A comparative assessment of avoidable blindness and visual impairment in seven Latin American countries: prevalence, coverage, and inequality.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a comparative analysis of social inequalities in eye health and eye health care and generate baseline evidence for seven Latin American countries as a benchmarking exercise for monitoring progress toward three goals of the regional Plan of Action for the Prevention of Blindness and Visual Impairment: increasing eye health service coverage, minimizing barriers, and reducing eye health-related disease burden. METHODS: Results from cross-sectional eye health surveys conducted in six Latin American countries (Argentina, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay) from 2011 to 2013 and recently published national surveys in Paraguay were analyzed. The magnitude of absolute and relative inequalities between countries in five dimensions of eye health across the population gradient defined by three equity stratifiers (educational attainment, literacy, and wealth) were explored using standard exploratory data analysis techniques. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of blindness in people 50 years old and older varied from 0.7% (95% CI: 0.4-1.0) in Argentina to 3.0% (95% CI: 2.3-3.6) in Panama. Overall prevalence of visual impairment (severe plus moderate) varied from 8.0% (95% CI: 6.5-11.0) in Uruguay to 14.3% (95% CI: 13.9-14.7) in El Salvador. The main reported cause of blindness was unoperated cataract and most cases of visual impairment were caused by uncorrected refractive error. Three countries had cataract surgical coverage of more than 90% for blind persons, and two-thirds of cataract-operated patients had good visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Blindness and moderate visual impairment prevalence were concentrated among the most socially disadvantaged, and cataract surgical coverage and cataract surgery optimal outcome were concentrated among the wealthiest. There is a need for policy action to increase services coverage and quality to achieve universality.

WISECARE+: Results of a European study of a nursing intervention for the management of chemotherapy-related symptoms.

While the use of chemotherapy has significantly improved survival rates, the symptoms associated with chemotherapy remain a major burden for patients. Preventing or appropriately managing side effects significantly improves patients' functional status and quality of life, ultimately leading to greater patient acceptance of chemotherapy. However, symptom assessment and management are fraught with difficulties such as poor patient recall, retrospective assessment conducted by clinicians and lack of appropriate, clinically relevant and patient friendly symptom assessment and management tools. Furthermore the differences between clinician and patient perceptions of stresses and distress during chemotherapy are well recognised. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a nursing intervention incorporating structured symptom assessment and management, facilitated by information technology, on chemotherapy-related symptoms, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and mucositis. This pan-European study, involved 8 clinical sites from Belgium, Denmark, England, Ireland and Scotland. Adults (n=249) receiving first line chemotherapy for breast, lung, ovarian or colorectal cancer, osteosarcoma, acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) or lymphoma were recruited to the study. Patients completed daily symptom assessment questionnaires for 14 days following consecutive cycles of chemotherapy. Symptom outcomes were compared before and after the introduction of the intervention with positive impact on patients' experiences of nausea, vomiting and oral problems. Fatigue was not significantly improved.

A comparative assessment of avoidable blindness and visual impairment in seven Latin American countries: prevalence, coverage, and inequality / Una evaluación comparativa de la ceguera y la deficiencia visual evitables en siete países latinoamericanos: prevalencia, cobertura y desigualdades

Objective. To conduct a comparative analysis of social inequalities in eye health and eye health care and generate baseline evidence for seven Latin American countries as a benchmarking exercise for monitoring progress toward three goals of the regional Plan of Action for the Prevention of Blindness and Visual Impairment: increasing eye health service coverage, minimizing barriers, and reducing eye health-related disease burden. Methods. Results from cross-sectional eye health surveys conducted in six Latin American countries (Argentina, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay) from 2011 to 2013 and recently published national surveys in Paraguay were analyzed. The magnitude of absolute and relative inequalities between countries in five dimensions of eye health across the population gradient defined by three equity stratifiers (educational attainment, literacy, and wealth) were explored using standard exploratory data analysis techniques. Results. Overall prevalence of blindness in people 50 years old and older varied from 0.7% (95% CI: 0.4-1.0) in Argentina to 3.0% (95% CI: 2.3-3.6) in Panama. Overall prevalence of visual impairment (severe plus moderate) varied from 8.0% (95% CI: 6.5-11.0) in Uruguay to 14.3% (95% CI: 13.9-14.7) in El Salvador. The main reported cause of blindness was unoperated cataract and most cases of visual impairment were caused by uncorrected refractive error. Three countries had cataract surgical coverage of more than 90% for blind persons, and two-thirds of cataract-operated patients had good visual acuity. Conclusions. Blindness and moderate visual impairment prevalence were concentrated among the most socially disadvantaged, and cataract surgical coverage and cataract surgery optimal outcome were concentrated among the wealthiest. There is a need for policy action to increase services coverage and quality to achieve universality.

Objetivo. Realizar un análisis comparativo de las desigualdades sociales en materia de salud ocular y atención oftálmica, y generar datos probatorios de referencia de siete países latinoamericanos como un ejercicio de evaluación comparativa para vigilar el progreso hacia tres metas del Plan de Acción para la Prevención de la Ceguera y la Deficiencia Visual Evitables: el aumento de la cobertura de los servicios de salud ocular, la reducción al mínimo de las barreras y la disminución de la carga de morbilidad relacionada con la salud ocular. Métodos. Se analizaron los resultados de las encuestas transversales de salud ocular realizadas en seis países latinoamericanos (Argentina, El Salvador, Honduras, Panamá, Perú y Uruguay) desde el 2011 al 2013, y las encuestas nacionales del Paraguay recientemente publicadas. Mediante el empleo de técnicas ordinarias de análisis exploratorio de datos, se investigó la magnitud de las desigualdades absolutas y relativas entre países en cinco dimensiones de la salud ocular a través del gradiente poblacional definido por tres variables de estratificación de equidad (logro educativo, alfabetización y riqueza). Resultados. La prevalencia general de la ceguera en personas de 50 años de edad o mayores varió de 0,7% (intervalo de confianza (IC) de 95%: 0,4-1,0) en Argentina a 3,0% (IC95%: 2,3-3,6) en Panamá. La prevalencia general de la deficiencia visual (grave y moderada) varió de 8,0% (IC95%: 6,5-11,0) en Uruguay a 14,3% (IC95%: 13,9-14,7) en El Salvador. La principal causa notificada de ceguera fue la catarata no operada, mientras que la mayor parte de los casos de deficiencia visual fueron causados por un error de refracción no corregido. Tres países tenían una cobertura quirúrgica de la catarata de más de 90% para las personas ciegas, mientras que dos terceras partes de los pacientes operados de cataratas mostraban una buena agudeza visual. Conclusiones. Las prevalencias de la ceguera y la deficiencia visual moderada se concentraban en las personas más desfavorecidas socialmente, mientras que la cobertura quirúrgica de la catarata así como los resultados óptimos de esta intervención se concentraban en los más adinerados. Son necesarias acciones políticas para aumentar la cobertura y la calidad de los servicios con objeto de alcanzar la universalidad.

Nutritional status in Jamaica, St. James, 1985

A cross-sectional study of 373 household with 509 children aged 0-59 months was conducted in St. James to be part of a national survey and to be compared with data collected in previous years. The main objectives were to examine nutritional status in ecological areas, and compare factors related to nutritional status in 1982 and 1985 and identify areas and households at risk of malnutrition. The study underscores the need and necessity of a disaggregated database, and careful data collection procedures. The necessity for ongoing assessment is also highlighted by the study, as various factors may intervene over different periods