Cervical human papillomavirus and HIV infection in women of child-bearing age in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 2010.

BACKGROUND: We sought to document the association of Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and immunodeficiency with oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women with no cervical neoplastic lesions identified through a cervical cancer screening programme in Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS: A consecutive sample of women stratified on their HIV status and attending the national blood donor clinic or the closest HIV clinic was recruited during a cervical cancer screening programme based on the visual inspection. Diagnosis of HPV infection and genotype identification were based on the Linear Array; HPV test. RESULTS: A total of 445 (254 HIV-positive and 191 HIV-negative) women were included. The prevalence of oncogenic HPV infection was 53.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 47.9-59.9) in HIV-positive women and 33.7% (95% CI 27.1-40.3) in HIV-negative women (odds ratio (OR)=2.3 (95% CI 1.5-3.3)). In multivariate analysis, HIV-positive women with a CD4 count <200 cells mm(3) or between 200 and 499 cells mm(3) were more likely to harbour an oncogenic HPV compared with women with a CD4 count ≥500 cells mm(3) with OR of 2.8 (95% CI 1.1-8.1) and 1.7 (95% CI 1.0-2.9), respectively. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of oncogenic HPV was found in women with no cervical neoplastic lesions, especially in HIV-positive women. Despite antiretroviral use, immunodeficiency was a main determinant of the presence of oncogenic HPV.

Changes in viral hepatitis B screening practices over time in West African HIV clinics.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to describe changes in hepatitis B screening practices over a 3-year period among HIV-infected patients in West Africa. METHODS: A medical chart review was conducted in urban HIV treatment centers in Ivory Coast (3 sites), Benin, Burkina Faso, Senegal, and Togo (1 site each). Among patients who started antiretroviral treatment between 2010 and 2012, 100 per year were randomly selected from each clinic. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data was collected using a standardized questionnaire. We assessed changes in the proportion of patients screened over time and identified predictors of screening in a multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 2097 patients were included (median age: 37 years, 65.4% of women). Overall, 313 (14.9%) patients had been screened for hepatitis B, with an increase from 10.6% in 2010 to 18.9% in 2012 (P<0.001) and substantial differences across countries. In multivariable analysis, being aged over 45 years (adjusted odds ratio: 1.34 [1.01-1.77]) and having an income-generating activity (adjusted odds ratio: 1.82 [1.09-3.03]) were associated with screening for hepatitis B infection. Overall, 62 HIV-infected patients (19.8%, 95% confidence interval: 15.5-24.7) were HBsAg-positive and 82.3% of them received a tenofovir-containing drug regimen. CONCLUSION: Hepatitis B screening among HIV-infected patients was low between 2010 and 2012. The increasing availability of HBsAg rapid tests and tenofovir in first-line antiretroviral regimen should improve the rates of hepatitis B screening.

[Profile of HIV infected patients among blood donors in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (1992-1999)]. / Profil des patients infectés par le VIH, dépistés au Centre national de transfusion sanguine d'Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 1992-1999.

The FonSIDA is a private clinic created in 1992 within the premises of the National Blood Transfusion Center of Abidjan (CNTS), the largest city in Côte d'Ivoire. It provides medical and psychological follow-up for blood donors which are diagnosed as HIV-infected. This Centre provides blood for transfusions in Abidjan and the surrounding area, which from 1992 to 1999 collected 263,398 blood units. In this period, 5574 subjects were detected HIV-positive. Among those, 1766 (32%) HIV infected blood donors came back to be tested for confirmation of HIV diagnosis. Since then, only 9% of the 5574 donors have been seen at least twice a year for medical and psychological follow-up. Women were more compliant than men in the FonSIDA Clinic: they constituted 62% of the 409 patients who were followed-up (p < 0.001). 53% of men had sex with prostitutes the year before HIV diagnosis. 67% of women stated voluntary abortion at least once. In the same period the systematic use of condoms was reported by only 7% of women and 5% of men. 22% of women and 28% of men reported having two or more sexual partners in the year before HIV diagnosis. The main aim of every blood center is to improve blood safety, particularly in developing countries. The appropriate counseling towards blood donors and especially those detected HIV positive can contribute to reduce new HIV infections in high HIV prevalence cities. Rate of compliance of HIV-infected patients to follow-up has risen to 11% in 1992-1994 to 60% in 1997-1999 and will contribute to reach this aim.

[Time trends in demographic and clinical characteristics of adult patients on HAART initiation in West Africa]. / Evolution des conditions d'initiation du traitement antirétroviral des patients infectés par le VIH en Afrique de l'Ouest.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the evolution of drug combinations used, as well as the clinical and immunological profile of patients at initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) between 1996 and 2006 in West Africa. SETTINGS AND METHOD: IeDEA West Africa is a network of HIV care programs established in 2006. We analyzed data from 12 clinical centers treating adults in five countries: Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal, Gambia, and Mali. Patients 16 years of age or over were included in the study and the following was documented: sex, date of birth and date of initiation of HAART. RESULTS: We included 14,496 adult patients having started HAART, among these 55 % had started HAART between 2005-2006. The proportion of HIV-infected women increased from 46 % in 1996-2000 to 63 % in 2005-2006. The median age at HAART initiation remained constant: 35 years for women and 40 years for men. The proportion of patients having started HAART with a CD4 count<200 cells/microl was 54 % in 1996-2000, and 64 % in 2005-2006. The most frequently prescribed HAART was: AZT/3TC (or d4T/DDI)/IDV (27 %) in 1996-2000; d4T (or AZT)/3TC/EFV (49 %) in 2003-2004, and d4T/3TC/NVP (49 %) in 2005-2006. CONCLUSION: The first line HAART regimen recommended by WHO was initiated in 83 % of cases in 2005-2006. New approaches to an earlier initiation of ART should be explored to reduce mortality in HIV-infected patients on HAART.

Tobacco use and its determinants in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in West African countries.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients from industrialised countries. In West Africa, few data concerning tobacco consumption exist. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of the International Epidemiological Database to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) network in West Africa was conducted. Health workers administered a questionnaire assessing tobacco and cannabis consumption among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment. Regular smokers were defined as current smokers who smoked >1 cigarette per day for >or=1 year. RESULTS: Overall, 2920 patients were enrolled in three countries. The prevalence of ever smokers and regular smokers were respectively 46.2% (95%CI 42.8-49.5) and 15.6% (95%CI 13.2-18.0) in men and 3.7% (95%CI 2.9-4.5) and 0.6% (95%CI 0.3-0.9) in women. Regular smoking was associated with being from Côte d'Ivoire or Mali compared to Benin (OR 4.6, 95%CI 2.9-7.3 and 7.7, 95%CI 4.4-13.6), severely impaired immunological status at highly active antiretroviral treatment initiation (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.1-2.2) and history of tuberculosis (TB; OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.1-3.0). CONCLUSION: There are marked differences in smoking prevalence among these West African countries. This survey approach also provides proof of the association between cigarette smoking and TB in HIV-infected patients, a major public health issue in this part of the world.

Field evaluation of an improved assay using a heat-dissociated p24 antigen for adults mainly infected with HIV-1 CRF02_AG strains in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the heat-dissociated p24 antigen (HD p24 Ag) assay as an alternative low-cost tool for diagnosis of HIV-1 infection and quantitation of HIV-1 RNA levels in African adults mainly infected with HIV-1 CRF02_AG strains. One hundred seventeen plasma specimens were obtained from HIV-1-seropositive subjects enrolled in the ANRS 1220 PRIMO-CI cohort (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa). Results of the HD p24 Ag assay were comparable with those of HIV-1 RNA levels quantified in the same antibody-positive plasma samples by the Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor assay (1.5 version; Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN): sensitivity, 95.7% versus 96.6%, respectively; specificity (evaluated with samples from 75 seronegative subjects), 94.7% versus 100%, respectively. HD p24 Ag and HIV-1 RNA assays were weakly correlated (Spearman coefficient correlation, r = 0.33; P < 0.001) except for HIV-1 RNA levels of >/=5 log10 copies/mL (r = 0.62; P < 0.001). Quantitation of HD p24 antigenemia in 76 plasma specimens from 14 patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy demonstrated weaker changes during treatment than those observed with the HIV-1 RNA assay. Follow-up of infected patients using both markers showed different results. The reliability of the HD p24 Ag assay is questionable for clinical and biologic management as a surrogate tool for measurement of HIV-1 RNA levels in Africa.