Evaluation of the early warning, alert and response system after Cyclone Winston, Fiji, 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of an early warning, alert and response system (EWARS) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) - EWARS in a Box - that was used to detect and control disease outbreaks after Cyclone Winston caused destruction in Fiji on 20 February 2016. METHODS: Immediately after the cyclone, Fiji's Ministry of Health and Medical Services, supported by WHO, started to implement EWARS in a Box, which is a smartphone-based, automated, early warning surveillance system for rapid deployment during health emergencies. Both indicator-based and event-based surveillance were employed. The performance of the system between 7 March and 29 May 2016 was evaluated. Users' experience with the system was assessed in interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire and by a cross-sectional survey. The system's performance was assessed using data from the EWARS database. FINDINGS: Indicator-based surveillance recorded 34 113 cases of the nine syndromes under surveillance among 326 861 consultations. Three confirmed outbreaks were detected, and no large outbreak was missed. Users were satisfied with the performance of EWARS and judged it useful for timely monitoring of disease trends and outbreak detection. The system was simple, stable and flexible and could be rapidly deployed during a health emergency. The automated collation, analysis and dissemination of data reduced the burden on surveillance teams, saved human resources, minimized human error and ensured teams could focus on public health responses. CONCLUSION: In Fiji, EWARS in a Box was effective in strengthening disease surveillance during a national emergency and was well regarded by users.

Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy and Effects on Early Childhood Development, French Polynesia, 2013-2016.

Congenital Zika virus syndrome consists of a large spectrum of neurologic abnormalities seen in infants infected with Zika virus in utero. However, little is known about the effects of Zika virus intrauterine infection on the neurocognitive development of children born without birth defects. Using a case-control study design, we investigated the temporal association of a cluster of congenital defects with Zika virus infection. In a nested study, we also assessed the early childhood development of children recruited in the initial study as controls who were born without known birth defects,. We found evidence for an association of congenital defects with both maternal Zika virus seropositivity (time of infection unknown) and symptomatic Zika virus infection during pregnancy. Although the early childhood development assessment found no excess burden of developmental delay associated with maternal Zika virus infection, larger, longer-term studies are needed.

The challenges of global case reporting during pandemic A(H1N1) 2009.

During the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) asked all Member States to provide case-based data on at least the first 100 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases to generate an early understanding of the pandemic and provide appropriate guidance to affected countries. In reviewing the pandemic surveillance strategy, we evaluated the utility of case-based data collection and the challenges in interpreting these data at the global level. To do this, we assessed compliance with the surveillance recommendation and data completeness of submitted case records and described the epidemiological characteristics of up to the first 110 reported cases from each country, aggregated into regions. From April 2009 to August 2011, WHO received over 18 000 case records from 84 countries. Data reached WHO at different time intervals, in different formats and without information on collection methods. Just over half of the 18 000 records gave the date of symptom onset, which made it difficult to assess whether the cases were among the earliest to be confirmed. Descriptive epidemiological analyses were limited to summarizing age, sex and hospitalization ratios. Centralized analysis of case-based data had little value in describing key features of the pandemic. Results were difficult to interpret and would have been misleading if viewed in isolation. A better approach would be to identify critical questions, standardize data elements and methods of investigation, and create efficient channels for communication between countries and the international public health community. Regular exchange of routine surveillance data will help to consolidate these essential channels of communication.

Pendant la pandémie de grippe à virus A(H1N1) de l'année 2009, l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a demandé à tous les États membres de fournir les données par cas sur au moins les 100 premiers cas de grippe confirmés en laboratoire afin d'obtenir une compréhension précoce de la pandémie et de fournir les directives appropriées aux pays touchés. En examinant la stratégie de surveillance de la pandémie, nous avons évalué l'utilité de la collecte des données par cas et les défis à relever dans l'interprétation de ces données au niveau mondial. Pour ce faire, nous avons évalué le respect des recommandations en matière de surveillance et l'exhaustivité des données des dossiers des cas soumis, et nous avons décrit les caractéristiques épidémiologiques des 110 premiers cas signalés de chaque pays, regroupés en régions. Sur la période allant d'avril 2009 à août 2011, l'OMS a reçu plus de 18 000 dossiers de cas fournis par 84 pays. Les données sont parvenues à l'OMS à différents intervalles de temps, sous différents formats et sans informations sur les méthodes de collecte. À peine plus de la moitié des 18 000 dossiers a donné la date d'apparition des symptômes, ce qui ne permet pas d'évaluer si les cas reçus faisaient partie des premiers cas à être confirmés. Les analyses épidémiologiques descriptives se sont limitées à synthétiser les rapports d'âge, de masculinité et d'hospitalisation. L'analyse centralisée des données par cas n'a que très peu de valeur dans la description des principales caractéristiques de la pandémie. Les résultats sont difficiles à interpréter et pourraient induire en erreur s'ils sont pris isolément. Une meilleure approche consisterait à identifier les questions essentielles, à normaliser les éléments des données et les méthodes d'investigation, et à créer des canaux efficaces de communication entre les pays et la communauté de la santé publique internationale. Les échanges réguliers de données de surveillance de routine aideront à consolider ces canaux de communication essentiels.

Durante la pandemia de gripe A (H1N1) del año 2009, la Organización Mundial de la salud (OMS) pidió a todos los Estados miembros que proporcionaran datos de hasta los primeros 100 casos de gripe confirmados en laboratorios con objeto de comprender con rapidez la pandemia y proporcionar orientación adecuada a los países afectados. Con objeto de examinar la estrategia de vigilancia de la pandemia, hemos evaluado la utilidad de la recogida de datos sobre casos y los desafíos que supuso la interpretación de esos datos a nivel internacional. Para ello, evaluamos el cumplimiento con las recomendaciones de vigilancia y la integridad de los datos de los registros enviados y describimos las características epidemiológicas de, como mucho, los 110 primeros casos de cada país, agrupados por regiones. Entre abril de 2009 y agosto de 2011, la OMS recibió más de 18 000 registros de casos de 84 países en intervalos de tiempo y formatos distintos, y sin información alguna sobre los métodos de recogida. Solo algo más de la mitad de los 18 000 registros indicaba la fecha de aparición de los síntomas, lo que dificultó evaluar si los casos se encontraban entre los primeros que se confirmaron. Los análisis epidemiológicos descriptivos se limitaron a resumir las proporciones por edad, sexo y hospitalización. Los análisis centralizados de datos sobre casos tuvieron poco valor en la descripción de las características fundamentales de la epidemia. Fue difícil interpretar los resultados, que habrían resultado engañosos si se hubieran observado de forma aislada. Un enfoque más apropiado permitiría identificar las cuestiones críticas, estandarizar los datos y los métodos de investigación, y crear canales de comunicación entre los países y la comunidad sanitaria internacional. El intercambio regular de datos de vigilancia rutinarios ayudará a consolidar dichos canales de comunicación fundamentales.

Surveillance and response to disease emergence.

New and emerging infectious diseases affect humans, domestic animals, livestock and wildlife and can have a significant impact on health, trade and biodiversity. Of the emerging infectious diseases of humans, 75% are zoonotic, with wildlife being an increasingly important source of inter-species transmission. Recent animal health emergencies have highlighted the vulnerability of the livestock sector to the impact of infectious diseases and the associated risks to human health. Outbreaks resulting from wildlife trade have resulted in enormous economic losses globally. On a global level, the human health sector lags behind the animal health sector in the assessment of potential threats, although substantive differences exist among countries in the state of national preparedness planning for emerging diseases. The lack of surveillance data on emerging zoonoses from many developing countries means that the burden of human, livestock and wildlife disease is underestimated and opportunities for control interventions thereby limited. In the context of emerging zoonoses, comprehensive risk assessments are needed to identify the animal-human and animal-animal interfaces where transmission of infectious agents occurs and the feasibility of risk reduction interventions. The impact of emerging diseases can be minimised through a well-prepared and strong public health system and similar systems developed by the livestock, wildlife and food safety sectors. National animal disease emergencies, especially those that spill over to affect human health, require a whole-of-government approach for effective disease containment. As it is highly likely that zoonoses and animal diseases with the potential to affect human health will continue to emerge, surveillance and response systems for emerging zoonotic diseases will need to be strengthened and maintained at national and international levels. Applied research, linked across the human, livestock and wildlife sectors, is needed to inform preparedness planning and the development of evidence-based approaches to zoonotic disease prevention and control.

An outbreak investigation of paediatric severe acute respiratory infections requiring admission to intensive care units - Fiji, May 2016.

INTRODUCTION: Influenza-associated severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) are a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality. In response to a cluster of SARI cases and deaths in pregnant women, with two deceased cases testing positive for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, an investigation was initiated to determine whether there was an increase of paediatric SARI cases admitted to divisional hospital intensive care units in Fiji in may 2016 compared to May 2013-2015. METHODS: Retrospective case finding was conducted at the paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in Fiji's three divisional hospitals. Data were collected from 1 January 2013 to 26 May 2016. Cases were identified using a list of clinical diagnoses compatible with SARI. RESULTS: A total of 632 cases of paediatric SARI with complete details were identified. The median age of cases was 6 months (Interquartile range: 2-14 months). Children aged less than 5 years had a higher rate of paediatric SARI requiring admission to a divisional hospital PICU in May 2016 compared to May 2013-2015 (Incidence rate ratio: 1.7 [95% CI: 1.1-2.6]). This increase was not observed in children aged 5-14 years. The case-fatality ratio was not significantly different in 2016 compared to previous years. CONCLUSION: The investigation enabled targeted public health response measures, including enhanced SARI surveillance at divisional hospitals and an emergency influenza vaccination campaign in the Northern Division.

Australia's notifiable diseases status, 2000. Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.

In 2000, there were 89,740 notifications of communicable diseases in Australia collected by the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). The number of notifications in 2000 was an increase of 5.9 per cent over those reported in 1999 (84,743) and the largest reporting year since the NNDSS commenced in 1991. Notifications in 2000 consisted of 28,341 bloodborne infections (32% of total), 24,319 sexually transmitted infections (27%), 21,303 gastrointestinal infections (24%), 6,617 vaccine preventable infections (7%), 6,069 vectorborne infections (7%), 2,121 other bacterial infections (legionellosis, meningococcal infection, leprosy and tuberculosis) (2%), 969 zoonotic infections (1%) and only one case of a quarantinable infection. Steep declines in some childhood vaccine preventable diseases such as Haemophilus influenzae type b, measles, mumps and rubella, continued in 2000. In contrast, notifications of pertussis and legionellosis increased sharply in the year. Notifications of bloodborne viral diseases (particularly hepatitis B and hepatitis C) and some sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia, continue to increase in Australia. This report also summarises data on communicable diseases from other surveillance systems including the Laboratory Virology and Serology Surveillance Scheme (LabVISE) and sentinel general practitioner schemes. In addition this report comments on other important developments in communicable disease control in Australia in 2000.