Morphology and terminology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) male genitalia.

The external and internal male genitalia of 327 species of 11 tribes of the subfamily Scarabaeinae, including species of Deltochilini, Scarabaeini, Gymnopleurini, Ateuchini, and Coprini, among others, were examined. Descriptions of the variations in the genital segment, the aedeagus, the internal sac, and its sclerites and raspules are presented. An exhaustive comparison of structures, names, and terminology used in literature for Scarabaeinae male genitalia are discussed. The internal sac of the aedeagus is divided in areas for an easer comparison of its internal structures; basal, submedial, medial, and apical areas are described in detail and compared. The variation of apical and medial sclerites, as well as the raspules of the submedial area, are described and compared in detail among all the taxa studied.

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), present in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in western Boyacá, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Sandflies are known for having vector species of the tropical disease Leishmaniasis, a disease which is of an endemic nature in Western Boyacá, where the town of Otanche is one of the main source of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVE: To identify the species of sandfly present in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in West Boyacá. METHODS: The search and collection of sandflies was carried out using CDC gravid traps, over a period of twelve hours (18:00- 06:00). Identification was carried out by revising the genitalia on both male and female samples under a microscope. The distribution took as reference households with a history of people infected with this disease, locating them intra, peri and extra domicile. RESULTS: Were recollected 361 individuals (252 females and 109 male), belonging to 9 genres and 16 species. 60% of all recollected phlebotominae consists of Nyssomyia yuilli and Nyssomyia trapidoi. Other species recollected and relevant, due to vector precedent, are Lutzomyia hartmanni, Psychodopygus panamensis, Lutzomyia gomezi and Psychodopygus carrerai. CONCLUSION: It was established that, due to its abundance and vector precedent for the country and the area under study, Nyssomyia yuilli and Nyssomyia trapidoi constitute the species of phlebotominae which may be involved in the transmission of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the region.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los flebótomos, son conocidos por tener especies vectoras de la enfermedad tropical Leishmaniasis, enfermedad que se presenta con carácter endémico en el occidente del departamento de Boyacá, donde el municipio de Otanche es uno de los principales focos de leishmaniasis cutánea. OBJETIVO: Identificar las especies de flebótomos presentes en una zona endémica de leishmaniasis cutánea en el occidente del Boyacá. MÉTODOS: La búsqueda y recolección de los flebótomos se realizó con trampas CDC durante doce horas (18:00- 06:00), tomando como referencia viviendas con antecedentes de personas que hubieran tenido la enfermedad, ubicándolas en el intra, peri y extradomicilio. La identificación se realizó por medio de revisión del órgano genital de machos y hembras al microscopio. RESULTADOS: Se colectaron 361 individuos (252 hembras y 109 machos), pertenecientes a 9 géneros y 16 especies, de las cuales, el 60% de toda la flebótomofauna recolectada está representada por Nyssomyia yuilli y Nyssomyia trapidoi. Otras especies colectadas y con importancia por antecedentes vectoriales son Lutzomyia hartmanni, Psychodopygus panamensis, Lutzomyia gomezi y Psychodopygus carrerai. CONCLUSIÓN: Se estableció, que por sus altas abundancias y por sus antecedentes vectoriales para el país y para la zona de estudio, Nyssomyia yuilli y Nyssomyia trapidoi, constituyen las especies de flebótomos que pueden estar implicadas en la transmisión de leishmaniasis cutánea en la zona de estudio.

Descriptions, records, and key to the Hydrometra Latreille, 1796 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Hydrometridae) from Colombia.

Hydrometra colombiana Martínez and Galindo-Malagón, sp. nov., H. tayrona Martínez and Galindo-Malagón, sp. nov., and H. quimbaya Martínez and Galindo-Malagón, sp. nov. are described and compared with congeners. Furthermore, the female of H. williamsi Hungerford Evans, 1934 and the male of H. adnexa Hungerford Evans, 1934 are described. New records from Colombia and a key to the species of Hydrometra Latreille, 1796 recorded from the country are presented.

Altavelia, a new genus of Neotropical Veliinae (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae), with a key to species and descriptions of four new species from Colombia.

The new genus Altavelia Polhemus Moreira (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae) includes seven species previously contained in the inveruglas group of Paravelia Breddin, 1898 and four new species from Colombia: A. altoandina Molano Morales, A. antioquia Molano Morales, A. montana Molano Morales, and A. quindiana Molano Morales. Additionally, A. amoena (Drake, 1957) is synonymized with A. flavomarginata (Hungerford, 1930). The genus is characterized by prominent setal tufts or sclerotized wing-like processes on the male proctiger; elongate body shape with long, slender legs; uniformly blackish forewings; antennal segment I longest; and the female abdomen with tergum VIII deflexed. Species in this genus occur at high elevations in the Andes Mountains with records from 1500 to 3600 m. A key is provided to all 11 species in the genus and new distributional records are presented for A. boliviana (Breddin, 1898), A. columbiensis (Hungerford, 1930), and A. flavomarginata.

Two new species and key to the salina group of the genus Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae) from Colombia.

Two new species of the salina group of the genus Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865 (Veliidae) from Colombia are described, illustrated, and included in an updated key. Rhagovelia nuqui sp. nov. is described from the Pacific Region of Colombia and Rhagovelia tintipan sp. nov., is described from the Caribbean Region of the country. The new species are diagnosed by body length and conditions of the male hind femoral spines, paramere shape, and antenna and fore femur color. Additionally, R. colombiana (Polhemus Manzano, 1992) is redescribed and its range is extended to Chocó departament. Finally, R. plumbea Uhler, 1894 is recorded for the first time from Colombia.

A new species of Rheumatobates Bergroth (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) from mangroves of the Colombian Caribbean region, new records, and a key to species recorded from the country.

Rheumatobates urabaensis sp. nov. (Gerridae: Rhagadotarsinae) is described from a mangrove of the Colombian Caribbean region. R. urabaensis sp. nov. is differentiated from other species of the genus by features of the male antennae, fore legs, and genitalia. New distribution records are presented for R. bergrothi Meinert, R. crassifemur esakii Schroeder, and R. spinosus Hungerford. A key to the species of Rheumatobates from Colombia is also provided.

A description of patients hospitalized in a quaternary care institution with cardiovascular disease and the need for continuous home oxygen therapy / Caracterización de los pacientes hospitalizados con enfermedad cardiovascular y requerimiento de oxigenoterapia continua domiciliaria en una institución de IV nivel de atención

Abstract Continuous home oxygen therapy (CHOT) is a widely used intervention but has scant evidence regarding its indications, benefits and the clinical predictors which could affect its requirement in patients with cardiovascular disease. Objective: to describe the patients with cardiovascular disease and the need for home oxygen therapy at the Fundación Cardioinfantil throughout 2018. Methods: a descriptive observational study. Hospitalized patients at Fundación Cardioinfantil from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018, diagnosed with cardiovascular disease and presenting their first request for home oxygen. Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging variables along with inpatient days and length of stay in the ICU, were collected. Results: 192 patients were studied. The median age was 74 years (IQR: 64, 25 - 81). The BMI was 25.98 kg/m2 (IQR: 22.74 - 29.67). A total of 47.9% of the population had coronary disease; 49.5% had heart failure; 27.1% had PH, 23% had OSAH, 6.3% had PTE and 16.7% had COPD. The average BNP was 1,430 SD 1,302. The average LVEF was 35.43% SD 15.35 and the median PASP was 53 mmHg (IQR 43 - 65). Altogether, 71.9% required ICU treatment. The average hospital stay was 14.08 days SD 10.1 days. A total of 20.8% of the patients had a PaO2 less than 55 mmHg; 77.1% belonged to the contributive social security regimen. Conclusions: we found that only a minority of the study patients for whom CHOT was ordered met the usually accepted criteria. Half of the patients had heart failure, most with reduced LVEF and elevated BNP, criteria which are not currently used for prescribing CHOT. More studies should be performed on the indications for supplementary oxygen therapy in this population. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2207).

Resumen La oxigenoterapia domiciliaria continua (OCD) es una intervención altamente utilizada, pero con escasa evidencia sobre sus indicaciones, beneficios y predictores clínicos que puedan influir sobre su requerimiento en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular. Objetivo: caracterizar los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular y requerimientos de oxígeno domiciliario hospitalizados en la Fundación Cardioinfantil durante el año 2018. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo, hospitalizados en la Fundación Cardioinfantil del 1° de enero del 2018 a 31 de diciembre del 2018 con diagnóstico de enfermedad cardiovascular y con primera solicitud de oxígeno domiciliario. Se tomaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, paraclínicas, imagenológicas, días de hospitalización y estancia de UCI. Resultados: se estudiaron 192 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue 74 años (RIQ: 64, 25-81). El IMC fue 25.98 Kg/m2 (RIQ: 22.74-29.67). El 47.9% de la población tenía enfermedad coronaria. El 49.5% de los pacientes presentaban falla cardiaca. El 27.1% tenía HTP, 23% SAHOS, 6.3% TEP y 16.7% EPOC. El promedio del BNP fue de 1430 DS 1302. La FEVI promedio fue de 35.43% DS 15.35 y la mediana PSAP fue de 53 mmHg (RIQ 43-65). El 71.9% requirió manejo en UCI. El promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue de 14.08 días DS 10.1 días. El 20.8% de los pacientes tenían una PaO2 menor a 55mmHg. El 77.1% pertenecían al régimen contributivo. Conclusiones: encontramos que sólo una minoría de pacientes estudiados a los que se le indicó OCD cumplían con los criterios actualmente aceptados. La mitad de los pacientes presentaban falla cardiaca, la mayoría con FEVI reducida y BNP elevado, criterios que actualmente no son utilizados para la prescripción de OCD. Se deben realizar más estudios sobre indicaciones de la terapia con oxígeno suplementario en esta población. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2207).

New species and records of Microveliinae and Veliinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae) from Colombia.

Euvelia orinoquia sp. nov. and E. meta sp. nov. from eastern Colombia are described, illustrated, and included in an updated identification key to the species of the genus. The former can be diagnosed by body length 2.30-2.50 mm, male fore femur without tufts of setae, longitudinal black stripe of female pronotum almost twice as wide as length of antennomere I, and female connexiva grayish black with silvery pruinosity on mesal portion, reddish on lateral portion. Euvelia meta sp. nov. can be diagnosed by female body length about 1.50 mm and maximum body width 0.90 mm, patches of silvery setae on female abdominal terga II-III and V-VII, and connexival segments I and IV-VI. Additionally, new records from the country are presented for species of Euvelia Drake, Husseyella Herring, Microvelia Westwood (Microveliinae), Oiovelia Drake & Maldonado-Capriles, Platyvelia Polhemus & Polhemus, Stridulivelia Hungerford, and Veloidea Gould (Veliinae).

Veliidae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) from Colombia: Description of a new species and of the male of Euvelia meta Molano, Moreira & Morales, 2016

Abstract Stridulivelia (Aenictovelia) chocoana sp. nov. (Heteroptera: Veliidae: Veliinae) is described based on specimens from the Colombian department of Chocó. The new species is diagnosed by pronotal humeral angles, body length, male hind trochanter and paramere shape. Furthermore, we describe and illustrate the previously unknown male of Euvelia meta Molano, Moreira & Morales, 2016 (Heteroptera: Veliidae: Microveliinae) and its range is extended to Amazonas and Vichada departments.

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), present in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in western Boyacá, Colombia / Flebótomos (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), presentes en una zona endémica de leishmaniasis cutánea en el occidente de Boyacá, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Sandflies are known for having vector species of the tropical disease Leishmaniasis, a disease which is of an endemic nature in Western Boyacá, where the town of Otanche is one of the main source of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Objective: To identify the species of sandfly present in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in West Boyacá. Methods: The search and collection of sandflies was carried out using CDC gravid traps, over a period of twelve hours (18:00- 06:00). Identification was carried out by revising the genitalia on both male and female samples under a microscope. The distribution took as reference households with a history of people infected with this disease, locating them intra, peri and extra domicile. Results: Were recollected 361 individuals (252 females and 109 male), belonging to 9 genres and 16 species. 60% of all recollected phlebotominae consists of Nyssomyia yuilli and Nyssomyia trapidoi. Other species recollected and relevant, due to vector precedent, are Lutzomyia hartmanni, Psychodopygus panamensis, Lutzomyia gomezi and Psychodopygus carrerai. Conclusion: It was established that, due to its abundance and vector precedent for the country and the area under study, Nyssomyia yuilli and Nyssomyia trapidoi constitute the species of phlebotominae which may be involved in the transmission of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Los flebótomos, son conocidos por tener especies vectoras de la enfermedad tropical Leishmaniasis, enfermedad que se presenta con carácter endémico en el occidente del departamento de Boyacá, donde el municipio de Otanche es uno de los principales focos de leishmaniasis cutánea. Objetivo: Identificar las especies de flebótomos presentes en una zona endémica de leishmaniasis cutánea en el occidente del Boyacá. Métodos: La búsqueda y recolección de los flebótomos se realizó con trampas CDC durante doce horas (18:00- 06:00), tomando como referencia viviendas con antecedentes de personas que hubieran tenido la enfermedad, ubicándolas en el intra, peri y extradomicilio. La identificación se realizó por medio de revisión del órgano genital de machos y hembras al microscopio. Resultados: Se colectaron 361 individuos (252 hembras y 109 machos), pertenecientes a 9 géneros y 16 especies, de las cuales, el 60% de toda la flebótomofauna recolectada está representada por Nyssomyia yuilli y Nyssomyia trapidoi. Otras especies colectadas y con importancia por antecedentes vectoriales son Lutzomyia hartmanni, Psychodopygus panamensis, Lutzomyia gomezi y Psychodopygus carrerai. Conclusión: Se estableció, que por sus altas abundancias y por sus antecedentes vectoriales para el país y para la zona de estudio, Nyssomyia yuilli y Nyssomyia trapidoi, constituyen las especies de flebótomos que pueden estar implicadas en la transmisión de leishmaniasis cutánea en la zona de estudio