[Haemophilus spp. antimicrobial susceptibility in Health Area 6 in Madrid, Spain (2000-2004)]. / Sensibilidad antibiotica de Haemophilus spp. en el Area 6 de la Comunidad de Madrid (2000-2004).

The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of 1370 Haemophilus spp. (1051 H. influenzae and 319 H. parainfluenzae) isolated during a 4-year period (July 2000 to June 2004) and to compare the results with other nationwide Spanish surveillance studies. The rate of isolation of H. parainfluenzae was significantly higher in clinical samples from the genitourinary tract (p <0.00001) and skin and soft tissues (p <0.00001), whereas H. influenzae was significantly more frequent in clinical respiratory tract samples (p <0.00001). A total of 46.2% and 31.8% of H. influenzae were isolated in infants and children of 2-6 years old, respectively; whereas 73.3% of H. parainfluenzae was isolated in patients older than age 14. Overall, 22.2% and 18.5% of the H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae, respectively, were found to produce betalactamase. A total of 1.9% of betalactamase-negative H. influenzae were found to be resistant to ampicillin. Four strains (0.4%) of betalactamase-producing H. influenzae were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, all isolated from infants. The rate of ampicillin susceptibility was significantly higher (p <0.01) in H. parainfluenzae than in H. influenzae. All of the 1370 strains of Haemophilus spp. were susceptible to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin. The susceptibility to clarithromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and rifampin were 86.9%, 61.5%, 96.7%, 99.1% and 95.2% for H. influenzae versus 81.2%, 55.8%, 76.5%, 90,9% and 733% for H. parainfluenzae. In conclusion, H. influenzae is more resistant to ampicillin and H. parainfluenzae to non-betalactam antimicrobials. All isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin.

[Bacterial conjunctivitis: most prevalent pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity]. / Conjuntivitis bacteriana: patógenos más prevalentes y sensibilidad antibiótica.

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial conjunctivitis is a self-limiting process, but topical antibiotic treatment is recommended to eradicate the pathogen and reduce symptom duration. Since this treatment is usually empirical and prior cultures are not normally taken, the etiological agents involved in the process are unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 596 conjunctival exudates from pediatric outpatients with a diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis in Medical Area 6 of Madrid, Spain, were studied over 3 years (from 2000 to 2002 inclusive). The patients were divided into three age groups: group 1 (infants), group 2 (2- to 6-year-olds) and group 3 (7- to 14-year-olds). RESULTS: A total of 428 bacteria were isolated. The most prevalent bacteria were Haemophilus influenzae (44.8 %) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (30.6 %) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (7.5 %), S. viridans (7.2 %), Moraxella catarrhalis (6.8 %) and Enterobacteriaceae (4.2 %). In 56 exudates (15.1 %), two or more bacteria were isolated and S. pneumoniae 1 H. influenzae were found in 8.1 % of the cases. By age group, S. aureus was significantly more prevalent (p < 0.0001) in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2. Isolation of Enterobacteriaceae, S. viridans and non-fermentative Gram negative bacilli was significantly more frequent (p < 0.05) in group 1 and isolation of S. pneumoniae (p < 0.05) was significantly more frequent in group 2. S. pneumoniae showed the greatest level of resistance to antibiotics used in eye drops and ophthalmic ointments. Ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and rifampin were active in the most prevalent pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: The most prevalent bacteria were H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. The most active antibiotics in these pathogens were ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and rifampin.