A synthesis of ecological and evolutionary determinants of bat diversity across spatial scales.

BACKGROUND: Diversity patterns result from ecological to evolutionary processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales. Species trait variation determine the spatial scales at which organisms perceive the environment. Despite this knowledge, the coupling of all these factors to understand how diversity is structured is still deficient. Here, we review the role of ecological and evolutionary processes operating across different hierarchically spatial scales to shape diversity patterns of bats-the second largest mammal order and the only mammals with real flight capability. MAIN BODY: We observed that flight development and its provision of increased dispersal ability influenced the diversification, life history, geographic distribution, and local interspecific interactions of bats, differently across multiple spatial scales. Niche packing combined with different flight, foraging and echolocation strategies and differential use of air space allowed the coexistence among bats as well as for an increased diversity supported by the environment. Considering distinct bat species distributions across space due to their functional characteristics, we assert that understanding such characteristics in Chiroptera improves the knowledge on ecological processes at different scales. We also point two main knowledge gaps that limit progress on the knowledge on scale-dependence of ecological and evolutionary processes in bats: a geographical bias, showing that research on bats is mainly done in the New World; and the lack of studies addressing the mesoscale (i.e. landscape and metacommunity scales). CONCLUSIONS: We propose that it is essential to couple spatial scales and different zoogeographical regions along with their functional traits, to address bat diversity patterns and understand how they are distributed across the environment. Understanding how bats perceive space is a complex task: all bats can fly, but their perception of space varies with their biological traits.

Above and belowground carbon stocks among organic soil wetland types, accounting for peat bathymetry.

Wetlands are widely recognized for their carbon (C) sequestration capacity and importance at mitigating climate change. Yet, to best inform regional conservation planning, the variability of C stocks among wetland types and between above and belowground compartments requires further investigation. Additionally, the bathymetry of peat basins has often been ignored, with soil C stock calculations mostly relying on the thickest peat section, potentially leading to overestimates. Here, we sampled vegetation and soil of 57 wetlands of southeastern Canada to characterize the variability of above and belowground organic C stocks among four wetland types: open bogs, open fens, swamps, and forested peatlands. We also compared carbon stock estimation approaches considering peat bathymetry or not. Results showed that peat thickness, and thus soil organic C (SOC), varied substantially within sites due to peat basin shapes. Omitting bathymetry led to site-scale SOC overestimates of about 20-38 % on average, depending on the approach used, with wide variability among sites (overestimates up to 200 %). Belowground C stocks varied among wetland types with mean values of 132, 101, 19, and 44 kg C m-2 for bogs, fens, swamps, and forested peatlands, respectively. Aboveground C was nearly zero in open bogs and fens but reached ∼30 % of total C stock in swamps and âˆ¼ 15 % in forested peatlands. C stocks in tree roots and shrubs were negligible. Despite the lower C density (per m2) of swamps and forested peatlands, these ecosystems represented the dominant C stocks at the regional scale due to their abundance in the landscape. Overall, the four wetland types stored an estimated 2-7 times more C than forest per unit area. Evaluating differences in C stocks according to wetland type, while integrating peat bathymetry in calculations, can significantly improve regional wetland conservation planning.

Enhancing mortadella formulations: Exploring the impact of curcumin microcrystals, cochineal carmine, and annatto dyes on sensory preferences, stability, and antioxidant potential.

The effects of adding cochineal carmine and annatto dyes in five mortadella formulations made with curcumin microcrystals were compared, and the preference was evaluated and described sensorially. Based on the optimized formulation obtained with color parameters, two formulations were elaborated: curcumin microcrystals and cochineal carmine were added. During 60 days, pH, objective color, water retention capacity, lipid oxidation, and texture profile analyses were performed. The results demonstrate the possibility of excluding sodium erythorbate from formulations containing curcumin microcrystals. There was no significant difference in lipid oxidation between the samples, presenting at the end of 60 days a value of 0.11 mg and 0.10 mg of MDA kg-1 for the two samples, respectively. There were also no significant differences between the two samples or the evaluated storage times, and the average values obtained for pH, WRC, objective color, and TPA were expected for this type of cooked meat sausage. In the presence of curcumin microcrystals, the synthetic antioxidant, sodium erythorbate, can be eliminated from the formulations, as it does not affect the physical-chemical parameters studied, such as pH, water retention capacity, color objective, and texture profile.

Temporal changes in the potential geographic distribution of Histiotus velatus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), the "decade effect".

We investigated how the potential distribution of Histiotus velatus is affected by the addition of new records over decades (decade effect). Assuming that (1: hypothesis of the effect of the decade) the addition of new occurrence records over time increases the potential size of the species distribution; and (2: Wallacean distance hypothesis) over the years, the new points added are increasingly distant from the research centers. Considering the geographic knowledge gap of this species, our objective is to report a new record of this species and estimate its potential distribution in South America through environment niche models (ENMs). For this, we compiled records of occurrence of species, selected from 1900 to 2015. We used 19 bioclimatic variables available in the WorldClim database to estimate the potential distribution of the species, and we used three modeling algorithms: Maximum Entropy (MXT), Random Forest (RDF), and Support Vector Machine. To test the Wallacean distance hypothesis, we calculated the Euclidian distance from occurrences to bat research centers in Brazil, located using a national researchers' information dataset ("Plataforma Lattes"). To test the hypothesis of the decade effect, we used the beta regression analysis, taking conservative and non-conservative approaches. The results showed that the predicted area expanded and retracted with the addition of new occurrences over the decades, with an improvement in the accuracy of models. Most records are located in the southeastern region of Brazil, but algorithms predicted areas in regions where there are no records. Only the conservative approach has had a positive relationship over the decades. The distance from new points does not increase over the years of research centers.

Guidelines for the self-management of people subjected to hematopoietic stem cell transplantations / Pautas para el automanejo de personas sometidas a transplantes de células madre hematopoyéticas / Diretrizes para o autogerenciamento de pessoas submetidas ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas

ABSTRACT Objective: to know meanings and demands for the self-management of home-based care for Hematopoietic Stem Cell transplant recipients and to discuss these demands with nurses, aiming at proposing guidelines. Method: a qualitative study based on the convergent care research study developed between December 2020 and August 2021 in a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Service from Juiz de Fora - Minas Gerais, carried out in two stages: semi-structured interview and small group discussion. 17 people participated in the study: 12 transplanted individuals and five nurses. Data analysis was supported by the Iramuteq software and by the synthesis and theorization proposed by convergent care research. Results: in Stage 1, performed with transplanted patients, six classes emerged that were interpreted in four subcorpuses and pointed out the meanings and demands for self-management. In Stage 2, performed with nurses, the demands found in Stage 1 were submitted to reflection in the discussion group and ratified. Based on the findings, the guidelines to meet the health self-management demands of transplanted people were as follows: professional monitoring, adherence to the treatment, maintenance of the prescribed care measures, search for guidelines and information, implications of the diagnosis, restoration of immunity, inclusion in the job market, physical limitations, and changes in everyday habits. Conclusion: the guidelines proposed reflect the understanding of the needs experienced for an individual to adapt to the health/disease process in the post-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation phase, and express the importance of carrying out strategies that promote self-management.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer significados y requisitos para el automanejo de las medidas de atención domiciliaria para personas sometidas a trasplantes de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas y debatir dichos requisitos con enfermeros, con vistas a proponer pautas. Método: estudio cualitativo basado en la Investigación Convergente Asistencial y desarrollado entre diciembre de 2020 y agosto de 2021 en un Servicio de Trasplantes de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas de Juiz de Fora - Minas Gerais, siguiendo dos etapas: entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupo de discusión reducido. Participaron 17 personas: 12 pacientes trasplantados y cinco enfermeros. El análisis de los datos contó con el apoyo del software Iramuteq y de la síntesis y teorización propuesta por la Investigación Convergente Asistencial. Resultados: en la Etapa 1, realizada con pacientes trasplantados, surgieron seis clases que se interpretaron en cuatro subcuerpos y señalaron los significados y los requisitos para el automanejo. En la Etapa 2, realizada con enfermeros, los requisitos que se encontraron en la Etapa 1 se sometieron a reflexión en el grupo de discusión, para luego ser ratificados. En función de los hallazgos, las pautas para suplir los requisitos de automanejo de la salud de personas trasplantadas fueron las siguientes: monitoreo profesional, adhesión al tratamiento, mantenimiento de las medidas de atención prescritas, búsqueda de orientación e información, repercusiones del diagnóstico, restablecimiento de la inmunidad, inclusión en el mercado laboral, limitaciones físicas y cambios en los hábitos cotidianos. Conclusión: las pautas propuestas reflejan el entendimiento de las necesidades experimentadas para que una persona se adapte al proceso de salud/enfermedad en la fase posterior a un Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas e indican la importancia de implementar estrategias que promuevan el automanejo.

RESUMO: Objetivo: conhecer significados e demandas para o autogerenciamento dos cuidados em domicílio de transplantados de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas e discutir com enfermeiros essas demandas, visando à proposição de diretrizes. Método: estudo qualitativo baseado na pesquisa convergente assistencial desenvolvido entre dezembro de 2020 a agosto de 2021 em um Serviço de Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas em Juiz de Fora - Minas Gerais, realizado em duas etapas: entrevista semiestruturada e pequeno grupo de discussão. Participaram 17 pessoas, sendo 12 transplantados e cinco enfermeiros. A análise dos dados foi apoiada pelo software Iramuteq e pela síntese e teorização proposta pela pesquisa convergente assistencial. Resultados: na Etapa 1 realizada com transplantados, emergiram seis classes que foram interpretadas em quatro subcorpus, e apontaram os significados e as demandas para o autogerenciamento. Na Etapa 2, realizada com enfermeiros, as demandas encontradas na Etapa 1 foram refletidas no grupo de discussão e ratificadas. Com base nos achados as diretrizes para atender às demandas de autogerenciamento à saúde de pessoas transplantadas foram: acompanhamento profissional, adesão ao tratamento, manutenção dos cuidados prescritos, busca por orientações e informações, implicações do diagnóstico, restabelecimento da imunidade, inserção no mercado de trabalho, limitações físicas, e mudanças de hábitos cotidianos. Conclusão: as diretrizes propostas refletem a compreensão das necessidades vivenciadas para a adaptação do indivíduo ao processo de saúde/doença na fase pós- Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas e expressa à importância da realização de estratégias promotoras ao autogerenciamento.

Registros de enfermagem como ferramenta para a gerência do cuidado clínico-hospitalar / Nursing records as a tool for hospital clinical care management / Los registros de enfermería como herramienta para la gestión de la atención clínica hospitalaria

Objetivo: compreender a utilização dos registros de enfermagem na gerência do cuidado clínico-hospitalar. Método: estudo qualitativo, de caráter compreensivo, realizado em um hospital público de ensino de Minas Gerais, com 13 enfermeiras. Os dados foram coletados por entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação participante e pesquisa documental, entre outubro e novembro de 2017, e tratados pelo software IRaMuTeQ e análise de conteúdo. Protocolo de pesquisa aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição. Resultados: após análise, emergiram três categorias: contexto de utilização dos registros e o desenvolvimento da gerência do cuidado; instrumentos adotados na elaboração dos registros; registros de enfermagem como meio de comunicação. Conclusão: os registros de enfermagem contribuem para o gerenciar e o cuidar, de maneira articulada. Entretanto, por meio da observação participante, constatou-se que os registros de enfermagem estavam associados apenas ao gerenciar, desvinculados do cuidar, o que dificulta a utilização destes como ferramenta de comunicação interprofissional e evidência da qualidade do cuidado.

Objective: to understand the use of nursing records in hospital clinical care management. Method: this comprehensive qualitative study was conducted with 13 nurses at a public teaching hospital in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and documentary research, between October and November 2017. The data were processed by IRaMuTeQ software and content analysis. The study was approved by the research ethics committee. Results: three categories emerged: the context in which the records are used and how care management takes place; the instruments adopted in preparing the records; and nursing records as a means of communication. Conclusion: nursing records contribute to management and to care, interrelatedly. However, participant observation made it evident that the nursing records were associated only with managing, and were divorced from care, making it difficult to use them as a tool for interprofessional communication and as evidence of the quality of care.

Objetivo: comprender el uso de los registros de enfermería en la gestión de la atención clínica hospitalaria. Método: estudio cualitativo y exhaustivo, realizado en un hospital público de enseñanza en Minas Gerais, junto a 13 enfermeras. Se recolectaron los datos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación participante e investigación documental, entre octubre y noviembre de 2017. Los datos fueron procesados por el software IRaMuTeQ y el análisis de contenido. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Investigación. Resultados: después del análisis, surgieron tres categorías: contexto de utilización de los registros y desarrollo de la gestión del cuidado; instrumentos adoptados en la elaboración de los registros; registros de enfermería como medio de comunicación. Conclusión: los registros de enfermería contribuyen a la gestión y el cuidado, de forma articulada. Sin embargo, a través de la observación participante, se hizo evidente que los registros de enfermería estaban asociados apenas con la gestión, sin relación con el cuidado, lo que dificulta su utilización como herramienta de comunicación interprofesional y evidencia de la calidad del cuidado.

A note on the diet and foraging behavior of Artibeus lituratus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) in an urban park in southeastern Brazil / Nota sobre dieta e comportamento de forrageio de Artibeus lituratus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) em um parque urbano no sudeste do Brasil

Bats of the genus Artibeus are among the most important seed dispersers in early successional forests. We report observations on the foraging behavior of Artibeus lituratus in Pedra da Cebola Municipal Park, an urban park in the city of Vitória, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Observations were made during six consecutive days (April 1st to April 6th, 2006). Three mist-nets were opened each night close to a Maclura tinctoria tree (Moraceae), remaining open from 18:00 to 22:00, totaling four hours per night, and 24 hours of sampling effort. We observed two peaks of feeding activity at the tree, one between 18:20 and 19:30, and a second one at 21:00. This is the first observation of Artibeus lituratus feeding on M. tinctoria fruits, therefore adding a new item to the known diet of the species. M. tinctoria fruits have large seeds that are not swallowed by bats, they consume the fruit pulp and discard the seeds. A diet of fruits with large seeds may indicate an important resource not detected in dietary studies based on fecal samples, but better detected by direct observation or by studying feeding roosts. It is important to use different sampling techniques in dietary studies since they complement each other and, together, provide a better knowledge on the diet of bats.

Morcegos do gênero Artibeus estão entre os mais importantes dispersores de sementes em florestas em estágios iniciais de sucessão. Aqui descrevemos observações sobre o comportamento de forrageio de Artibeus lituratus no Parque Municipal da Pedra da Cebola, um parque urbano na cidade de Vitória, Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil. As observações foram feitas durante seis dias consecutivos (01 a 06 de Abril de 2006). Três redes de neblina foram abertas cada noite, próximas a uma árvore de Maclura tinctoria, Moraceae, permanecendo abertas das 18:00 às 22:00 horas, totalizando quatro horas por noite, e 24 horas de esforço amostral. Foram observados dois picos de atividade de forrageio, o primeiro entre 18:20 e 19:30 horas, e o segundo às 21:00 horas. Este é o primeiro registro de consumo de frutos de M. tinctoria por A. lituratus, adicionando mais um ítem para a dieta conhecida desta espécie. Os frutos de M. tinctoria possuem sementes de tamanho relativamente grande, que não são ingeridas pelos morcegos. Eles consomem a polpa dos frutos e descartam as sementes. Uma dieta de frutos com sementes grandes pode indicar um recurso importante que não é detectado em estudos de dieta baseados apenas na análise de fezes, e que será detectado apenas por observação direta ou através do estudo de sítios de alimentação. O uso de técnicas de amostragem variadas em estudos de dieta é de extrema importância, pois elas complementam umas às outras, e em conjunto nos fornecem informações melhores e mais precisas sobre a dieta de morcegos do que qualquer uma delas forneceria isoladamente.