Gestational and neonatal outcomes of women with partial Dunnigan lipodystrophy.

Introduction: Lipodystrophies are a group of disorders characterized by selective and variable loss of adipose tissue, which can result in an increased risk of insulin resistance and its associated complications. Women with lipodystrophy often have a high frequency of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and may experience gynecological and obstetric complications. The objective of this study was to describe the gestational outcomes of patients with familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 (FPLD2) at a reference center with the aim of improving the understanding and management of pregnant women affected by this condition. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of data obtained from questionnaires regarding past pregnancies and a review of medical records from the beginning of follow-up in outpatient clinics. Results: All women diagnosed with FPLD2 who had previously become pregnant were included in this study (n=8). The women in the study experienced pregnancies between the ages of 14 and 38 years, with an average of 1.75 children per woman. The pregnancies in question were either the result of successful conception within 12 months of attempting to conceive or unplanned pregnancies. During pregnancy, two women (25%) were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), one (12.5%) with gestational hypothyroidism, and one (12.5%) with preeclampsia. Among the 17 pregnancies, two miscarriages (11.8%) occurred, and five cases (29.4%) of macrosomia were observed. Four instances of premature birth and an equal number of neonatal hypoglycemia cases were recorded. The reported neonatal complications included an unspecified malformation, respiratory infection, and two neonatal deaths related to heart malformation and respiratory distress syndrome. Conclusion: Our data showed a high frequency of fetal complications in women with FPLD2. However, no instances of infertility or prolonged attempts to conceive have been reported, highlighting the significance of employing effective contraception strategies to plan pregnancies at optimal times for managing metabolic comorbidities.

Puberty in girls with Prader-Willi syndrome: cohort evaluation and clinical recommendations in a Latin American tertiary center.

Introduction: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by hypothalamic-pituitary deficiencies including hypogonadism. In girls with PWS, hypogonadism can present early in childhood, leading to genital hypoplasia, delayed puberty, incomplete pubertal development, and infertility. In contrast, girls can present with premature activation of the adrenal axis leading to early pubarche and advanced bone age. We aim to evaluate the progression of puberty and adrenarche signals in girls with PWS. Methodology: A longitudinal retrospective cohort study included girls with PWS followed at a Pediatric Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic in a Tertiary University Hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil from 2002 to 2022. Data collected via chart review included clinical information on birth history, breast and pubic hair Tanner stages, presence of genital hypoplasia, age at menarche, regularity of menstrual cycles, body mass index (BMI) z-score, final height, age of initiation of estrogen replacement and growth hormone replacement, as well as results for PWS genetic subtype; biochemical investigation (LH, FSH, estradiol, DHEA-S); radiographic bone age and pelvic ultrasound. Results: A total of 69 girls were included in the study and the mean age of puberty onset was 10.2 years in those who started puberty after the age of 8 years. Breast Tanner stage IV was reached by 29.1% girls at a mean age of 14.9 years. Spontaneous menarche was present in 13.8% and only one patient had regular menstrual cycles. Early adrenarche was seen in 40.4% of cases. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated in a large sample that girls with PWS often present with delayed onset of puberty despite frequent premature adrenarche. Based on our results, we suggest an estrogen replacement protocol for girls with PWS to be started at the chronological age or bone age of 12-13 years, taking into consideration the uterus size. Further prospective studies are needed.

Heterogeneity and high prevalence of bone manifestations, and bone mineral density in congenital generalized lipodystrophy subtypes 1 and 2.

Introduction: Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in genes responsible for the formation and development of adipocytes. Bone abnormalities are described. However, there is a scarcity of data. Objective: To describe bone characteristics in a large CGL1 and 2 case series. Methods: Cross-sectional study that assessed bone radiological features of CGL patients of a reference hospital in Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. Patients underwent clinical and bone mineral metabolism evaluation, radiographs of the axial and appendicular skeleton and bone mineral density (BMD) assessment by DEXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry). Results: Nineteen patients were included, fourteen were CGL1 and 5, CGL2. Median age was 20 years (8-42) and 58% were women. Median BMI and percentage of body fat were, respectively, 21 Kg/m² (16-24), and 10.5% (7.6-15). The median leptin concentration was 1 ng/mL (0.1-3.3). Diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia were present in 79% and 63% of patients, respectively. Median calcium and phosphate were normal in almost all patients (95%). Median parathyroid hormone and 25-OH-vitamin D were 23 pg/mL (7-75) and 28 ng/mL (18-43). Osteolytic lesions, osteosclerosis and pseudo-osteopoikylosis, were present in 74%, 42% and 32% of patients, respectively. Lytic lesions were found predominantly in the extremities of long bones, bilaterally and symmetrically, spine was spared. Osteosclerosis was present in axial and appendicular skeleton. Pseudo-osteopoikilosis was found symmetrically in epiphyses of femur and humerus, in addition to the pelvis. BMD Z-score greater than +2.5 SD was observed in 13 patients (68.4%). BMD was higher in CGL1 compared to CGL2 in lumbar spine and total body in adults. No associations were found between high BMD and HOMA-IR (p=0.686), DM (p=0.750), osteosclerosis (p=0.127) or pseudo-osteopoikilosis (p=0.342), and, between pain and bone lesions. Fractures were found in 3 patients. Conclusion: Bone manifestations are prevalent, heterogeneous, and silent in CGL1 and CGL2. Osteolytic lesions are the most common, followed by osteosclerosis and pseudo-osteopoikilosis. Bone mass is high in most cases. There was no pain complaint related to bone lesions. Thus, systematic assessment of bone manifestations in CGL is essential. Studies are needed to better understand its pathogenesis and clinical consequences.

PRE1BRAZIL Protocol: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of the DPP-4 Inhibitor Alogliptin in Delaying the Progression of Stage 2 Type 1 Diabetes.

Background: The incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is on the rise. Since there is no curative treatment, it is urgent to look for therapies that can delay disease progression and protect pancreatic ß-cells. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have shown potential in modulating inflammation and preventing ß-cell destruction. This protocol describes an upcoming trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the DPP-4i alogliptin in delaying the progression of stage 2 (presymptomatic) to stage 3 (symptomatic) T1DM. Patients and Methods: We propose a two-year, two-arm, multicenter, randomized, open-label clinical trial targeting Brazilian patients aged 18 to 35 with stage 2 T1DM. The study, facilitated by the custom-developed "PRE1BRAZIL" web application, aims to enroll 130 participants. They will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either a treatment group (alogliptin 25 mg daily plus regular clinical and laboratory assessments) or a control group (regular assessments only). The primary outcome is the rate of progression to stage 3 T1DM. Secondary outcomes include changes in A1c levels, glucose levels during a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), C-peptide levels, exogenous insulin requirements, Insulin-Dose Adjusted A1c (IDAA1c), and the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in those advancing to stage 3. Discussion: This protocol outlines the first randomized clinical trial (RCT) to investigate the impact of a DPP-4i in the presymptomatic stage of T1DM. The trial is designed to provide critical insights into the role of DPP-4i in the secondary prevention of T1DM. Utilizing the "PRE1BRAZIL" web application is expected to enhance participant enrollment and reduce operational costs. Registration: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials.

Comprehensive analysis of morbidity and mortality patterns in familial partial lipodystrophy patients: insights from a population study.

Background: There is a lack of information on the clinical and molecular presentation of familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), a rare genetic disorder characterized by partial subcutaneous fat loss. Objective: This study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the clinical, metabolic, and genetic features of FPLD in the Brazilian population. Methods: In a multicenter cross-sectional investigation we evaluated patients with FPLD across five Brazilian reference centers for lipodystrophies. Diagnosis of FPLD was made by clinical evaluation and genetic confirmation. Data on genetic, clinical, and metabolic characteristics were captured. Statistical analysis involved the utilization of the Kruskal-Wallis test to identify differences. Results: The study included 106 patients with genetic confirmation of FPLD. The mean age was 44 ± 15 years, and they were predominantly female (78.3%). LMNA pathogenic variants were identified in 85.8% of patients, PPARG in 10.4%, PLIN1 in 2.8%, and MFN2 in 0.9%. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was highly prevalent (57.5%), affecting 54 females (50.9%). Median triglycerides levels were 199 mg/dL (54-2724 mg/dL), severe hypertriglyceridemia (≥ 500 mg/dL) was found in 34.9% and pancreatitis in 8.5%. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was observed in 56.6%, and cardiovascular disease in 10.4%. The overall mortality rate was 3.8%, due to cardiovascular events. Conclusion: This study presents an extensive cohort of Brazilian patients with FPLD, predominantly DM with several multisystem complications. A comprehensive characterization of lipodystrophy syndromes is crucial for effective patient management and care.

Osteoporosis in Parkinson's disease and the role of lean body mass: a cross-sectional study in a Brazilian tertiary center.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative illness and has the highest increase rate in recent years. There is growing evidence to suggest that PD is linked to higher osteoporosis rates and risk of fractures. Objective: This study aims to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with osteoporosis as defined by the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) and World Health Organization in patients with mild to moderate PD. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study at a tertiary public hospital in Fortaleza, Brazil, dating from May 2021 until April 2022. The study sample was comprised of patients with mild to moderate PD who were at least 40 years old and who had the ability to walk and stand unassisted. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of both the hip (neck of the femur) and the lumbar spine were obtained via properly calibrated Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. The FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool) score was used to determine a person's 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture. The Revised European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP 2) was used as a basis to confirm a sarcopenia diagnosis with the following parameters: low muscle strength gauged by handgrip strength and low muscle quantity by DXA. Physical performance was carefully evaluated by using the Short Physical Performance Battery test. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were diagnosed following the NOF guidelines and WHO recommendations. Results: We evaluated 107 patients in total, of whom 45 (42%) were women. The group's mean age was 68 ± 9 years, and the mean disease time span was 9.9 ± 6.0 years and mean motor UPDRS was 43 ± 15. We found that 42.1% and 34.6% of the sample had osteopenia and osteoporosis following NOF criteria, respectively, and 43% and 33.6% following the WHO recommendations. Lower lean appendicular mass was associated to osteopenia and osteoporosis in multinomial logistic regression analysis in both diagnostic criteria. Conclusion: Our findings provide additional evidence for the protective role of lean mass against osteoporosis in patients with PD.

As escolhas das especialidades médicas e a afetividade: revisão de literatura / Specialty choices and affectivity: literature review

RESUMO Introdução: A escolha da especialidade é fator determinante da prática profissional do médico. A especialização médica é o meio não somente de atingir a excelência técnica e científica na atenção à saúde, mas também é a estratégia em que se estabelecem o poder e o status entre os pares e a sociedade em geral. Neste estudo, os aspectos psicossociais dessas escolhas foram analisados a partir dos artigos de educação médica selecionados. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar os fatores psicossociais mediadores nas escolhas por especialidades médicas a partir do olhar da psicologia sócio-histórica. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura em que foi realizada uma busca com os descritores residência médica, especialidade e escolha nas plataformas PubMed e SciELO, para estudos publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Resultado: A busca nas bases de dados resultou em 509 estudos, dos quais foram selecionados 53 artigos para análise crítica. Desses 53 artigos, selecionaram-se 18 para análise de conteúdo, resultando em indícios de que a categoria psicossocial "afetividade", identificada neste estudo - nas emoções vivenciais, no sentimento do cuidado de si, no sentimento de pertencimento e nas emoções da interação social nos processos formativos é a mediadora da escolha da especialidade médica e, por isso, deve ser considerada nos processos educacionais das ciências médicas. Conclusão: A afetividade é o principal fator psicossocial mediador nos processos das escolhas de especialidades médicas. E isso indica a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados sobre os sentimentos e as emoções dos alunos de Medicina que visem colaborar para uma educação mais crítica e significativa para os educandos e profissionais, refletindo na qualidade da saúde coletiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The choice of specialty is a determining factor in the doctor's professional practice. Medical specialization is the means not only of achieving technical and scientific excellence in health care, but it is also the strategy by which power and status are established among peers and society in general. In this study, the psychosocial aspects of these choices were analyzed based on selected medical education articles. Objective: To present the psychosocial factors that mediate the choices of medical specialties from the perspective of socio-historical psychology. Method: This is a literature review where a search was carried out using the descriptors 'medical residency', 'specialty' and 'choice' on the PubMed and SciELO platforms, for studies published in the last five years. Result: The search in the databases found 509 studies that matched the descriptors, from which 53 articles were selected for critical analysis. Of these 53 articles, 18 were selected for content analysis, resulting in indications of the important mediator role played in specialty choice and therefore significance in medical science educational processes of the psychosocial category: affectivity, identified in this study in terms of experiential emotions, the feeling of self-care, the feeling of belonging and in the emotions of interaction social in training processes. Conclusion: Affectivity is the main psychosocial mediating factor in the processes of choosing medical specialties. Indicating the need for more in-depth studies into the feelings and emotions of medical students to collaborate with a more critical and meaningful education for students and professionals, reflecting on the quality of collective health.

Ferramenta para avaliação e gestão da visita domiciliar na atenção primária à saúde: um relato de experiência / Tool for home visit evaluation and management in primary health care: an experience report / Herramienta para la evaluación y gestión de la visita domiciliaria en atención primaria a la salud: un relato de experiencia

Introdução: A visita domiciliar permite ao profissional de saúde romper com o modelo centrado na doença, voltando-se para uma abordagem centrada no indivíduo. No entanto, observa-se uma grande deficiência na organização e gestão destas, o que muitas vezes dificulta a priorização mais adequada destes pacientes. Objetivo: Apresentar a experiência de uma equipe ao utilizar uma nova ferramenta para avaliação e classificação de risco que visa otimizar a gestão da agenda das visitas domiciliares. Métodos: Trata-se de um relato de experiência de uma equipe de saúde da família, na periferia de uma capital no Nordeste do Brasil, que aplicou esta ferramenta aos pacientes de visita domiciliar entre os meses de junho e novembro de 2017. Resultados: Os dados coletados foram analisados, sendo possível classificar os pacientes quanto ao risco e vulnerabilidade. Esta ferramenta favoreceu o fortalecimento e estruturação do registro, planejamento, avaliação e monitoramento das visitas realizadas nos território. Além disso, deve ser ressaltada sua fácil aplicação e a reprodutibilidade em diferentes cenários da atenção primária. Conclusão: O uso de instrumentos adequados permite identificar pacientes em situação de risco e vulnerabilidade, além de possibilitar a organização da agenda, a identificação das necessidades das pessoas, o acompanhamento das doenças crônicas, propor estratégias, e planejar intervenções futuras.

Introduction: The home visit allows the health professional to break the disease-centered model, turning to an individual-centered approach. However, there is a great deficiency in the organization and management of these, which often makes it more difficult to prioritize these patients. Objective: To present the experience of a team when using a new risk evaluation and classification tool that aims to optimize the management of the home visits schedule. Methods: This is an report of the experience of a family health team, in a peripheric neighborhood of a capital city in the northeast of Brazil, that applied this tool with patients who applied this tool to home visiting patients in the period between June and November 2017. Results: The data collected were analyzed and it was possible to classify the patients regarding risk and vulnerability. This tool favored the strengthening and structuring of the registration, planning, evaluation and monitoring of the visits made in the territory. In addition, its easy application and reproducibility in different primary care settings should be emphasized. Conclusion: The use of appropriate instruments allows the identification of patients at risk and vulnerability, besides organizing the agenda, identifying people's needs, monitoring chronic diseases, proposing strategies, and planning for future interventions

Introducción: La visita domiciliaria permite al profesional de la salud romper con el modelo centrado en la enfermedad, volviéndose hacia un enfoque centrado en el individuo. Sin embargo, se observa una gran deficiencia en la organización y gestión de éstas, lo que a menudo dificulta la priorización más adecuada de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia de un equipo en la utilización de una nueva herramienta de evaluación y clasificación de riesgo que visa optimizar la gestión de la agenda de visitas domiciliarias. Métodos: Tratase de un relato de experiencia de un equipo de salud de la familia en la periferia de una capital en el Nordeste de Brasil, donde se aplicó esta herramienta con pacientes asistidos en domicilio entre los meses de junio y noviembre de 2017. Resultados: Los dados obtenidos fueron analizados, siendo posible clasificar según el riesgo y la vulnerabilidad. Esta herramienta favoreció el fortalecimiento y estructuración de registro, planificación, evaluación y monitoreo de las visitas realizadas en el territorio. Además, llamamos la atención a su fácil aplicabilidad y reproductibilidad en diferentes escenarios de la atención primaria a la salud. Conclusión: El uso de instrumentos adecuados permite identificar pacientes en situación de riesgo y vulnerabilidad, además de posibilitar la organización de la agenda, la identificación de las necesidades de las personas, el seguimiento de las enfermedades crónicas, proponer estrategias, y planificar intervenciones futuras

Aggressive papillary thyroid carcinoma in a child with type 2 congenital generalized lipodystrophy

SUMMARY Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is rare in children, particularly in those aged < 10 years. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between neoplasms and hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which are often associated with a higher risk for and/or aggressiveness of the neoplasm. Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) with autosomal recessive inheritance is a rare disease and is characterized by the lack of adipose tissue, severe insulin resistance, and early metabolic disturbances. Here, we reported a rare case of a type 2 CGL in a girl who presented with a papillary TC (PTC) at the age of 7 years. She had no family history of TC or previous exposure to ionizing radiation. She had a generalized lack of subcutaneous fat, including the palmar and plantar regions, muscle hypertrophy, intense acanthosis nigricans, hepatomegaly, hypertriglyceridemia, severe insulin resistance, and hypoleptinemia. A genetic analysis revealed a mutation in the BSCL2 gene (p.Thr109Asnfs* 5). Ultrasound revealed a hypoechoic solid nodule measuring 1.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 cm, and fine needle aspiration biopsy suggested malignancy. Total thyroidectomy was performed, and a histopathological examination confirmed PTC with vascular invasion and parathyroid lymph node metastasis (pT3N1Mx stage). This is the first report to describe a case of differentiated TC in a child with CGL. Severe insulin resistance that is generally observed in patients with CGL early in life, especially in those with type 2 CGL, may be associated with this uncommon presentation of aggressive PTC during childhood.

Insulin autoimmune syndrome in an occidental woman: a case report and literature review

SUMMARY Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS, Hirata's disease) is a rare hypoglycemic disorder characterized by spontaneous hypoglycemia associated with extremely high circulating insulin levels and positive anti-insulin antibody results. Thus far, most cases have been reported in Asian countries, notably Japan, with few cases reported in western countries. As a possible cause, it is associated with the use of drugs containing sulfhydryl radicals, such as captopril. This report refers to a 63-year-old female Brazilian patient with a history of postprandial hypoglycemia. After extensive investigation and exclusion of other causes, her hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia was considered to have likely been induced by captopril. Most cases of IAS are self-limiting. However, dietary management, corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and rituximab have already been used to treat patients with IAS. In our case, after discontinuation of captopril, an initial decrease in insulin autoantibody levels was observed followed by improvement in episodes of hypoglycemia. Although it is a rare disease, IAS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Patients with suspected IAS must be screened for autoimmunity-related drugs for insulin. Initial clinical suspicion of IAS can avoid unnecessary costs associated with imaging examinations and/or invasive surgical procedures.

Implantação das políticas públicas de provimento e fixação de médicos no Ceará / Implementation of public provision policy and establishment of physicians in Ceará

A partir de 2011, os Ministérios da Saúde e da Educação instituíram programas para prover e fixar os profissionais médicos na atenção primária do Brasil. Este artigo tem como objetivo trazer um relato da implantação destes programas no Ceará a partir de 2012. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado através de análise documental e coleta de dados que relata a experiência da implantação e implementação dos programas de provimento no estado do Ceará, compreendendo o período entre 2012 e 2016. O Ceará possui, atualmente, 2.352 equipes de saúde da família implantadas, sendo que mais da metade destas são vinculadas aos programas de provimento. Observou-se que 69% dos médicos trabalham nos municípios classificados como G100 e Pobreza. Por meio deste relato de experiência, pode-se considerar a possibilidade de ampliação do número de equipes de saúde da família, capacitando a oportunidade do provimento de médicos para municípios classificados como de extrema pobreza e vulnerabilidade no interior do estado, além de promover a longitudinalidade do cuidado.(AU)

As of 2011, the Ministries of Health and Education have instituted programs to provide and fix medical professionals in primary care in Brazil. This article aims to provide an account of the implementation of these programs in Ceará from 2012. This is a descriptive study, conducted through documentary analysis and data collection that reports on the experience of the implementation of the state's welfare programs of Ceará, comprising the period between 2012 to 2016. Ceará currently has 2,352 family health teams implanted, more than half of which are linked to the provision programs. It was observed that 69% of doctors work in municipalities classified as G100 and Poverty. Through this experience report, it is possible to consider the possibility of expanding the number of family health teams, enabling the provision of doctors to municipalities classified as extreme poverty and vulnerability within the state, in addition to promoting longitudinality of care.(AU)

Associação entre polifarmácia e adesão ao tratamento farmacológico em pacientes com diabetes / Association between polypharmacy and the adherence to pharmacological treatment in patients with diabetes

Objetivo: avaliar a ocorrência da polifarmácia e sua associação com a adesão ao tratatamento farmacológico em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 235 portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 por meio de entrevista sobre os dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, a terapêutica medicamentosa prescrita e a adesão ao tratamento. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes t de Student e quiquadrado, com nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: a polifarmácia foi evidenciada em 88,4% dos casos com predomínio da moderada. Foram utilizados, em média, 7,5 comprimidos por pessoa dentre os 19 tipos de fármacos prescritos. A adesão à terapêutica prescrita foi relatada por 88,2% dos pacientes avaliados e não houve associação com a polifarmácia (p=0,266). Conclusão: foi verificado que a polifarmácia é uma condição de elevada prevalência e não está associada a pior adesão à terapêutica. (AU)

Effect of treatment with sitagliptin on somatosensory-evoked potentials and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / Efeito do tratamento com sitagliptina sobre os potenciais evocados somatossensoriais e controle metabólico de pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 2

Objective: To evaluate the effect of sitagliptin on somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without clinical diabetic neuropathy. Materials and methods: Interventional, prospective, and open study. Patients with less than six months from the diagnosis were included. Examinations of SEPs and laboratory tests at fasting and after food stimulation were performed before and after three months of treatment with sitagliptin (100 mg/day). Results: There was a reduction in the mean levels of HbA1c (P < 0.0001), fasting glucose (P = 0.001), total cholesterol (P = 0.019), and ALT (P = 0.022). An increase in active GLP-1 was found at the end of the study (P = 0.0025). Several SEPs showed statistically significant differences when analyzed before and after treatment with sitagliptin. Conclusion: The results give a glimpse of the possible use of sitagliptin in the treatment of some neurodegenerative conditions of the peripheral nervous system, in addition to its already established role in glycemic control. .

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da sitagliptina nos potenciais evocados somatossensoriais (PESS) e controle metabólico de pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 2, sem neuropatia diabética. Materiais e métodos: Estudo de intervenção, prospectivo e aberto. Os pacientes com menos de seis meses de diagnóstico foram incluídos. Exames dos PESS e testes laboratoriais em jejum e após a estimulação com alimentos foram realizados antes e depois de três meses de tratamento com sitagliptina (100 mg/dia). Resultados: Houve redução nos níveis médios de HbA1c (P < 0,0001), glicemia de jejum (P = 0,001), colesterol total (P = 0,019) e ALT (P = 0,022). Verificou-se aumento de GLP-1 ativo (P = 0,0025). Vários PESS mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando os valores foram analisados antes e após o tratamento com sitagliptina. Conclusão: Os resultados vislumbram a possível utilização de sitagliptina no tratamento de algumas condições neurodegenerativas do sistema nervoso periférico, em adição ao seu papel no controle glicêmico. .

Excessive daytime sleepiness in type 2 diabetes / Sonolência excessiva diurna em diabetes tipo 2

OBJECTIVE: To examine excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in type 2 diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients (N = 110) were evaluated regarding Epworth Sleepiness Scale (EDS), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (Berlin questionnaire), and comorbidity severity (Charlson Comorbidity Index). Patients were compared with indivi-duals with arterial hypertension and without diabetes. RESULTS: Diabetic patients had more EDS, depressive symptoms, and higher comorbidity severity than hypertensive patients (p < 0.005). In diabetic patients, poor quality sleep (53.3%), and high risk of OSA (40.9%) and RLS (14.5%) were found; EDS (55.5%) was associated with depressive symptoms present in 44.5% indivi-duals (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.15), and remained so after data were controlled for age, gender, body mass index, and glycated hemoglobin (OR = 2.27; 95% CI 1.03-5.03). CONCLUSIONS: Sleep abnormalities are frequent. EDS affects most of the patients and is independently associated with depressive symptoms. Adequate antidepressant therapy should be tested for the effects on EDS.

OBJETIVO: Em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2, avaliar a sonolência excessiva diurna (SED). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Pacientes (N = 110) foram investigados com relação a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (SED), qualidade do sono (Índice de Qualidade de Sono Pittsburgh), sintomas depressivos (Inventário de Depressão de Beck), Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas (SPI), risco de apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) (Questionário de Berlim) e comorbidades (Índice de Comorbidade de Charlson), e foram comparados com indivíduos com hipertensão arterial sem diabetes. RESULTADOS: Pacientes diabéticos apresentavam mais SED, sintomas depressivos e comorbidades que os hipertensos (p < 0,005). Em pacientes diabéticos, má qualidade do sono (53,3%), risco de AOS (40,9%) e SPI (14,5%) foram encontrados. SED (55,5%) associou-se com os sintomas depressivos em 44,5% (OR = 1,08; 95% IC 1,01-1,15) e permaneceu após controle para idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal e hemoglobina glicosilada (OR = 2,27 95% IC 1,03-5,03). CONCLUSÕES: Anormalidades do sono são frequentes. SED afeta a maioria dos pacientes e associa-se de forma independente com os sintomas depressivos. Terapia antidepressiva pode melhorar a SED.

Consenso brasileiro para a abordagem clínica e tratamento do hipotireoidismo subclínico em adultos: recomendações do Departamento de Tireoide da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia / The Brazilian consensus for the clinical approach and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in adults: recommendations of the thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism

INTRODUÇÃO: O hipotireoidismo subclínico (HSC), definido por concentrações elevadas do TSH em face de níveis normais dos hormônios tireoidianos, tem elevada prevalência no Brasil, particularmente entre mulheres e idosos. Embora um número crescente de estudos venha associando o HSC com maior risco de doença arterial coronariana e de mortalidade, não há ensaio clínico randomizado sobre o benefício do tratamento com levotiroxina na redução dos riscos e o tratamento permanece controverso. OBJETIVO: Este consenso, patrocinado pelo Departamento de Tireoide da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia e desenvolvido por especialistas brasileiros com vasta experiência clínica em tireoide, apresenta recomendações baseadas em evidências para uma abordagem clínica do paciente com HSC no Brasil. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Após estruturação das questões clínicas, a busca das evidências disponíveis na literatura foi realizada inicialmente na base de dados do MedLine-PubMed e posteriormente nas bases Embase e SciELO - Lilacs. A força da evidência, avaliada pelo sistema de classificação de Oxford, foi estabelecida a partir do desenho de estudo utilizado, considerando-se a melhor evidência disponível para cada questão e a experiência brasileira. RESULTADOS: Os temas abordados foram definição e diagnóstico, história natural, significado clínico, tratamento e gestação, que resultaram em 29 recomendações para a abordagem clínica do paciente adulto com HSC. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com levotiroxina foi recomendado para todos os pacientes com HSC persistente com níveis séricos do TSH > 10 mU/L e para alguns subgrupos especiais de pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), defined as elevated concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) despite normal levels of thyroid hormones, is highly prevalent in Brazil, especially among women and the elderly. Although an increasing number of studies have related SCH to an increased risk of coronary artery disease and mortality, there have been no randomized clinical trials verifying the benefit of levothyroxine treatment in reducing these risks, and the treatment remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: This consensus, sponsored by the Thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism and developed by Brazilian experts with extensive clinical experience with thyroid diseases, presents these recommendations based on evidence for the clinical management of SCH patients in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After structuring the clinical questions, the search for evidence in the literature was initially performed in the MedLine-PubMed database and later in the Embase and SciELO - Lilacs databases. The strength of evidence was evaluated according to the Oxford classification system and established based on the experimental design used, considering the best available evidence for each question and the Brazilian experience. RESULTS: The topics covered included SCH definition and diagnosis, natural history, clinical significance, treatment and pregnancy, and the consensus issued 29 recommendations for the clinical management of adult patients with SCH. CONCLUSION: Treatment with levothyroxine was recommended for all patients with persistent SCH with serum TSH values > 10 mU/L and for certain patient subgroups.

Insulin analogues in the treatment of diabetes in pregnancy / Análogos de insulina no tratamento do diabetes gestacional

Pregnancy affects both maternal and fetal metabolism, and even in non-diabetic women, it exerts a diabetogenic effect. Among pregnant women, 2% to 14% develop gestational diabetes. Pregnancy can also occur in women with preexisting diabetes, which may predispose the fetus to many alterations in organogenesis, restrict growth, and the mother, to some diabetes-related complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, or to acceleration of the course of these complications, if they are already present. Women with gestational diabetes generally start their treatment with diet and lifestyle changes; when these changes are not enough for optimal glycemic control, insulin therapy must then be considered. Women with type 2 diabetes using oral hypoglycemic agents are advised to change to insulin therapy. Those with preexisting type 1 diabetes should start intensive glycemic control. As basal insulin analogues have frequently been used off-label in pregnant women, there is a need to evaluate their safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to report the use of both short- and long-acting insulin analogues during pregnancy and to enable clinicians, obstetricians, and endocrinologists to choose the best insulin treatment for their patients.

A gravidez afeta tanto o metabolismo materno quanto o fetal e, mesmo em mulheres não diabéticas, apresenta um efeito diabetogênico. Entre as mulheres grávidas, 2% a 14% desenvolvem o diabetes gestacional. A gravidez pode ocorrer também em mulheres já diabéticas, o que pode predispor o feto a muitas alterações na organogênese, restrição de crescimento e a mãe a algumas complicações relacionadas ao diabetes, tais como retinopatia e nefropatia, ou acelerar o curso dessas complicações se já estiverem presentes. Pacientes com diabetes gestacional geralmente iniciam seu tratamento com dieta e mudanças no estilo de vida; porém, quando essas medidas falham em atingir um controle glicêmico adequado, a insulinoterapia deve ser considerada. Pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 em uso de hipoglicemiantes orais são aconselhadas a iniciar o uso de insulina. Pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 preexistente devem iniciar um controle glicêmico estrito. Em função do fato de os análogos basais de insulina estarem sendo utilizados muito frequentemente off-label em pacientes grávidas, faz-se necessário avaliar sua segurança e eficácia nessa condição. O objetivo desta revisão é avaliar o uso de tais análogos, tanto de ação curta como prolongada, durante a gravidez, para possibilitar médicos clínicos, obstetras e endocrinologistas escolher o melhor regime terapêutico para suas pacientes.

Perda auditiva sensorioneural em pacientes com acromegalia em tratamento / Sensorineural hearing loss in acromegalic patients under treatment

Acromegalia é uma doença endócrina rara. Poucos estudos avaliaram sua associação com deficiência auditiva (DA) e os resultados são conflitantes. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência e características da DA em um grupo de pacientes com acromegalia em tratamento. Analisar a transmissão auditiva central e periférica. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal. Um grupo de 34 pacientes com acromegalia submeteu-se à avaliação metabólica, audiometria tonal e potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico (PEATE). Considerou-se DA quando a média dos tons puros foi > 25 DBNA para baixas frequências (250, 500, 1000 e 2000 Hz) ou altas frequências (3000, 4000, 6000 e 8000 Hz). Os pacientes foram divididos em grupo A (com DA) e B (sem DA). RESULTADOS: Doze pacientes (35,3%) mostraram DA sensorioneural (grupo A), sendo oito bilateral e quatro unilateral. Nenhum apresentou DA mista ou condutiva. A prevalência de diabetes/intolerância à glicose de jejum foi similar entre os grupos. As frequências de 3000, 4000, 6000 e 8000 Hz foram as mais afetadas e com padrão similar em ambos os lados. CONCLUSÃO: DA sensorioneural esteve presente em 35,3% dos casos. Não foram notadas diferenças clínicas ou metabólicas significativas entre os grupos, bem como na transmissão neural auditiva periférica e central.

Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disease. Few studies have evaluated its association with hearing loss (HL) and the results are conflicting. AIM: To evaluate the prevalence and features of HL in a group of patients being treated for acromegaly. To analyze peripheral and central auditory transmission. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. A group of 34 patients with acromegaly were submitted to metabolic evaluation, tonal audiometry and brainstem auditory evoked potentials. HL was considered when pure tone average was > 25 DBHL for low frequencies (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz) or high frequencies (3000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 Hz). The patients were divided in group A (with HL) and B (without HL). RESULTS: Twelve patients (35.3%) had sensorineural HL (Group A), being 8 bilateral and 4 unilateral. No one had mixed or conductive HL. The prevalence of diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance was similar between the groups. The frequencies 3000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 Hz were the most affected and with a similar pattern in both ears. CONCLUSION: sensorineural HL was found in 38.9% of cases. Neither clinical nor metabolic differences were noted between the groups, as well as in regards to peripheral and central auditory transmission.

High prevalence of arterial hypertension in a Brazilian Northeast population of low education and income level, and its association with obesity and metabolic syndrome

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are to estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) in an adult population with a predominance of families with low education and income levels, in the hinterlands of Pernambuco, Brazil, and to analyze its association with other factors related to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 2008/2009 was conducted with a sample of 198 subjects stratified by age, and representative of the urban adult population of the Canaã district of city of Triunfo, in the hinterlands of Pernambuco, Brazil. RESULTS: One hundred ninety eight individuals with average age of 57.7 years old (31 to 90 years-old), mainly women (65.6%), and with low income and education levels (81.3% with a monthly income of less than one minimum wage) were evaluated. Among these, 127 (64.1%) were identified as having AH, 54 (42.5%) of whom had no prior diagnosis. From those who were previously diagnosed, only 31.3% had good blood pressure control. Higher prevalence was observed in those individuals with lower incomes, higher body mass indexes (BMI), and those with metabolic syndrome (MS). CONCLUSION: These data demonstrated that there was a high prevalence of AH in the urban, low education and income levels adult population of Triunfo, strongly associated with lower income levels, elevated BMI, and the presence of MS; and a high prevalence of bad blood pressure control among the previously diagnosed cases. These results indicate that more effective interventions for early detection and adequate control of this disease and its comorbidities are necessary.

Necessidades educacionais dos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF): possibilidades de Educação em Saúde no município de Fortaleza (CE) / Educational needs assessment of Family Health Strategy (FHS) professionals: possibilities of health education in Fortaleza / Las necesidades educativas de los profesionales de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF): las posibilidades de la Educación para la Salud en Fortaleza (CE)

As reformas curriculares e a mudança do perfil na formação de profissionais da saúde apresentam muitos desafios. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as necessidades educacionais em saúde percebidas e representadas pelos profissionais de nível superior que atuam na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) do município de Fortaleza/CE, recém-aprovados em concurso de âmbito municipal. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com duas etapas. Um estudo transversal em 2006 com aplicação de inquérito para aferição das necessidades de Educação em Saúde, e a segunda etapa em 2011 com a análise documental sobre as ações realizadas para educação permanente dos profissionais da rede municipal de saúde pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Fortaleza. O instrumento utilizado para coleta dos dados foi um questionário semiestruturado, aplicado a profissionais médicos, enfermeiros e odontólogos. Do universo de 900 profissionais recém-concursados, nossa amostra de conveniência contou com 375 respondentes. Observou-se, no estudo, que, quanto ao desejo de realização de pós-graduação, o mestrado profissional, a residência em medicina de família e comunidade, a residência multiprofissional em saúde da família, que são modalidades de pós-graduação que ocorrem em serviço, são necessidades manifestadas por significativa parte dos profissionais. Por outro lado, profissionais também assinalaram a necessidade de cursos de 40 horas de forma pontual. A educação permanente é apontada pela literatura e pelo atual estudo como um caminho para melhoria na qualidade da ESF, por centrar nos processos de trabalho a construção do processo educativo. Para a educação em Saúde gerar efetivos processos de reflexão-ação-reflexão no cotidiano de trabalho, deve-se promover a ligação política com a mudança da formação de perfil profissional e, para isso, colocar em evidência as necessidades educacionais dos profissionais é fundamental.

Curricular reforms and the change in the training profile of health professionals face many challenges. The aim of this study was to characterize the educational needs in health perceived and represented by higher education professionals, who were recently approved in the municipal contest, practicing in the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Fortaleza, State of Ceara. It is a two-phase descriptive study: a cross-sectional study, with the application of a survey to assess the needs of health education, carried out in 2006; and a documental analysis of the actions taken for the continuing education of professionals from the municipal health system performed by the Municipal Health Secretary of Fortaleza in 2011. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire applied to physicians, nurses and dentists. From the universe of 900 newly gazetted professionals, our convenience sample counted on 375 respondents. Regarding the desire to carry out graduate studies, it was possible to observe that the master's degree training, residency in family and community medicine, and multi-professional residency in family health were significant needs expressed by the professionals in this study. Moreover, practitioners also noted the need to punctual 40-hour courses. Continuing education is cited in the literature and in the current study as a way to improve the quality of the FHS, once it focuses on work processes to build the educational process. To generate effective health education processes of reflection-action-reflection in the daily working, a political connection with the change in the training profile of health professionals must be promoted and, to this end, highlighting the educational needs of professionals is essential.

Las reformas curriculares y el cambio en el perfil de la formación del profesional de la Salud presentan muchos desafíos. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las necesidades educativas en Salud percibidas y representadas por los profesionales de nivel educativo superior que trabajan en la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF), en Fortaleza / CE, Brasil, recientemente aprobados en concurso público municipal. Este estudio descriptivo tuvo dos fases: la primera fue un estudio transversal en 2006 con la aplicación de una encuesta para evaluar las necesidades de Educación para la Salud; la segunda fue en 2011 con el análisis de los documentos sobre las medidas adoptadas para la educación contínua de los profesionales de la red municipal de salud de la Secretaria Municipal de Salud de Fortaleza. Los datos se recolectaron con un cuestionario semi-estructurado, aplicado a los profesionales médicos, enfermeros y dentistas. Del universo de 900 profesionales recién contratados, nuestra muestra incluyó 375 encuestados. Con relación al deseo de concretar una formación de postgrado: la maestría, la residencia en medicina familiar y comunitaria, y la residencia multiprofesional en salud de la familia (formas de posgrado que pueden cursarse durante el servicio) fueron necesidades manifestadas por una parcela significativa de los profesionales. Por otra parte, los trabajadores también señalaron la necesidad de tener cursos de 40 horas. La educación es citada permanentemente tanto en la literatura como en este estudio como una forma de mejorar la calidad de la ESF, para centrar en los procesos de trabajo la construcción del proceso educativo. Para que la Educación para la Salud genere procesos efectivos de reflexión-acción-reflexión en el trabajo diario, se debe promover la conexión política con el cambio en la formación del perfil profesional y, para ello, es fundamental poner en evidencia las necesidades educativas de los profesionales.