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Change history: In this Letter, author Ana Puhl was inadvertently omitted; this error has been corrected online.An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum that propagates innate immune sensing of cytosolic pathogen-derived and self DNA1. The development of compounds that modulate STING has recently been the focus of intense research for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases and as vaccine adjuvants2. To our knowledge, current efforts are focused on the development of modified cyclic dinucleotides that mimic the endogenous STING ligand cGAMP; these have progressed into clinical trials in patients with solid accessible tumours amenable to intratumoral delivery3. Here we report the discovery of a small molecule STING agonist that is not a cyclic dinucleotide and is systemically efficacious for treating tumours in mice. We developed a linking strategy to synergize the effect of two symmetry-related amidobenzimidazole (ABZI)-based compounds to create linked ABZIs (diABZIs) with enhanced binding to STING and cellular function. Intravenous administration of a diABZI STING agonist to immunocompetent mice with established syngeneic colon tumours elicited strong anti-tumour activity, with complete and lasting regression of tumours. Our findings represent a milestone in the rapidly growing field of immune-modifying cancer therapies.
Assuntos
Benzimidazóis/química , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Proteínas de Membrana/agonistas , Animais , Benzimidazóis/administração & dosagem , Benzimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Ligantes , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos/metabolismoRESUMO
Antagonism of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor has resulted in positive clinical results in reproductive tissue disorders such as endometriosis and prostate cancer. Following the recent discovery of orally active GnRH antagonists based on a 4-piperazinylbenzimidazole template, we sought to investigate the properties of heterocyclic isosteres of the benzimidazole template. We report here the synthesis and biological activity of eight novel scaffolds, including imidazopyridines, benzothiazoles and benzoxazoles. The 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-8-(piperazin-1-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring system was shown to have nanomolar binding potency at the human and rat GnRH receptors as well as functional antagonism in vitro. Additional structure-activity relationships within this series are reported along with a pharmacokinetic comparison to the benzimidazole-based lead molecule.
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Compostos Heterocíclicos/síntese química , Compostos Heterocíclicos/farmacologia , Piperazinas/síntese química , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Receptores LHRH/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Células Cultivadas , Meia-Vida , Compostos Heterocíclicos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Masculino , Piperazinas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00344.].
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Pyrrole[2,3-d]azepines have been identified as potent agonists of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Based on the planar X-ray crystal structure of WAY-362450 1 in the ligand binding domain and molecular modeling studies, non-planar reduced compounds were designed which led to agonists that exhibit high aqueous solubility and retain moderate in vitro potency.
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Azepinas/farmacologia , Pirróis/farmacologia , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/agonistas , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/metabolismo , Azepinas/química , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação Proteica , Pirróis/química , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A previous report described the serum LH suppression pharmacology of the 2-phenyl-4-piperazinyl-benzimidazole N-ethyluracil GnRH receptor antagonist 1 following oral administration in rats. A series of small heterocycles were appended to the 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-piperazinyl-benzimidazole template in place of the N-ethyluracil. Two imidazole analogues, 32 and 41, were shown to possess substantial in vitro potency at the target receptor (hGnRH IC(50) = 7 and 18 nM, respectively) and aqueous solubility (55 and 100 microg/mL at pH 7.4, respectively). Both compounds had high oral bioavailability in rats and 32 was further examined in an orchidectomized rat model for serum LH suppression based on increased volume of distribution over 41. Serum LH levels trended lower in orchidectomized rats following oral administration of 32.
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Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Receptores LHRH/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Benzimidazóis/química , Benzimidazóis/farmacocinética , Compostos Heterocíclicos/síntese química , Compostos Heterocíclicos/química , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Modelos Animais , Piperazinas/química , Piperazinas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Receptores LHRH/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Herein we report the discovery of pyrazolocarboxamides as novel, potent, and kinase selective inhibitors of receptor interacting protein 2 kinase (RIP2). Fragment based screening and design principles led to the identification of the inhibitor series, and X-ray crystallography was used to inform key structural changes. Through key substitutions about the N1 and C5 N positions on the pyrazole ring significant kinase selectivity and potency were achieved. Bridged bicyclic pyrazolocarboxamide 11 represents a selective and potent inhibitor of RIP2 and will allow for a more detailed investigation of RIP2 inhibition as a therapeutic target for autoinflammatory disorders.
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RIP2 kinase has been identified as a key signal transduction partner in the NOD2 pathway contributing to a variety of human pathologies, including immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Small-molecule inhibitors of RIP2 kinase or its signaling partners on the NOD2 pathway that are suitable for advancement into the clinic have yet to be described. Herein, we report our discovery and profile of the prodrug clinical compound, inhibitor 3, currently in phase 1 clinical studies. Compound 3 potently binds to RIP2 kinase with good kinase specificity and has excellent activity in blocking many proinflammatory cytokine responses in vivo and in human IBD explant samples. The highly favorable physicochemical and ADMET properties of 3 combined with high potency led to a predicted low oral dose in humans.
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Benzotiazóis/farmacologia , Fosfatos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinase 2 de Interação com Receptor/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Benzotiazóis/química , Benzotiazóis/farmacocinética , Benzotiazóis/uso terapêutico , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Descoberta de Drogas , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Fosfatos/química , Fosfatos/farmacocinética , Fosfatos/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Quinazolinas/química , Quinazolinas/farmacocinética , Quinazolinas/uso terapêutico , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinase 2 de Interação com Receptor/metabolismo , Suínos , Porco MiniaturaRESUMO
Antagonism of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor has shown positive clinical results in numerous reproductive tissue disorders such as endometriosis, prostate cancer and others. Traditional therapy has been limited to peptide agonists and antagonists. Recently, small molecule GnRH antagonists have emerged as potentially new treatments. This article describes the discovery of 2-phenyl-4-piperazinylbenzimidazoles as small molecule GnRH antagonists with nanomolar potency in in vitro binding and functional assays, excellent bioavailability (rat %F>70) and demonstrated oral activity in a rat model having shown significant serum leuteinizing hormone (LH) suppression.
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Benzimidazóis/administração & dosagem , Benzimidazóis/química , Piperazinas/química , Receptores LHRH/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Benzimidazóis/síntese química , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , Glicolatos/química , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Metilação , Estrutura Molecular , Piperazina , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores LHRH/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
RIP2 kinase was recently identified as a therapeutic target for a variety of autoimmune diseases. We have reported previously a selective 4-aminoquinoline-based RIP2 inhibitor GSK583 and demonstrated its effectiveness in blocking downstream NOD2 signaling in cellular models, rodent in vivo models, and human ex vivo disease models. While this tool compound was valuable in validating the biological pathway, it suffered from activity at the hERG ion channel and a poor PK/PD profile thereby limiting progression of this analog. Herein, we detail our efforts to improve both this off-target liability as well as the PK/PD profile of this series of inhibitors through modulation of lipophilicity and strengthening hinge binding ability. These efforts have led to inhibitor 7, which possesses high binding affinity for the ATP pocket of RIP2 (IC50 = 1 nM) and inhibition of downstream cytokine production in human whole blood (IC50 = 10 nM) with reduced hERG activity (14 µM).
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The first efficient and regioselective palladium-catalyzed cyclization of internal alkynes and 2-amino-3-iodoacrylates to give moderate to excellent yields of highly functionalized pyrroles has been developed. This approach is applicable to a range of alkynes and affords the deacylated pyrrole under reaction conditions for most substrates. [reaction: see text]
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Acrilatos/síntese química , Alcinos/química , Paládio/química , Pirróis/síntese química , Acilação , Carbonatos/química , Catálise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Ciclização , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Potássio/químicaRESUMO
RIP2 kinase is a central component of the innate immune system and enables downstream signaling following activation of the pattern recognition receptors NOD1 and NOD2, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines. Recently, several inhibitors of RIP2 kinase have been disclosed that have contributed to the fundamental understanding of the role of RIP2 in this pathway. However, because they lack either broad kinase selectivity or strong affinity for RIP2, these tools have only limited utility to assess the role of RIP2 in complex environments. We present, herein, the discovery and pharmacological characterization of GSK583, a next-generation RIP2 inhibitor possessing exquisite selectivity and potency. Having demonstrated the pharmacological precision of this tool compound, we report its use in elucidating the role of RIP2 kinase in a variety of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo experiments, further clarifying our understanding of the role of RIP2 in NOD1 and NOD2 mediated disease pathogenesis.
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Aminoquinolinas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinase 2 de Interação com Receptor/antagonistas & inibidores , Sulfonas/farmacologia , Aminoquinolinas/sangue , Aminoquinolinas/química , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/sangue , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinase 2 de Interação com Receptor/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonas/sangue , Sulfonas/químicaRESUMO
In an effort to develop orally active farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, a series of tetrahydroazepinoindoles with appended solubilizing amine functionalities were synthesized. The crystal structure of the previously disclosed FXR agonist, 1 (FXR-450), aided in the design of compounds with tethered solubilizing functionalities designed to reach the solvent cavity around the hFXR receptor. These compounds were soluble in 0.5% methylcellulose/2% Tween-80 in water (MC/T) for oral administration. In vitro and in vivo optimization led to the identification of 14dd and 14cc, which in a dose-dependent fashion regulated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR(-/-)) mice. Compound 14cc was dosed in female rhesus monkeys for 4 weeks at 60 mg/kg daily in MC/T vehicle. After 7 days, triglyceride (TG) levels and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc) levels were significantly decreased and LDLc was decreased 63%. These data are the first to demonstrate the dramatic lowering of serum LDLc levels by a FXR agonist in primates and supports the potential utility of 14cc in treating dyslipidemia in humans beyond just TG lowering.
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Azepinas/síntese química , Hipolipemiantes/síntese química , Indóis/síntese química , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/agonistas , Animais , Azepinas/farmacocinética , Azepinas/farmacologia , Disponibilidade Biológica , Linhagem Celular , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Hipolipemiantes/farmacocinética , Hipolipemiantes/farmacologia , Indóis/farmacocinética , Indóis/farmacologia , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de LDL/genética , Solubilidade , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
An efficient and mild method to couple aryl bromides and activated non-allylic alcohols in a Heck reaction with tandem isomerization to selectively afford high yields of 1,5-diarylalkan-1-ones has been developed. Mechanistic insight was gained through NMR studies of products derived from deuterium-labeled intermediates.
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Álcoois Benzílicos/química , Brometos/química , Paládio/química , Catálise , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura Molecular , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
A potent, highly insoluble, GnRH antagonist with a 2-phenyl-4-piperazinylbenzimidazole template and a quinoxaline-2,3-dione pharmacophore was modified to maintain GnRH antagonist activity and improve in vitro pharmaceutical properties. Structural changes to the quinoxaline-2,3-dione portion of the molecule resulted in several structures with improved properties and culminated in the discovery of 6-([4-[2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-4-yl]piperazin-1-yl] methyl)quinoxaline (WAY-207024). The compound was shown to have excellent pharmacokinetic parameters and lowered rat plasma LH levels after oral administration.
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Benzimidazóis/síntese química , Quinoxalinas/síntese química , Receptores LHRH/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Benzimidazóis/química , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Ligação Competitiva , Disponibilidade Biológica , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Orquiectomia , Hipófise/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipófise/metabolismo , Quinoxalinas/química , Quinoxalinas/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A high-throughput screening campaign to discover small molecule leads for the treatment of bone disorders concluded with the discovery of a compound with a 2-aminopyrimidine template that targeted the Wnt beta-catenin cellular messaging system. Hit-to-lead in vitro optimization for target activity and molecular properties led to the discovery of (1-(4-(naphthalen-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methanamine (5, WAY-262611). Compound 5 has excellent pharmacokinetic properties and showed a dose dependent increase in the trabecular bone formation rate in ovariectomized rats following oral administration.