RESUMO
Cells transiently adapt to hypoxia by globally decreasing protein translation. However, specific proteins needed to respond to hypoxia evade this translational repression. The mechanisms of this phenomenon remain unclear. We screened for and identified small molecules that selectively decrease HIF-2a translation in an mTOR-independent manner, by enhancing the binding of Iron-Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1) to a recently reported iron-responsive element (IRE) within the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the HIF-2a message. Knocking down the expression of IRP1 by shRNA abolished the effect of the compounds. Hypoxia derepresses HIF-2a translation by disrupting the IRP1-HIF-2a IRE interaction. Thus, this chemical genetic analysis describes a molecular mechanism by which translation of the HIF-2a message is maintained during conditions of cellular hypoxia through inhibition of IRP-1-dependent repression. It also provides the chemical tools for studying this phenomenon.
Assuntos
Regiões 5' não Traduzidas/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Ferro/metabolismo , Oxigênio/farmacologia , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Elementos de Resposta/genética , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/biossíntese , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Hipóxia Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Células Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Quelantes de Ferro/farmacologia , Proteínas Reguladoras de Ferro/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Estabilidade Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Estabilidade de RNA/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores da Transferrina/genética , Receptores da Transferrina/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/análise , Serina-Treonina Quinases TORRESUMO
Emergence of antiestrogen-resistant cells in MCF-7 cells during suppression of estrogen signaling is a widely accepted model of acquired breast cancer resistance to endocrine therapy. To obtain insight into the genomic basis of endocrine therapy resistance, we characterized MCF-7 monoclonal sublines that survived 21-day exposure to tamoxifen (T-series sublines) or fulvestrant (F-series sublines) and sublines unselected by drugs (U-series). All T/F-sublines were resistant to the cytocidal effects of both tamoxifen and fulvestrant. However, their responses to the cytostatic effects of fulvestrant varied greatly, and their remarkably diversified morphology showed no correlation with drug resistance. mRNA expression profiles of the U-sublines differed significantly from those of the T/F-sublines, whose transcriptomal responsiveness to fulvestrant was largely lost. A set of genes strongly expressed in the U-sublines successfully predicted metastasis-free survival of breast cancer patients. Most T/F-sublines shared highly homogeneous genomic DNA aberration patterns that were distinct from those of the U-sublines. Genomic DNA of the U-sublines harbored many aberrations that were not found in the T/F-sublines. These results suggest that the T/F-sublines are derived from a common monoclonal progenitor that lost transcriptomal responsiveness to antiestrogens as a consequence of genetic abnormalities many population doublings ago, not from the antiestrogen-sensitive cells in the same culture during the exposure to antiestrogens. Thus, the apparent acquisition of antiestrogen resistance by MCF-7 cells reflects selection of preexisting drug-resistant subpopulations without involving changes in individual cells. Our results suggest the importance of clonal selection in endocrine therapy resistance of breast cancer.