence of rash, use of prophylactic immunoglobulin, and therapeutic measures was extracted from the literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of our nine patients, eight developed severe complications and two died. Two patients had no rash. In combining our patients with those from the literature, severe complications occurred in about 80%. The case fatality rate for severe measles was about 70% for oncology patients and about 40% for HIV-infected patients. Rash was absent in about 30%. The efficacy of prophylactic or therapeutic measures could not be assessed due to the small number of patients. However, we observed a rapid defervescence following administration of ribavirin. Vaccinated, HIV-infected patients had a lower mortality rate than those not previously vaccinated (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Measles is a severe illness in immunocompromised patients, and the absence of rash is frequent. While treatment is supportive, ribavirin requires further study. Measles vaccine may be efficacious in HIV-infected patients. Vaccination of oncology patients should be reassessed.

Outcomes for patients with dementia from the Cleveland Alzheimer's Managed Care Demonstration.

This investigation evaluates effects of care consultation delivered within a partnership between a managed health care system and Alzheimer's Association chapter. Care consultation is a multi-component telephone intervention in which Association staff work with patients and caregivers to identify personal strengths and resources within the family, health plan, and community. The primary hypothesis is that care consultation will decrease utilization of managed care services and improve psychosocial outcomes. A secondary modifying-effects hypothesis posits benefits will be greater for patients with more severe memory impairment. The sample is composed of managed care patients whose medical records indicate a diagnosis of dementia or memory loss. Patients were randomly assigned to an intervention group, which was offered care consultation in addition to usual managed care services, or to a control group, which was offered only usual managed care services. Data come from two in-person interviews with patients, and medical and administrative records. Results supporting the primary hypothesis show intervention group patients feel less embarrassed and isolated because of their memory problems and report less difficulty coping. Findings consistent with the modifying-effects hypothesis show intervention group patients with more severe impairment have fewer physician visits, are less likely to have an emergency department visit or hospital admission, are more satisfied with managed care services, and have decreased depression and strain.

Polymerase chain reaction for detection of measles virus in clinical samples.

A rapid and sensitive one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to detect measles virus (MV) in nasal aspirates from patients with suspected MV infection. Oligonucleotide primers and probe were targeted to highly conserved regions of the matrix gene. Assay conditions were optimized to allow detection of as little as 1 PFU of an MV stock whose titer was known. Extraction of RNA from 38 nasal aspirates and then reverse transcription and MV matrix gene amplification yielded a polymerase chain reaction product of the predicted size in 14 of 14 MV culture-positive patients. Matrix gene amplification provides a rapid, sensitive, and specific supplementary assay to the currently available modalities for MV detection.